The presentation is about the basics of hydro power plant

1. HYDRO POWER PLANT

2. CONTENTS:
 Introduction
 Basic Components
 Working Principle
 Types of Hydro Power plant
 Factors To be considered for selection of site
 Advantages
 Disadvantages
 Conclusion
 Reference

3. INTRODUCTION :
Hydro power or hydro electric power is basically electrical
energy that has been generated using natural source such as
flowing water .
It's usually produced by dams, because dams can store and
direct large volumes of water.
Hydroelectric power is the most popular "green" energy
source, because it does not use any of the polluting fuels
such as oil , coal or natural gases.
This means that, unlike other power plants, hydroelectric
plants don't produce carbon dioxide.

4. BASIC COMPONENTS :
 The main components are:
1. Dam
2. Water reservoir
3. Intake or control gates
4. The penstock
5. Water turbines
6. Generators

5. 1.DAM:
 The dam is the most important component of hydroelectric
power plant.
 It should be built at a location where the height of the river is
sufficient to get the maximum possible potential energy from
the water

6. 2.WATER RESERVOIR:
 The water reservoir is the place behind the dam where water is
stored. The water in the reservoir is located higher than the rest
of the dam structure .
 The height of the water in the reservoir decides how much
potential energy the water can posses.

7. 3.INTAKE OR CONTROL GATES
 These are the gates built on the inside of the dam. The water
from reservoir is released and controlled through these gates.
 These are called inlet gates because water enters the power
generation unit through these gates.
 When the control gates are opened the water flows due to
gravity through the penstock.
 The water flowing through the gates possesses potential as
well as kinetic energy.

8. 4.THE PENSTOCK:
 The penstock is the long pipe or the shaft that carries the water
flowing from the reservoir towards the power generation unit.
 The water in the penstock possesses kinetic energy due to its
motion and potential energy due to its height.

9. 5.WATER TURBINE:
 Water flowing from the penstock is allowed to enter the power
generation unit, which houses the turbine and the generator.
 When the water falls on the blades of the turbine the kinetic and
potential energy of water is converted into the rotational motion of
the blades of the turbine.
 The rotating blades causes the shaft of the turbine to also rotate. The
turbine shaft is enclosed inside the generator.
 In most hydroelectric power plants there is more than one power
generation unit.

10.  There are various types of water turbine such as Kaplan
turbine , Francis turbine , Pelton wheel etc.
 The type of turbine used in the hydroelectric power plant
depends on the height of the reservoir.

11. 5.GENERATORS:
 The main function of the generator is to convert mechanical
energy into electrical energy.

12. WORKING PRINCIPLE:

13. TYPES OF HYDRO POWER PLANT:
 According to availability of head
1. High head power plant
2. Medium head power plant
3. Low head power plant
 According to the nature of load
1. Base load plant
2. Peak load plant

14.  According to the quantity of water available
1. Run-of-river plant without pondage
2. Run-of-river plant with pondage
3. Hydroelectric plants with storage reservoirs
4. Pump storage plants
5. Mini and micro hydel plants

15. FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED FOR SELECTION OF
SITE :
 Availability of water :
The design and capacity of the hydro plant greatly
depends on amount of water available at the site.
 Water storage capacity :
Since there is a wide variation in rainfall all round the
year, it is always necessary to store the water for continuous
generation.

16.  Available water head :
In order to generate the desired quantity of power it is
necessary that large quantity of water at a sufficient head should be
available. An increasing in water head reduces the quantity of water
required.
 Distance from the load centre :
If the site is close to the load centre, the cost of transmission
lines and the transmission losses will be reduced.
 Type of the land of the site :
The land should be cheap and the dam constructed at the site
should have large catchment area to store water at high head.

17. ADVANTAGES :
 No fuel charges
 Less supervising staff is required
 Maintenance and operation charges are very low
 Running cost of the plant is low
 No fuel transportation is required
 No ash and flue gas problem and does not pollute the atmosphere
 Long life in comparison with the thermal and nuclear power plant

18. DISADVANTAGES:
 High initial cost
 Takes long time of erection
 Plants are setup at distant places so transmission losses
increases
 Totally dependent on the availability of water
 Larger area required
 Period of installation time is high

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