Theory of architecture unit 03

THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE B.Arch, First Year
THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE | PRESENTATION BY: AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 1

UNIT 03: ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE – FORM
Understanding perceptual effects of specific geometric forms such as sphere, cube,
pyramid, cylinder and cone and its sections as well as their derivatives with respect to
the evolution of architectural form and space.

FORM : SPHERE
§A solid generated by the revolution of a
semicircle about its diameter, whose surface is at
all points equidistant from the center.
§A sphere is a centralized and highly concentrated
form.
§Like the circle from which it is generated, it is self-
centering and normally stable in its environment.
§It can be inclined toward a rotary motion when
placed on a sloping plane.
§From any viewpoint, it retains its circular shape.

FORM : SPHERE
MAUPERTIUS, PROJECT FOR AN AGRICULTURAL LODGE, 1775, CLAUDE-NICOLAS LEDOUX MATRI MANDIR, AUROVILLE, AR. ROGER ANGER

FORM : CIRCLE
§The Circle symbolizes unity, stability, rationality. It
is also the symbol of infinity, without beginning or
end, perfection, the ultimate geometric symbol.
§It represents a completeness which encompasses all
space and Time.

FORM : CIRCLE
GUANGZHOU CIRCLE, AR. JOSEPH DI PASQUALE

FORM : CIRCLE
AL DAR HEADQUARTERS, MZ ARCHITECTS

FORM : HEMISPHERE
§Cut horizontally in half.
§Cut portion forms an edge, circular in plan.
§The dome and the edge portion give the visual
character.

FORM : HEMISPHERE
CITY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES VALENCIA, SANTIAGO CALATRAVA

FORM : HEMISPHERE
NATIONAL CONGRESS, BRASILILA, AR. OSCAR NIEYMEYER

FORM : HEMISPHERE
NATIONAL MUSEUM OF THE REPUBLIC, AR. OSCAR NIEYMEYER

FORM : CYLINDER
§A solid generated by the revolution of a
rectangle about one of its sides.
§A cylinder is centralized about the axis passing
through the centers of its two circular faces.
§Along this axis, it can be easily extended.
§The cylinder is stable if it rests on one of its
circular faces; it becomes unstable when its central
axis is inclined from the vertical.

FORM : CYLINDER
CHAPEL, MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, EERO SAARINEN AND ASSOCIATES

FORM : CYLINDER
INDIAN COFFEE HOUSE, LAURIE BAKER

FORM : CONE
§A solid generated by the revolution of a right
triangle about one of its sides.
§Like the cylinder, the cone is a highly stable form
when resting on its circular base, and unstable
when its vertical axis is tipped or overturned.
§It can also rest on its apex in a precarious state of
balance.

FORM : CONE
PROJECT FOR A CONICAL CENOTAPH, 1784, ÉTIENNE-LOUIS BOULÉE

FORM : PYRAMID
§A polyhedron having a polygonal base and
triangular faces meeting at a common point or
vertex. The pyramid has properties similar to
those of the cone.
§Because all of its surfaces are flat planes, however,
the pyramid can rest in a stable manner on any of
its faces.
§While the cone is a soft form, the pyramid is
relatively hard and angular.

FORM : PYRAMID
PYRAMID OF GIZA, EGYPT

FORM : PYRAMID
LOUVRE MUSEUM, AR. I.M. PEI

FORM : CUBE
§A prismatic solid bounded by six equal square
sides, the angle between any two adjacent faces
being a right angle.
§Because of the equality of its dimensions, the cube
is a static form that lacks apparent movement or
direction.
§It is a stable form except when it stands on one
of its edges or corners.
§Even though its angular profile is affected by our
point of view, the cube remains a highly
recognizable form.

FORM : CUBE
HANSELMANN HOUSE, FORT WAYNE, MICHAEL GRAVES

FORM : CUBE
APPLE SHOWROOM, NEW YORK, AR.BOHLIN CYWINSKI JACKSON

REGULAR | IRREGULAR FORMS

FORM : transformation
Dimensional Transformation
Subtractive Transformation
Additive Transformation[ [

FORM : DIMENSIONAL TRANSFORMATION
• A form can be transformed by altering one or more of
its dimensions and still retain its identity as a member
of a family of forms.
• A cube, for example, can be transformed into similar
prismatic forms through discrete changes in height,
width, or length.
• It can be compressed into a planar form or be stretched
out into a linear one.

UNITÉ D’HABITATION, AR.LE CORBUSIER

FORM : SUBTRACTIVE TRANSFORMATION
• A form can be transformed by subtracting a portion of
its volume.
• Depending on the extent of the subtractive process, the
form can retain its initial identity or be transformed
into a form of another family.
• For example, a cube can retain its identity as a cube
even though a portion of it is removed, or be
transformed into a series of regular polyhedrons that
begin to approximate a sphere.

GWATHMEY RESIDENCE, CHARLES GWATHMEY/GWATHMEY SIEGEL

SHODHAN HOUSE, AHMEDABAD, AR.LE CORBUSIER

FORM : ADDITIVE TRANSFORMATION
• A form can be transformed by the addition of elements
to its volume.
• The nature of the additive process and the number and
relative sizes of the elements being attached
determine whether the identity of the initial form is
altered or retained.

HABITAT 67, AR. MOSHIE SAFIDIE

THE INTERLACE, OMA, OLE SCHEEREN

ASSIGNMENT 02: CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF AN ARCHITECTURAL PROJECT

ASSIGNMENT 02 : CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF AN ARCHITECTURE PROJECT
§[ 10 - 15 Min Presentation + Sketches + Report ]
PRILIMINARY ANALYSIS:
A. Project Type
B. Project Location
C. Year Of Construction
D. Architecture Style
E. Design Concept
F. Planning
SECONDARY ANALYSIS:
A. Aesthetics & Psychological Context
B. Character
C. Circulation
D. Experience
E. Expression
F. Function
G. Materials
H. Services
I. Structure
J. Uses

ASSIGNMENT 02 : CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF AN ARCHITECTURE PROJECT
ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE ANALYSIS:
Point, line, plane, form and space, shape, pattern, light, color, surface and texture with reference to the evolution of architectural form
and space.
FORM ANALYSIS:
Analysis of usage of geometric forms, sections and its derivatives. (Sphere, cube, pyramid, cylinder and cone)
SPATIAL CONFIGURATION ANALYSIS:
1. Enclosure
2. Internal And External Spaces
3. Continuous Spaces And Spatial Relationships
4. Spatial Organization : Centralized, Linear, Radial Clustered, Grid – built form
5. Open Space Relationships
ARCHITECTURE PRINCIPLES ANALYSIS:
Analysis of architectural principle used. ( Proportion, scale, balance, symmetry/asymmetry, rhythm, axis, hierarchy, datum, unity,
harmony, dominance, climax – Movement, Building approach and entrance, path configuration and form, path space relationship,
orientation. )

Theory of architecture unit 03

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