many references here for more acknowledgment

1. References
 Abrahamson J: Hernias. In: Schwartz SI, Ellis H, and Husser
WC (eds.). Maingot's Abdominal Operations. 9th
edition.
Stanford, Prentice Hall international, 1990.
 Abrahamson J: Hernias. In: Zinner MJ, Schwartz SI, Ellis H,
Ashley SW, McFadden DW (eds.). Maingot's Abdominal
Operations. 10th
edition. Stanford, Prentice Hall International,
1997; 14: 479- 580.
 Abrahamson J: Eitiology and pathophysiology of primary and
recurrent groin hernia formation. The Surgical Clinics of North
America, 1998; 953-972.
 Abrahamson J. (1990): Hernias. In: Maingot's Abdominal
Operations, edited by: Zinner M., Schwartz S. and Ellis H. Vol
1. 9th ed. East Norwalk, Conn: Appleton & Lange; chap 11,
P.450.
 Abrahamson J. (1994): Factors and mechanisms leading to
reccurence. In Prostheses and abdominal wall hernias, edited by
Bendavid R., Austin, TX: Landes, Chapter 11, P. 138.
 Abrahamson J. (1997): Hernia in Maingot's Abdominal
Operation, edited by: Zinner M., Schwartz S. and Ellis H.,
Appleton & Lange, 10th ed., Volume 1, 479.
i

2.  Abrahamson J. (1998): Etiology and pathophysiology of
primary and recurrent groin hernia formation. The surgical
clinics of North America; 953-972.
 Abrahamson j . (1997): Hernia in maingot ,s abdominal
operation 10 th ed , volume 1,479.
 Ahmed I, Beckingham IJ: Minimally invasive abdominal wall
hernia repair. Recent advances in surgery, 2004: 3: 25-40.
 Amado WJ: anesthesia for groin hernia surgery. Surgical Clinics
of North America, 2003; 83(5): 1065-1077.
 Amid PK: Lichtenstein tension-free hernioplasty for the repair
of primary and recurrent inguinal hernias. In: Fitzgibbons RJ,
Greenburg AG (eds.). Nyhus and Condon's Hernia, 5th
edition.
Philadelphia, Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins Co., 2002; Vol. 1,
Part II, 14: 149-157.
 Amid PK and Lichtenstein IL: Long-term result and current
status of Lichtenstein open tension-free hernioplasty. Hernia,
1998; 2: 89-94. .
 Amid PK, Shulman AG, Lichtenstein IL: Open tension-free
 Annibali R and Fitzgibbons RJ (1995): Laparoscopic
anatomy of the abdominal wall. In: Phillips EH andArregui
EA, Navarrete J, Davis Q et al (1993): Laparoscopic inguinal
herniorrhaphy: techniques and controversies. Surg Clin North
Am; 73: 513.
ii

3.  Arregui EA, Navarrete J, Davis CJ et al (1993): Laparoscopic
inguinal herniorrhaphy: Techniques and controversies. Surg
Clin north Am; 73 : 513.
 Belghiti J. and Panis Y. (1992): Herniorraphy in cirrhotic
patients with umbilical hemia. Postgrad Gen Surg, 4:129-130.
 Bendavid R: complications of groin hernia surgery. Surgical
Clinics of North America, 1998; 78(6): 1089-1103.
 Bendavid R: The shouldice repair. Fitzgibbons RJ, Greenburg
AG (eds.). Nyhus and Condon's Hernia, 5th
edition. Philadelphia,
Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins Co., 2002; Vol. 1, Part II, 12:
129-138.
 Bendavid R (1992): Expectations of hernia surgery (inguinal
and femoral). In Paterson-Brown, S Garden (eds): Principles
and practice of surgical laparoscopy. Philadelphia, pp. 387-414.
 Browse N. L. (1997): Symptoms and signs of surgical disease.
Third edition. London, Arnold, 13 : 319 – 338.
 Browse N. L. (2008): Symptoms and signs of surgical disease.
Third edition. London, Arnold, 13: 319 – 338.
 Chan KL, Hui WC, Tam PK (2005) Prospective randomized
single-center, single-blind comparison of laparoscopic vs open
repair of pediatric inguinal hernia. Surg Endosc 19:927–932
iii

4.  Chan KL, Tam PK (2004) Technical refinements in
laparoscopic repair of childhood inguinal hernias. Surg Endosc
18:957–960
 Charles JF, Robert JF and Robert OH (1992): Laparoscopic
herniorhaphy. Surg Clin North Am; (72): 1109.
 Claude Avisse, Delattre JF and Jean – Bernard F (2000): the
inguino-femoral area from a laparoscopic stand point. Surg Clin
North Am; vol 80 : 35 – 47.
 Crawford DL, Phillips E: Laparascopic repair and goin hernia
surgery. Surgical clinics of North America, 1998; 78 : 1047 –
1062.
 Condon Re (1995: The anatomy of the inguinal region and its
relation to goin hernia. In Nyhus LM, condon RF. Hernia,
Philadelphia, JB Lippincott. Pp 87- 91.
 Cormack GC, George B, Lamberty H (1994): the arterial
anatomy of skin flaps, 2nd
edition. London, Edinburgh: Churchill
livingstone: 168 – 72.
 Condon RE: The anatomy of the inguinal region and its relation
to goin hernia. In: Nyhus LM, Condon RE eds. Hernia. 3rd
ed.
Philadelphia, lippincott, 1989: 18-64.
 Condon RE, Nyhus LM: complications of groin hernia. In:
Nyhus LM, condon Re eds. Hernia. 3rd
ed. Philadelphia,
Lippincott, 1989 : 253-65.
iv

5.  Calborn GL, skandalakis JE (1998): Laparoscopic cadaveric
anatomy of the inguinal area. Prob Gen Surg; 12 (1): 13 – 20.
 Calborn GL, Skandalakis JE (1998): Laparoscopic inguinal
anatomy. Hernia. 2:179-191.
 Condon RE, Carilli S (1994): The biology ad anatomy of
inguinofemoral hernia. Semin laparoscop Surg; 1 : 75-85.
 Condon RK (1978): The anatomy of the inguinal region and its
relationship to goin hernia. In hernia 2nd
Nyhus LM, and
Condon RE , editors Philadelphia JB lippincott, Co.
 Condon RK (1995): The anatomy of the inguinal region and its
relation to groi hernia. In Nyhus, condon, eds. Hernia 4th
ed.
Philadelphia, p. 16.
 Cuschieri A (2002): Disorders of the abdominal wall and
peritoneal cavity. Hernias. In: Cuschieri A, Steele RJC, Abdool
Rahim Moosa (eds.). Essential Surgical Practice: Higher
surgical training in general surgery. Fourth edition. London,
Arnold,
 Cusehieri A. (1997): Day-case (ambulatory) laparoscopic
surgery. Let us sing from the same hymn sheet. Surg Endosc
1:1 143-1 144.
 Cuschieri A. (2002): Disorders of the abdominal wall and
peritoneal cavity: Hernias. In: Essential Surgical Practice:
Higher surgical training in general surgery. Cuschieri A, Steele
v

6. RJC, Abdool Rahim Moosa (eds). Fourth edition. London,
Arnold; Section 1, module 6, section 6.8: 167-179.
 Charles % Robert jF and Robert OH H 992): Laparoscooic
hermorrhaphy. Surg din North Am; (72): 1109.
 Claude Avisse, Delattre JF and Jean-Bernard F (2000): the
inguino-femoral area from a laparoscopic stand point. Surg Clin
North Am; vol 80: 35-47.
 David M., Crawford D.L., and Phillips E.H.(1998):
Laparoscopic repair and groin hernia surgery. Surg Clinic of
North Am; Vol.,
 2202; Section 1, module 6, section 68: 167-179.
 Davis Cj, Arregui ME: Laparoscopic repair for groin hernias.
Surgical Clinics of North America, 2003; 83 (5):
 Delvin HB and Kingsnorth AN: The abdominal wall and
hernias. In: Burnard KG, Young AE (eds.). The New Aids
Companion in Surgical Studies. Second edition. London,
Churchill Livingstone, 1998; 26: 671-687.
 Delvin H.B. and Kingsnorth A.N. (1998): The abdominal wall
and hernias. In: The New Aird's Companion in Surgical Studies
Barnard KG, Young E. (Eds.). Second edition. London,
Churchill Livingstone; 26:671-687.
 Desmond (1997): Anatomy, laparoscopic. In hernia repair,
Maodern Hiatt, Phillips (eds.), 39-50.
vi

7.  Desmond: Anatomy and laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair.
Maudern Hiatt, Phillips (eds.), 1997; 39-50.
 Desmond: Anatomy and laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair.
Maudern Hiatt, Phillips (eds.), 1997; 39-50.
 Deysine M: Pathophysiology, prevention, and management of
prosthetic infections in hernia surgery. Surgical Clinics of North
America, 1998; 78(6): 1105-1115.
 Fazzio F. J (2002): Cost effective, reliable, laparoscopic hernia
repair: a report on 500 consecutive repair. Surg. Endues. 16 (6) :
931-5.
 Fitzgibbons RJ and Filipi CJ: The transabdominal preperitoneal
laparoscopic herniorrhaphy. In: Fitzgibbons RJ, Greenburg AG
(eds.) Nyhus and Condon,
s Hernia, 5th
edition. Philadelphia,
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Co., 2002; Vol. 1, Part III, 23:
255-268.
 Fitzgibbons JR and Greenburg G: Hernia. Chapter 1, Lippincott
Company Philadelphia, 2002; 3-6.
 Fitzgibbons R.J., Filipi C.J. and Quinn T.H., (2005): Inguinal
Hernias, in: Schwartz,
s Principles of Surgery, edited by
Brunicardi F., Anderson D. and Dunn D., 8th
ed., Mcgraw- Hill,
Vol 4, ch 36, P1353- 1394.
vii

8.  Fitzgbvbona. R. J. and Fillip c. J (2002) The transabdominal
preperitoneal laparoscopic. Herniorrhaphy in: Nyhus and
condon's Hernia Book. Vol. L, Ch, 23, p. 255-264.
 Fowler R (1978): Special comment, prepritoneal Fascia. In
hernia, 2nd
edition. Nyhus LM and Condon RE (eds)
Philadelphia, JB Lippincoot Co.
Ferner, and Staubesand. (l974): Sobotta/Becher : Atlas der
anatomic des menschen, 7th
edition, urban & Schwarzenberg
Vol. 2 .
 Fry DE; Wound infectio in hernia repair. Fitzgibbons RJ,
Greenburg AG (eds.). Nyhus and Condon's Hernia, 5th
edition.
Philadelphia lippincott, Williams & Wilkins Co., 2002; Vol. 2,
part IV, 25: 279-290.
 Friedman R.L. and Phillips E.H. (2002): Laproscopically guided
total extraperitoneal inguinal hernioplasty. In: Hernia repair
open VS laparoscopic approaches edited by modern GT Hiatt J.
R and Phillips E.h p. 183-188, Churchillliving stone.
 Fuzun, Kaymak, and Astarcioglu (1991): principle causes of
mechanical bowel obstruction in surgically treated adults in
western Tuurkey. Br. J. surg., 78: 202-203.
 Gillbert A.L. (1989): An anatomic and functional classification
for the diagnosis and treatment of inguinal hernia. Am. J. Surg. ;
157: 331 – 333.
viii

9.  Gilbert A. (2001): Generations of the plug and patch repair. In
Mastery of surgery, Baker R. and Fischer J., (Eds.) 4th
edition.
Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Co. Part 4, 1975-
1981.
 Gilbert AI and Graham MF: Tension-free hernioplasty using
bilayer prosthesis. In: Fitzgibbons RJ, Greenburg AG (eds.).
Nyhus and condon's Hernia, 5th
edition. Philadelphia,
Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins Co., 2002; Vol. 1, Part II, 17 :
173 – 180.
 Glick PL, Boulanger SC (2006) Inguinal Hernias and
Hydroceles. In: Grosfeld JL, O’Neill JA, Coran AG, Fonkalsrud
EW (eds) Pediatric surgery, vol 2, 6th edn. Philadelphia, Mosby,
pp 1172– 1192
 Gorsler CM, Schier F (2003) Laparoscopic herniorrhaphy in
children. Surg Endosc 17:571–573
 Heiftz CJ (1997): Resection of the spermatic cord in selected
inguinal hernias. Twenty years of experience. Arch Surg, 102:
36 – 39; Quoted from: Maddern GJ, Hiatt JR and Phillips EH.
Hernia repair open Vs Laparoscopic approaches. New Yourk,
Churchill Livingstone; Pp 37 – 39.
 Harrison MR, Lee H, Albanese CT, Farmer DL (2005)
Subcutaneous endoscopically assisted ligation (SEAL) of the
internal ring for repair of inguinal hernias in children: a novel
technique. J Pediatr Surg 40:1177–1180
ix

10.  Lawernce M., Kong L., amd Hiatt J. (1997): Classification and
description of groin hernias. In: hernia repair, Maddern, Hiatt,
and Philips (eds.), 4 : 51-57.
 Lichtenstein IL: Hernia repair without disability, 2nd
edition. St.
Louis, Tokyo: Ishiyaku Euro-America, Inc; 1986.
 Lichtenstein IL, Shulman AG and Amid PK: The tension free
hernioplasty. Am J Surg, 1989; 157: 188 – 193.
 Liem M. S. and Van Vroonhoven J. M. (1996): Laparoscopic
inguinal Hernia repair. Brit . J. Surg. 83., 1204.
 Lytle WJ (1979): Inguinal anatomy. J Anat 128: 581 – 94.
 Mac Fadyen L (1992): Complications of laparoscopic inguinal
hernia repair. Presented at the meeting of the society for
Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Surgeon. Washington.
 Mac Fayden Bjr and Mothois C (1994): Inguinal herniorrhaphy
complications and recurrences. Semin Laparsc Surg; 128 : 140.
 Mac Intyre IMC : how I do it . inguinal hernia repair. 27th
January, 2001.
 Mcintoge M > E (2004): Cost – utility analysis of open versus
randomized. Clinical trial. Br. J. Surg. (88) : 635 – 661.
 McMinn H (1990): Last's anatomy; Regional and applied.
Chapter 5, pp 304.
x

11.  Nyhus LM: The preperitoneal approach and iliopupic tract
repair of inguinal hernia. In: Nyhus and Condon eds. Hernia 2nd
ed. Philidelphia, Lippincott, 1978; 212 -233.
 Nyhus LM and Condon JRE: The anatomy of the inguinal
region and its relation to groin hernia: Hernia. Philadelphia,
1991: 18-64.
 Nyhus LM, Klein MS and Rogers FB: Inguinal hernia. Curr
Probl Surg. 1991; 28: 401 – 50.
 Nyhus LM (1978): The preperitoneal approach, and iliopubic
tract repair of inguinal hernia. In : Nyhus. Condon eds. Henia
2nd
ed. Philadelphia, Lippincott, 212-233.
 Nyhus LM and Condon JRE (eds) (1991): The anatomy of the
inguinal region and its relation to groin hernia: Hernia.
Philadelphia, 18-64.
 Page DW, Gilroy A, Masks SC (1996): The iliopubic tract; an
essential guide in teaching and performing groin hernia repair.
Contemp Surg; 49; 219-222.
 Parviz K and Amide (2007): Lichtenstein Tension-free
Hernioplasty In:mastery of surgery. fifth ed .chapter 175,
Philadelphia, Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins Co.,1932-1940.
 Javid P.J. and Brooks D.C. (2007): Hemias in Maingot's
abdominal operations, edited by Zinner M. and Ashley S.,
2nd
ed., McGraw-Hill, Ch. 5, P. 103-139.
xi

12.  Kathhouda N and Mouiel (1993): Laparoscopic treatment
of inguinal hernias. End Surg; 18: 127.
 Klein SR (1991): Endoscopic surgery, 1st
edition Mosby
Year Book, Inc. St Louis.
 Koontz AR (1965): Atrophy of the testis as a surgical risk.
Surg Gynecol Obstet; 120: 511-513.
 Kraus NN (1994): Laparoscopic identification of
preperitoneal nerve anatomy in the inguinal area. Surg
Endosc; 8: 377-388.
 Kurzer M, Belsham PA and Kark AE (2003): The
Lichtenstein repair for groin hemias. Surgical Clinics of
North America, 83(5): 1099-1117.
 Quilici PJ et al. (2000): Laparoscopic Inguinal Hernia: 1700
cases-Results and optimal technical variations. Am Surg
Sept; 66-9: 848-853.
 Ozgediz D, Roayaie K, Lee H, Nobuhara KK, Farmer DL,
Bratton B, Harrison MR (2007) Subcutaneous
endoscopically assisted ligation (SEAL) of the internal ring
for repair of inguinal hernias in children: report of a new
technique and early results. Surg Endosc 21:1327–1331
 Rains A.J.H. and Mann C.K. (1992): Baily and Love's
practice of surgery, 21 st edition, ELBS. 210-245.
xii

13.  Read R.C. (1998): The metabolic role in the attenuation of
transversalis fascia found in patients with groin herniation.
Hemia 2 (Suppl.), P. 17.
 Read R.C. (2002): Why do human beings develop groin
hernias? In nyhus and Condon's Hernia, 5th
ed. Fitzgibbors
RJ, Greenburg AG (EDs.) Philadelphia, Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins Co.; Vol. 1, 1: 3-8.
 Read RC. (1992): The role of protease-antiprotease in the
pathogenesis of hernia and abdominal aortic aneurysm in
certain smokers. Post Grad Gen Surg.; 14: 161.
 Retzius AA. (1858): Some remarks on the proper design of
the semilunar lines of Douglas. Edinb Med J.; 3: 865-867.
 Richard A.T., Quinn T.H., and Fitzgibbons RJ. (2006):
Abdominal wall hernias. In: Greenfield's Surgery. Edited
by Mulholland M., Maier r, Lillemoe K., Lippincott
William & Wilkins, Gh 73. P1172-1209.
 Richards AT (2002): Cord and testicular complications of
groin herniorrhaphy. Fitzgibbons RJ, Grteenburg AG (eds.).
Nyhus and Condon's Hernia, 5th
edition. Philadelphia,
Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins Co., Vol 1, partsV, 26;
291-296.
 Rizk NN (1980): A new description of the anterior
abdominal wall in man and mammals. J Anat 131: 373-85.
xiii

14.  Rosenberger RJ et al. (2000): The cutaneous nerves
encountered during laparoscopic repair of inguinal hernia.
Surg Endosc, 14: 731-735.
 Russell R.G., Williams N.S., and Bulstrodes C.J. (2004):
Hernias in Bailey & love's Short practice of surgery (Ed.),
24th
ed., Arnold; Ch 73. P 1272-1293.
 Rutkow I.M. (1995): The recurrence rate in hernia surgery,
how the important is it? Arch Surg, 130: 575.
 Rutkow I.M. (2003): Demographic and socioeconomic
aspects of inguinal hernia repair in the USA in 2003. Sug
Clin North Am. 83: 1045.
 Rutkow I.M. and Robbins A.W. (1993): Tension free
inguinal herniorrhaphy: A preliminary report on the mesh
plug technique. Surgery, 114: 3.
 Rutkow I.M. and Robbins A.W. (1998): Classification
systems and groin hernias. Surgical Clinics of North
America; 78: 1117.
 Rutkow IM and Robbins AW (1993): Demographic,
classificatory, and socioeconomic aspects of hernia repair
in the United States. Surgical Clinics of North America, 73:
413-26.
• Rutkow IM and Robbins AW (1995): Mesh plug hernia
repair: a follow-up report. Surgery, 117: 597-8
xiv

15. • Rutkow IM: (2003): The PerFix plug repair for groin
hernias. Surgical Clinics of North America, 83(5): 1079-
1098.
• Schier F, Montupet P, Esposito C (2002) Laparoscopic
inguinal herniorrhaphy in children: a three-center
experience with 933 repairs. J Pediatr Surg 37:395–397
• Schultz L, Graber G, Pietrafitta J et al. (1995): Laser
laparoscopic herniorrhaphy: A clinical trial: preliminary
results J Laparo Endosco Surg, 1: 41.
• Schumpelick V, Klinge U, Welty G, and Kloslerhalfen B
(1999): Meshes in der Bauchwand. Chirurg 70: 876-887.
• Schumpelick V. and Arlt G. (1995): The Aachen
classification of inguinal hernia. Probl Gen Surg; 12:57.
• Skanadalakis J.E., Gray S.W., and Row J.S. (1993):
Hernias in anatomical complication in general surgery
(Ed.), 2nd
ed., Mc Grow-Hill: 252-286.
• Skanadalakis J.E., Gray S.W., Mansberger A.R., Colborn
G.L. and Skandalakis L.J. (1989): Hernia in surgical
anatomy and technique (Ed). 4th
ed., Mc Graw Hill. P.
141.
xv

16. • Skandalakis (2004): Surgical anatomy and technique, in
pocket manual. Skandalakis JE, PN, and Springer
Verlarg: 123-141.
• Skandalakis J.E., Skandalakis P.N., and Skandalakis L.S.
(1995): Abdominal wall and hernias. In: surgical anatomy
and technique (Ed.). 1st
ed. Springer-Verlag. P. 123-203.
• Skandalakis JE (1994): Embryology for surgeons, 2nd
ed,
Chapter 16, the anterior body wall, pp. 578-586.
• Skandalakis JE (1994): the anterior body wall in
Embryology for surgeons (ed.), 2nd
edition, Chapter 16, P.
578-586.
• Skandalakis JE, Colborn GL, Skandalakis LJ (1996):
Testicular atrophy and neuropathy in herniorrhaphy. Am
Surg; 62: 775-782.
• Skandalakis JE, Colborn GL, Skandalakis LJ, McClusky
DA (2002): Hernia. Chapter 4, pp 29-41.
• Skandalakis JE, Gray SW, Colborn GL, et al. (2000):
Surgical anatomy of the inguinal area. World J Surg; 13.
• Skandalaskis JE Gray SW, Mansberger AR et al. (1995):
Hernia; Surgical anatomy and technique.
• Sondenaa K, Nesvik I, Breivik K, and KornerH. (2001):
Long term follow-up of 1059 consecutive primary and
xvi

17. recurrent inguinal hernias in a teaching hospital. Eur J
Surg; 167: 125-9.
• Sparkman RS (1962): Bilateral exploration in inguinal
hernia in juvenile patients. Surg Clin North Am 51: 393.
• Spaw AI Ennis BW, Spaw (1991): Laparoscopic hernia
repair: The anatomic basis. J Laparop Endosc Surg; 5:
269-277.
• Stoppa RE (2002): The midline preperitoneal approach
and prosthetic repair of groin hernias. In: Fitzgibbons RJ,
Greenburg AG (eds.). Nyhus and Condon's Hernia, 5th
edition. Philadelphia, Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins
Co., Vol. 1, Part II, 19: 199-217.
• Stoppa RE and Warlaumont C.R (1989): the
preperitoneal approach and prosthetic repair of groin
hernia. In Nyhus L.M., condon R.E. Hernia (Eds), 3rd
ed.
Philadelphia, JB Lippincott, P. 199-225.
• Stoppa RE. In: Chevrel JP (ed) (1998): Hernias and
Surgery of the abdominal wall. Berlin, Springer, 175-178.
• Thomas MW (1997): Open anatomy in hernia repair:
Open Vs laparoscopic approach. In Maddern GJ, Hiatt
JR, and Phillips EH. New York, Churchill Livingstone:
Pp 27-37.
xvii

18. • Tim Bax, Brett C. Sheppard and Richard A. (2007):
Crass: Surgical options in the management of groin
hernias. American Family Physician Vol. 59: No 1.
• Voyles CR (2003): Outcomes analysis for groin hernia
repairs. Surgical Clinics of North America, 83(5): 1279-
1287.
• Wantz GE (1998): Giant prosthetic reinforcement of the
visceral sac: The Stoppa groin hernia repair. Surgical
Clinics of North America, 78(6): 1075-1087.
• Wantz GE (1999): Abdominal wall hernias. In: Schwartz,
principles of surgery, 7th
ed., 34: 1585-1610.
• Wantz GE and Fischer E (2002): Unilateral giant
prosthetic reinforcement of the visceral sac. In:
Fitzgibbons RJ, Greenburg AG (eds.). Nyhus and
Condon's Hernia, 5th
edition. Philadelphia, Lippincott,
Williams & Wilkins Co., Vol. I, Part II, 20: 219-227.
xviii