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Giant
PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA
Georges Khalife
PGY4 General Surgery
AL-ZAHRAA University Hospital
 Anatomy
 Presentation
 Giant pheo
 Malignancy
 Operative approach
 Preoperative preparation
 Postoperative surveillance and follow-up
Anatomy
 Pheochromocytomas are rare, catecholamine-secreting,
vascular, neuroendocrine tumors arising from chromaffin
cells of the adrenal medulla.
10% tumor
 Bilateral
 Malignant
 In pediatric patients
 Extra-adrenal
 Familial
 Multiple
 Not associated with hypertension
 calcified
Presentation
Pheochromocytoma triad :
 Headache
 palpitations
 Hypertension, be paroxysmal (∼48%) or persistent (∼29%).
Due to the production of adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine and their
metabolites.
Sporadically / hereditary
 Sporadic cases usually occur in the fourth and fifth decade
of life and has equal gender distribution.
 Hereditary pheochromocytoma occur in association with :
 von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) syndrome
 multiple endocrine neoplasia type2 (MEN-2A/2B)
 neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1)
 hereditary pheochromocytoma-paraganglioma (due to
mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase gene mutations)
Biochemical diagnosis
The biochemical diagnosis of catecholamine excess is
established by measuring levels of catecholamines
(dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine) or their
metabolites (normetanephrine and metanephrine,
metabolites of norepinephrine and epinephrine,
respectively) in the plasma and urine
CT SCAN
 Characteristics features of benign adrenal adenoma on CT
include low unenhanced attenuation values (<10
Hounsfield Units [HU]) with rapid (>50%) washout at 10
min after administration of contrast medium.
 Benign adenomas are usually round, have homogeneous
density, are less than 3 cm in size and are unilateral in
location.
 Pheochromocytoma, conversely, can be homogeneous,
heterogeneous, solid, cystic or necrotic, have a high
attenuation on contrast CT (>10 HU) with <50% washout at
10 min after administration of contrast medium .
MRI
 Adenomas demonstrate mild enhancement (isointensity
with liver on both T1- and T2-weighted sequences) and a
rapid washout of contrast
 Pheochromocytoma and malignant lesions show marked
enhancement and high signal intensity on T2-weighted
images with a slower washout pattern.
Giant pheochromocytoma
 by definition tumors more than 7 cm and are rare .
 The majority of giant pheochromocytomas do not secrete
catecholamines and hence do not present with classical
symptoms of pheochromocytoma .
 They present with vague abdominal symptoms.
Malignant or not ?
 The majority of pheochromocytomas including the giant
are benign.
 Histopathological morphological features will not
distinguish benign tumors from malignant ones.
 This diagnosis of a malignant one is only confidently made
by presence of metastases.
Malignant or not ?
 Histopathological diagnosis of malignant
pheochromocytoma is made if ectopic chromaffin cells are
detected in the extra-adrenal sites
Aim of this study
 Evaluate the feasibility and safety of transperitoneal
laparoscopic adrenalectomy (LA) compared with open
adrenalectomy (OA).
Methods
 182 patients , between 1 January 2007 and 31 December
2017
 Tumor size >6 cm
 82 LA / 100 OA
 Patient demographics, and extensive peri-operative and
oncologic data were recorded and compared.
Results
 The incidence of intra-operative hemodynamic instability, transfusion rate,
prolonged hypotension, and cardiovascular morbidity in the LA group were lower
than the OA group (25.0% vs. 48.4%, 29.7% vs. 46.9%, 4.7% vs. 23.4%, and 14.1%
vs. 37.5%, respectively).
 The estimated blood loss was less (100 ml vs. 300 ml) and bowel recovery was
quicker (1.9 d vs. 2.3 d) in the LA group.
 The proportion of patients in whom blood pressure returned to normal
(P=0.184), had recurrences (P=0.197), and survived (P=0.763) were equivalent.
 The surgical approach (OA vs. LA) was an independent risk factor for IHD,
prolonged hypotension, cardiovascular morbidity, and longer bowel recovery.
Conclusions
 This propensity score-matched cohort study showed that
LA was feasible, safe, and superior to OA for patients with
large pheochromocytoma
 LA had comparable oncological outcomes compared with
OA after a lengthy follow-up.
Preoperative management
To optimize the patient’s condition prior to surgery, careful
pharmacologic treatment is essential.
 Control blood pressure and heart rate
 Prevent surgery-related catecholamine excess
 Correct volume contraction often due to chronic
vasoconstriction associated with excess catecholamines of
pheochromocytoma
Alfa adrenergic antagonist
Phenoxybenzamine
 It is an irreversible, long-acting, nonspecific, oral, -
adrenergic antagonist
 Typically started 7–21 days prior to surgery at 10 mg once
or twice daily and increased by 10–20 mg every 2–3 days
for optimal blood pressure and symptom control.
Adverse effects
 Orthostatic hypotension
 Tachycardia
 Fatigue
 Nasal congestion
 Nausea
 Abdominal pain
 Retrograde ejaculation
If these adverse effects become intolerable or phenoxybenzamine is not
readily available, alternate alfa blockers may be used.
These include doxazosin, prazosin and terazosin.
Than Beta blockers
 After alfa -adrenergic blockade is established, beta-
blockers may be added for improved control of tachy-
arrhythmias, angina and symptoms of excess
catecholamine.
 The most commonly used beta-blocker is propranolol,
started at 10–40 mg every 6–8 h and titrated up for
optimal effects.
Calcium channel blockers
 May be used ,as complement to alpha and beta ,or as an alternative
(patient unable to tolerate other therapies).
 Amlodipine, nifedipine, nicardipine and verapamil have all been
utilized successfully for preoperative blood pressure control, while
infusions of nicardipine have been shown to correct intraoperative
hemodynamic instability
Postoperative surveillance and follow-up
 Currently, there is no means of ruling out potentially
malignant tumors based on pathologic examination.
 Because of this uncertainty, long-term surveillance
remains standard for all cases of pheochromocytoma,
even following complete surgical resection
Postoperative surveillance and follow-up
 Approximately 1–2 weeks after surgery a 24-h urine collection
should be evaluated for fractionated catecholamines and
metanephrine levels.
Elevated levels are indications of:
Incomplete resection or metastatic disease
 patients should continue their anti-adrenergic therapy for
symptom control .
 require follow-up imaging using CT or MRI for tumor
localization.
Postoperative surveillance and follow-up
 Rates of recurrence are highest among those with familial
disease and right sided adrenal pheochromocytoma .
Postoperative surveillance and follow-up
 If post-operative biochemical levels of catecholamines are
normal, surgical resection can be considered complete
and antihypertensive therapy should be weaned.
 Essential hypertension may persist in up to 20% of cases
necessitating continued medical management.
 beta-Blockers should not be discontinued abruptly due to
risk of severe rebound hypertension.
 At least once yearly, surveillance with measurements of
24-h urinary fractionated catecholamines and
metanephrines or plasma-fractionated metanephrines
should continue for life.
 If bilateral adrenalectomy is performed, lifelong
replacement therapy with glucocorticoids and
mineralocorticoids may be indicated
Thank You

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Giant Pheochromocytoma Surgery: Laparoscopic vs Open Approach

  • 1. Giant PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA Georges Khalife PGY4 General Surgery AL-ZAHRAA University Hospital
  • 2.  Anatomy  Presentation  Giant pheo  Malignancy  Operative approach  Preoperative preparation  Postoperative surveillance and follow-up
  • 4.  Pheochromocytomas are rare, catecholamine-secreting, vascular, neuroendocrine tumors arising from chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla.
  • 5.
  • 6. 10% tumor  Bilateral  Malignant  In pediatric patients  Extra-adrenal  Familial  Multiple  Not associated with hypertension  calcified
  • 7. Presentation Pheochromocytoma triad :  Headache  palpitations  Hypertension, be paroxysmal (∼48%) or persistent (∼29%). Due to the production of adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine and their metabolites.
  • 8. Sporadically / hereditary  Sporadic cases usually occur in the fourth and fifth decade of life and has equal gender distribution.  Hereditary pheochromocytoma occur in association with :  von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) syndrome  multiple endocrine neoplasia type2 (MEN-2A/2B)  neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1)  hereditary pheochromocytoma-paraganglioma (due to mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase gene mutations)
  • 9. Biochemical diagnosis The biochemical diagnosis of catecholamine excess is established by measuring levels of catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine) or their metabolites (normetanephrine and metanephrine, metabolites of norepinephrine and epinephrine, respectively) in the plasma and urine
  • 10.
  • 11. CT SCAN  Characteristics features of benign adrenal adenoma on CT include low unenhanced attenuation values (<10 Hounsfield Units [HU]) with rapid (>50%) washout at 10 min after administration of contrast medium.  Benign adenomas are usually round, have homogeneous density, are less than 3 cm in size and are unilateral in location.  Pheochromocytoma, conversely, can be homogeneous, heterogeneous, solid, cystic or necrotic, have a high attenuation on contrast CT (>10 HU) with <50% washout at 10 min after administration of contrast medium .
  • 12. MRI  Adenomas demonstrate mild enhancement (isointensity with liver on both T1- and T2-weighted sequences) and a rapid washout of contrast  Pheochromocytoma and malignant lesions show marked enhancement and high signal intensity on T2-weighted images with a slower washout pattern.
  • 13.
  • 14. Giant pheochromocytoma  by definition tumors more than 7 cm and are rare .  The majority of giant pheochromocytomas do not secrete catecholamines and hence do not present with classical symptoms of pheochromocytoma .  They present with vague abdominal symptoms.
  • 15. Malignant or not ?  The majority of pheochromocytomas including the giant are benign.  Histopathological morphological features will not distinguish benign tumors from malignant ones.  This diagnosis of a malignant one is only confidently made by presence of metastases.
  • 16.
  • 17. Malignant or not ?  Histopathological diagnosis of malignant pheochromocytoma is made if ectopic chromaffin cells are detected in the extra-adrenal sites
  • 18.
  • 19. Aim of this study  Evaluate the feasibility and safety of transperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy (LA) compared with open adrenalectomy (OA).
  • 20. Methods  182 patients , between 1 January 2007 and 31 December 2017  Tumor size >6 cm  82 LA / 100 OA  Patient demographics, and extensive peri-operative and oncologic data were recorded and compared.
  • 21.
  • 22. Results  The incidence of intra-operative hemodynamic instability, transfusion rate, prolonged hypotension, and cardiovascular morbidity in the LA group were lower than the OA group (25.0% vs. 48.4%, 29.7% vs. 46.9%, 4.7% vs. 23.4%, and 14.1% vs. 37.5%, respectively).  The estimated blood loss was less (100 ml vs. 300 ml) and bowel recovery was quicker (1.9 d vs. 2.3 d) in the LA group.  The proportion of patients in whom blood pressure returned to normal (P=0.184), had recurrences (P=0.197), and survived (P=0.763) were equivalent.  The surgical approach (OA vs. LA) was an independent risk factor for IHD, prolonged hypotension, cardiovascular morbidity, and longer bowel recovery.
  • 23. Conclusions  This propensity score-matched cohort study showed that LA was feasible, safe, and superior to OA for patients with large pheochromocytoma  LA had comparable oncological outcomes compared with OA after a lengthy follow-up.
  • 24. Preoperative management To optimize the patient’s condition prior to surgery, careful pharmacologic treatment is essential.  Control blood pressure and heart rate  Prevent surgery-related catecholamine excess  Correct volume contraction often due to chronic vasoconstriction associated with excess catecholamines of pheochromocytoma
  • 25. Alfa adrenergic antagonist Phenoxybenzamine  It is an irreversible, long-acting, nonspecific, oral, - adrenergic antagonist  Typically started 7–21 days prior to surgery at 10 mg once or twice daily and increased by 10–20 mg every 2–3 days for optimal blood pressure and symptom control.
  • 26. Adverse effects  Orthostatic hypotension  Tachycardia  Fatigue  Nasal congestion  Nausea  Abdominal pain  Retrograde ejaculation If these adverse effects become intolerable or phenoxybenzamine is not readily available, alternate alfa blockers may be used. These include doxazosin, prazosin and terazosin.
  • 27. Than Beta blockers  After alfa -adrenergic blockade is established, beta- blockers may be added for improved control of tachy- arrhythmias, angina and symptoms of excess catecholamine.  The most commonly used beta-blocker is propranolol, started at 10–40 mg every 6–8 h and titrated up for optimal effects.
  • 28. Calcium channel blockers  May be used ,as complement to alpha and beta ,or as an alternative (patient unable to tolerate other therapies).  Amlodipine, nifedipine, nicardipine and verapamil have all been utilized successfully for preoperative blood pressure control, while infusions of nicardipine have been shown to correct intraoperative hemodynamic instability
  • 29. Postoperative surveillance and follow-up  Currently, there is no means of ruling out potentially malignant tumors based on pathologic examination.  Because of this uncertainty, long-term surveillance remains standard for all cases of pheochromocytoma, even following complete surgical resection
  • 30. Postoperative surveillance and follow-up  Approximately 1–2 weeks after surgery a 24-h urine collection should be evaluated for fractionated catecholamines and metanephrine levels. Elevated levels are indications of: Incomplete resection or metastatic disease  patients should continue their anti-adrenergic therapy for symptom control .  require follow-up imaging using CT or MRI for tumor localization.
  • 31. Postoperative surveillance and follow-up  Rates of recurrence are highest among those with familial disease and right sided adrenal pheochromocytoma .
  • 32. Postoperative surveillance and follow-up  If post-operative biochemical levels of catecholamines are normal, surgical resection can be considered complete and antihypertensive therapy should be weaned.  Essential hypertension may persist in up to 20% of cases necessitating continued medical management.  beta-Blockers should not be discontinued abruptly due to risk of severe rebound hypertension.
  • 33.  At least once yearly, surveillance with measurements of 24-h urinary fractionated catecholamines and metanephrines or plasma-fractionated metanephrines should continue for life.  If bilateral adrenalectomy is performed, lifelong replacement therapy with glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids may be indicated

Editor's Notes

  1. Gauche Droite
  2. Les phéochromocytomes sont des tumeurs neuroendocrines vasculaires rares, sécrétant de la catécholamine, provenant de cellules chromaffines de la médullosurrénale.
  3. Bilatéral Malin Chez les patients pédiatriques Extra-surrénale Familiale Plusieurs Non associé à l'hypertension calcifié
  4. Triade de phéochromocytomes: Mal de tête palpitations Hypertension, être paroxystique (~ 48%) ou persistant (~ 29%). En raison de la production d'adrénaline, noradrénaline, dopamine et leurs métabolites.
  5. Les cas sporadiques surviennent généralement au cours des quatrième et cinquième décennies de la vie et sont répartis de manière égale entre les sexes. Phéochromocytome héréditaire surviennent en association avec: syndrome de von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) néoplasie endocrinienne multiple de type 2 (MEN-2A / 2B) neurofibromatose de type 1 (NF1) phéochromocytome-paragangliome héréditaire (en raison de mutations du gène de la succinate déshydrogénase mitochondriale)
  6. Le diagnostic biochimique de l'excès de catécholamine est établi en mesurant les taux de catécholamines (dopamine, noradrénaline et épinéphrine) ou de leurs métabolites (normétanéphrine et métanéphrine, métabolites de la noradrénaline et de l'épinéphrine, respectivement) le plasma et l'urine
  7. Therefore, drugs known to raise catecholamine levels should be avoided or discontinued two weeks prior to biochemical testing and patients should be instructed to abstain from caffeinated beverages
  8. Benign: low unenhanced attenuation,rapid washout Round ,homogeneous ,<3 cm ,unilateral Pheo ,homo hetero solid cystic or necrotic High attenuation , <50% washout after 10 min Les caractéristiques de l'adénome surrénalien bénin sur le scanner comprennent des valeurs d'atténuation faibles et non améliorées (<10 unités de Hounsfield [HU]) avec lavage rapide (> 50%) 10 min après l'administration du produit de contraste. Les adénomes bénins sont généralement ronds, ont une densité homogène, mesurent moins de 3 cm et sont unilatéraux. Le phéochromocytome, à l’inverse, peut être homogène, hétérogène, solide, kystique ou nécrotique, présenter une atténuation élevée au scanner de contraste (> 10 UH) avec un lavage de moins de 50% 10 min après l’administration du produit de contraste.
  9. Adenoma ,mild enhacement ,rapid washout Pheo ,marked enhacement ,slow washout Les adénomes présentent une légère augmentation (iso-densité avec le foie sur les séquences pondérées en T1 et en T2) et une élimination rapide du contraste Le phéochromocytome et les lésions malignes montrent une amélioration marquée et une intensité de signal élevée sur les images pondérées en T2 avec un motif de lavage plus lent
  10. par définition, les tumeurs de plus de 7 cm et sont rares. La majorité des phéochromocytomes géants ne sécrètent pas de catécholamines et ne présentent donc pas de symptômes classiques de phéochromocytome. Ils présentent des symptômes abdominaux vagues.
  11. La majorité des phéochromocytomes, y compris le géant, sont bénins. L’ histopathologi ne PEU PASdistingue les tumeurs bénignes des tumeurs malignes. malignite = métastases.
  12. The pheochromocytoma of adrenal origin scaled score(PASS) est utilisé pour prédire le comportement malin. tumeurs biologiquement agressives PASSscore ≥4
  13. Un diagnostic histopathologique de phéochromocytome malin est établi si des cellules chromaffines ectopiques sont détectées dans les sites extra-surrénaliens.
  14. Évaluer la faisabilité et la sécurité de la surrénalectomie (LA) laparoscopique transpéritonéale par rapport à la surrénalectomie ouverte (OA).
  15. Évaluer la faisabilité et la sécurité de la surrénalectomie (LA) laparoscopique transpéritonéale par rapport à la surrénalectomie ouverte (OA).
  16. 182 patients entre le 1er janvier 2007 et le 31 décembre 2017 Taille de la tumeur> 6 cm 82 LA / 100 OA Les données démographiques des patients et de nombreuses données oncologiques et périopératoires ont été enregistrées et comparées.
  17. L’incidence de l’instabilité hémodynamique peropératoire, du taux de transfusion, de l’hypotension prolongée et de la morbidité cardiovasculaire dans le groupe AL était inférieure à celle du groupe arthrosique  La perte de sang estimée était inférieure (100 ml contre 300 ml) et la récupération de l'intestin était plus rapide (1,9 jour contre 2,3 jours) dans le groupe LA.  La proportion de patients pour lesquels la tension artérielle est revenue à la normale (p = 0,184), qui ont récidivé (p = 0,197) et ont survécu (p = 0,763) était équivalente. L’approche chirurgicale (OA vs LA) était un facteur de risque indépendant d’IHD, d’hypotension prolongée, de morbidité cardiovasculaire et de récupération plus longue de l’intestin.
  18. Cette étude de cohorte appariée au score de propension a montré que l’AL était réalisable, sans danger et supérieure à l’arthrose pour les patients atteints d’un phéochromocytome de grande taille Les résultats oncologiques de l'AL étaient comparables à ceux de l'arthrose après un long suivi.
  19. Pour optimiser l’état du patient avant l’intervention chirurgicale, un traitement pharmacologique minutieux est essentiel. TREATMENT PREOP ET NECESSAIRE ,POUR : CONTROL DU TENSION ET POULS CATECHOLAMINE CRISIS ,DUE A LA CHIRURGIE LA CORRECTION VOLUMIQUE
  20. Phénoxybenzamine Il s’agit d’un antagoniste oral, adrénergique, irréversible, à action prolongée, non spécifique Généralement débuté 7 à 21 jours avant la chirurgie, à 10 mg une ou deux fois par jour, puis augmenté de 10 à 20 mg tous les 2 à 3 jours pour une pression artérielle optimale et un contrôle optimal des symptômes.
  21. Les effets indésirables incluent Si ces effets indésirables deviennent intolérables ou si la phénoxybenzamine n'est pas facilement disponible, vous pouvez utiliser d'autres bloqueurs alpha. Ceux-ci incluent
  22. Une fois le blocage alpha-adrénergique établi, des bêta-bloquants peuvent être ajoutés pour améliorer le contrôle de la tachyarythmie, de l'angine de poitrine et des symptômes de l'excès de catécholamine. Le bêta-bloquant le plus couramment utilisé est le propranolol, démarré à une dose de 10 à 40 mg toutes les 6 à 8 heures et titré pour obtenir des effets optimaux.
  23. Peut être utilisé en complément des traitements alpha et bêta, ou en alternative (patient incapable de tolérer d'autres traitements).  L'amlodipine, la nifédipine, la nicardipine et le vérapamil ont tous été utilisés avec succès pour le contrôle de la tension artérielle préopératoire, tandis que des perfusions de nicardipine ont permis de corriger l'instabilité hémodynamique peropératoire.
  24. À l'heure actuelle, il n'existe aucun moyen d'éliminer les tumeurs potentiellement malignes sur la base d'un examen pathologique. En raison de cette incertitude, la surveillance à long terme reste la norme pour tous les cas de phéochromocytome, même après une résection complète.
  25. Environ 1 à 2 semaines après la chirurgie, il convient d’évaluer les concentrations fractionnées de catécholamines et de métanéphrine dans les urines pendant 24 heures. Les niveaux élevés sont des indications de:  Résection incomplète ou maladie métastatique les patients doivent poursuivre leur traitement anti-adrénergique pour le contrôle des symptômes. nécessitent une imagerie de suivi par scanner ou IRM pour la localisation tumorale.
  26. Les taux de récurrence sont les plus élevés chez les personnes atteintes d'une maladie familiale et d'un phéochromocytome surrénalien droit.
  27. Si les taux biochimiques de catécholamines postopératoires sont normaux, la résection chirurgicale peut être considérée comme complète et le traitement antihypertenseur doit être sevré. L'hypertension essentielle peut persister dans 20% des cas, nécessitant une prise en charge médicale continue. Les bêta-bloquants ne doivent pas être interrompus brusquement en raison du risque d'hypertension de rebond sévère.
  28. Au moins une fois par an, la surveillance avec mesures de catécholamines et de métanéphrines fractionnées sur 24 heures dans l'urine ou de métanéphrines fractionnées dans le plasma doit être poursuivie à vie.  Si une surrénalectomie bilatérale est pratiquée, une thérapie de remplacement à vie par des glucocorticoïdes et des minéralocorticoïdes peut être indiquée