1. Historia Contemporánea
Stalin- el único tipo de arquitectura y artes en general es social realism
Germany- propaganda against modern movement
● more than persecution, they were not getting the job they wanted
Gropius- did not oppose to nazis movement
● refused to get the permission to see her dying daughter
● he traveled to italy to give a lecture
● someone asked him to do a house in england
New York 1932- Moma exhibition (Alfred barr- head of the museum)- how do you present
modern architecture to an audience that was not interested
Alfred called Philip Johnson- they traveled to europe to bring modern architecture
● historicist architecture
● 1920s art deco, before eclecticism
● no modern architecture
Architecture as Art
● Le corbusier- architecture as an abstract art
Americans worry about the future of europe after the rise of Nazism
● Bring as many architects that were unable to work in germany
○ Brought architects to Harvard
■ take the leading role in innovation
○ How would they get to teach at Harvard?
■ Gropius- formed a school, with a new program
● For him to leave germany, they said to give him a job
○ Went to England, and maid a partnership with Maxell
Fry
○ Mars architectural movement
■ Mies- rejected
● The truth was that Mies wasn't ready to leave
Mies
● closed and reopened the school for those that had no involvement in any political
party.
○ expel communism from the school
● He had to fight against the government
○ He was not getting founded, and had to change from building- they went to
Berlin
● After a year he was bankrupted, and closed the school
● Unwilling to work under the new guidelines
● He had no problems working with the nazis, if they would have let him do his work as
modern architecture
● 1909- he moved to Berlin
● Mies- was from the working class- he went to WWI as the working class
○ He didn't have a former education
● He didn't want to leave because from coming from the working class to being the
upper class was such a difference, he had all the privileges he had fought
● He was not purely German, he was also director of the Bauhaus, and also part of a
left movement.
○ after 4 years he left, also because he didn't have a salary
2. ● He got to Chicago
○ everything was new, because a fire- newest technology
○ while boston, was very traditional
Mendelson
● Haim Weizmann- first president of the state of israel- he was very useful for the
british army because of an explosive he invented (Mendelson le hizo una casa)
● Rehovot- house, not as avangart, as his other projects
● His projects response to the place
● Cylinder- is the staircase
● Hospital Jerusalem
○ Rebon Window- partida con elementos
○ Cúpula, la entrada to the facilities
● Ministerio de finanzas
○ masivo, y piedra un poco regresando a europa = adaptándose a la realidad
del contexto
● Park Synagogue- Cleveland
○ transformó modernidad dependiendo el lugar
Iskcon Building
● Old bauhaus exported to England
○ Wells Coates- designer of the building
○ Also designed by Jack Pritchard
● New architectural gendre
Mendelson - pavilion de la Warr
● hyper contrast in his work
● Curtain walls, circulations outside
● makes a connection between the sea and the city
International Style
● Bauhaus- orthogonality
● International Style- less rigid
Impington College
● gropius
Gropius
● gropius house lincoln massachusetts
● shifted the access
● transitional space
Gropius- always worked in partnership
TAC- the architects collaborative
● the building of law in Harvard was made by TAC
○ Modern architecture- kind of like le corbusier, with a curve
○ Used limestone
○ Josef Albers– collaborated- added blue blocks
■ movement and equilibrium in architecture
● GESAMTKUNSTWERK = total work of art
● Comes from the opera
● You cannot take any of the arts in its total scene
● cooperative architecture- engineering, architecture, etc become cooperative
3. ○ Now it starts to become a firm- empieza una nueva realidad en la
arquitectura- de firmas arquitectónicas
● TAC- commissioned to new kensington
○ louvers made of aluminum- introducing it to architecture
○ Konrad Wachsmann partner
● Athens- gropius embassy of the US - neoclassical (oster classicism- instead of weak
classicism as the nazis called)
STREET ON THE AIR
● Berlin- Bauhaus museum- street on the air- a corridor before you get to the museum
MIES VAN DER ROHE
● commission to design an entire university
○ Scale- compared to the city
○ Simetrical
● Pavillon of Barcelona
● Crown Hall
● Neoclassical- Altes museum karl friedrich schinkel- pride of german architecture
○ Inspiration of Mies
● Zeitgeist- the spirit of the time
○ you have to adapt to the demands of the time- either ways your going be left
behind
● Origins- and the abstraction of the essence
○ supports and covers and surface- a container
○ the space allows you to be up to date
■ racionalist
● Mies was searching for a prototype
● The essence of what architecture should be
● Remove all unnecessary elements, entire center space is liberated
○ space should be multifunctional
● Barcelona Pavilion
○ Structure: Columns- grid of columns
○ centralizing element is the structure
○ Walls give the direction - elements (not structural)
●
● Crown Hall
○ Structure: columns of steel and staples
○ Does not enclose the space
■ Gives directions
○ Walls centralize
4. ○ Monumental
■ the way we enter the building
■ the change of scale
○ Symmetry
■ the entrance points towards the center
■ emphasis the highirky
● Alumni Hall
○ Not characterized- moduleide
● A building should be able to transform itself to any use
○ But this does not give its character to the place- no identity
■ Chapel IIT
● Mies- standardization takes command 7
● Casa Farnsworth
○ Landscape- important aspect to the architecture
○ Framing the landscape
○ No privacy
■ Intimacy your own sense of security
● Lake Shore
○ all windows
○ resolving with technological resources
Modern movement- human scale- man at the center of the world
● scale of the human body
● standardized people
○ in that push for universality- people lost identity
● Is it possible to create a new monumental without the symbols of imposing
○ can you create pride
● We need monuments
Le Corbusier
● Volumes brought under the light = “Architecture is the masterly, correct and
magnificent play of volumes brought together in LIGHT”
○ Light is an essential- the way you introduce light, and manipulate light
■ How does this light create something or transform something
■ How you profit from light
○ Volume
■ what is the essence of the volume
● thinking in the sense of 3d volume
● Towards an architecture
○ He divides the book different chapter
○ What architects are not seeing
5. ■ Architects don't see the plan = you have to solve the function of the
plan
■ Architects who don't see the surface = they decide the openings, and
limits
■ Architects who don't see the volume= the complete idea of the volume
● the volume is the container of space and the plan
● It has to rise your emotion- this is the place of light = if it does
not move you it is not architecture
● architecture is an art = contradicting the avant garde
● Light and Space- essences of le corbusier
○ you need to design in volume
● Differences between Citrohan and Casa Errazuriz
○ Casa Errazuriz = huge void for the views and then smaller windows
■ You open windows when you have views and
■ the volume changes
■ working in topography = lying the plan to the floor
○ Casa Citrohan and Errazuriz= conception of space remains
● Maison Jaoul
○ the use of exposed materials
○ free plan remains = essential condition
○ playing with the double heights
● Casa Sarabhai
○ similar to maison jaoul
○ But flow of weather
● Plan of Gus
○ 1942 = south france, governed by the Vichy who were friends of nazis
○ Density
○ Alienating different types of circulation
■ Separated bicycles from cars, trucks etc.
■ We need that type of separation
○ Identity= each apartment different facade
● Brise - Soleil
○ advised by le corbusier
○ Protect from the sun
● Marseille
○ service in your apartment
Ronchamp- Le Corbusier church
● disperse light and conduct light
○ the way he orients light is important
● the inside and outside is totally contradictory
● structure is not the wall- columns
● heaviness of the wall and lightness of the ceiling = contradictory
● Movement in shape
● landscape
● You cannot see the entire building until you get there- discover the building
Respond to space- grounding the building to the place
Shape- play with the enclosure
6. Materiales- duality of materials- part of the experience senses are activated
Phenomenology
● Edmond Husserl - spoke first about this term
● A phenomenon is an event
● Martin Heidegger- philosopher - phenomenology- philosophy of experience
○ Got into the nazi party
Daniel Libeskind
● Jewish museum
Chandigarh - India - Le Corbusier
● Brise- soleil
● Humidity from the pond, and allows wind to flow
Avoiding repetition and lack of identity, brigs different shapes
Supreme court
Villa Shodhan
● double facade
7. Brise soleil, arranging light
Street in the air
● Doble heights
Harvard
● Curves
● Street on the air
CIAM
● 1927- two important events
○ The opening of the Weissenhofsiedlung
■ Mies van der Rohe - commissioned with the exhibition
■ Deutsche Werkbund
■ Participants: Le Corbusier, Gropius, a lot of them
○ Fage competition
■ For the league of nations (the kind of UN in between the wars)
● 1950- how to build a healthy community
4 principles Neo Brutalism
● Exposed Materials
● Exposed Structure
● Exposed Instalaciones
● Total legibility of the plan
Reyner Banham
● Editor of architectural review
La Casa de Futuro, exposición
○ “This is Tomorrow” -1956
Alison y Peter Smithson
● Shapes that look like plastic
○ 1970s plastic was produced
London
The Economist- 1959-65
8. ● Reconstruct what can be saved
● And build new
Smithson
● Community- how to build strong communities
○ Circles of relationship - starting point how do people behave and make
community
● The idea of the Block
○ dialogue with existing buildings
○ Brings back the taller buildings
○ First block level of the pedestrian
● Street on the Air- separation of pedestrian and the street
Issues:
● Lots of shadows
○ Freezing
Aldo van Eyck
● Member of team ten
Netherlands - Structuralism
● Create communities- how to build communities- anthropology, lets see how
communities are build
○ religious power
○ political power
○ economic power
■ Then class distinction
○ Plaza
● Orfanato en amsterdam
● Modules, that can be transformed
Vivienda en Amsterdam
● Contact with the street
● Public space, open first flower, mixed uses
○ Urban approach Postmodernism
● Mixed Uses- building relationships, create community, a place of encounter
● Building defining the public space
● Scale, define the urban space- human scale to the scale
○ Avenue, street, plaza- how the individual relates to the scale of the place
● Public and Private
○ Center of the block- community spaces
○ The building separates
○ The relationship to the exterior
9. ○ Abstraction of the traditional building
Casa Huberts
Herman Hesrzberger
● Void to see people in other sections
Centraal Beheer
Piet Blom
● Street on the air
● Connected all the houses- postmodernism
Biblioteca de Rotterdam
10. Linea del tiempo
Carta de Atenas
Le Corbusier
Mario pani- monumento a la madre
Contreras
Brasilia
Urbanismo Post moderno
Kevin Linch
Alemania
Robert Moses
Jane Jacobs
plan cerdá barcelona
Ciudad Jardin
https://nopuedonodebo.wordpress.com/2014/03/25/arquitectura-y-urbanismo-en-los-siglos-xi
x-y-xx/
Italy
Fascist Period
Milan
● Grand Canal, Giancarlo di Carlo
● BBPR, Torre Velasca- Rogers
abstraction of renaissance inspiration
roof
11. Speaks of italy
● connection to the place
Free plan
Abstract non decorated facade
Not completely modern
● Windows, pitched roof
● Rogers, became the new editor of casa bella
Futurism, and the rationalism
Pagano, Casa Bella- Exposed fascism, editorial line
Where do you start? (after fascism)
Casa Bella Continuità - Rogers
Paradox
● The idea of continuity
● The idea of change
Oximoron, universalism and localism
Inspiration of place and transform it in a modern way
● BBPR
Protección- like piazza san marco
London
● Gordon Cullen - he says something will eventually melt into the landscape
○ focal points
○ How you manage the city
○ an architecture integrated into the landscape, eventually integrate on the
landscape
● Architecture is not autonomous it lives with the context
Lazar Khidekel- Horizontal skyscraper
● Constructivist architect
Utopia
Influence of what happened in the 50s
12. Le Corbusier
● Many floors, works like a greed
Matt Building
This case its a hospital
Many projects took inspiration from here
Downtown frankfurt
● Candillis, Josic & Woods
○ How to bring housing into the city = matt building
○ Use street on the air
○ Pedestrian fluidity
○ Proposal
● Campus freie university
The idea is to create inner spaces,
where you can make connections with
other students
How to design a cover with no interference inside
● Lightweight materials
● Start to explore different options
Eero Saarinen
Aeropuerto Dulles, Washington
● Tensión 1958
13. Terminal TWA, JFK 1962
Oscar Niemeyer- Brasília Cathedral
Belo Horizonte Chapel 1943
Alvorada Palace
Abstraction Neoclassical
Felix Candela
Alberca olímpica, Múnich, Fary Otto
14. Richard Buckminster Fuller
● Achieved = triangle to create lightweight structures
First Geodesic
● 1967
● Pabellón USA
Finland
● Migration from Hungry
Culture
● Swedish influence, Russian Influence, Hungry immigrants, and indigenous people
Sweden
● Influences from great britain
● Stockholm Public Library
● Principle of rationalism: autonomy of form (separated from the function) Square Plan,
geometrical content as a mathematical support, everything should be mathematical.
15. Expo Stockholm 1930
1930- modern architecture in Germany
● Sweden getting into modern architecture
The Open School - 1926
● Johannes Duiker
Rationalist and regionalist
The crematorium is racionalista and neoclassical
Summer House- Neo Vernacular
● Hastansviken
The understanding of a very functional plan and the connection with place
Alvar Aalto
Finish
Neoclassical
● Cuerpo de guardias, Seinajoki 1924 Timber
1937 Pavilion París
Pavilion NY 1939
16. Baker Building - MIT dorms
Break (material)- matched the entire environment
Movement
Alvar aalto uses materials depending on the zone
Went back to finland - became one of the most famous architects in finland
Town hall in saynatsalo
● Breaks the windows into different parts instead of the the curtain wall, ribbon window
● The way he plays with the structure
● The exposed materiales
● The way he brings light inside
The Experimental House Alvar Aalto
● Connection to the place, framing views
Finland after WWII- focus was to rebuild the social infrastructure
University Campus
● Flexible organic structure
17. ● How he brings light into the theater
Seinajoki
● Urban center
○ Church
Finish architects influenced by aalto
● Aalto as a precedent to critical regionalism
Louis Kahn
● Parents from Estonia
● Moved to the US when he was 4
● The Plan is a society of rooms
○ The ensemble of the parts, design each room and connect them
○ live, work and learn
● Graduated 1929
○ Beginning of the Depression
○ He went to estonia visit his family, and then went to europe
■ Impressed by classical architecture
● Kahn said they had to remove the cars from downtown
● Dialect
○ Antithesis
○ Thesis
● You need both to synthesis
● For Kahn feeling and thinking- you need to get
○ Feeling- intuitive idea
○ Thinking- confront the intuitive idea with reality
● Whats order?
○ Khan writes order is? he could not put it into words
■ Is- the third conjunction of the verb to be
● It implies that it exist
18. ■ The order is what is essential
● It can be an individual, an atom a galaxy
○ The order is essence
● The arrangement of the parts that allows to fulfill its order
○ Archetype
● The idea of the chair is the form
● Everysingle object should be understood in its particulars
● Servant- the one that gives the service
● Server- the one that receive the service
Trenton, NJ
● Square plan
● The plan is a society of rooms - arrangement of different plans
● Racionalist
Richards Medical Research Laboratories
● The plan a society of rooms
● Cube, opened to make 2 dimensional
● Working with of a square plan
● Each volume
○ Attached the holocomes attached to the main building, as a separation of
served and servant
Main purpose the laboratory
Louis Kahn- light and silence
Tests the validity of the form
19. Ahmedabad, India 1962
Phillips Exeter Academy
Dominican Mother House- Khan
Hurva Synagogue, Jerusalem
Yael Center for British Arts
National Capital Bangladesh
Deconstructivism- la materialidad, forma, etc es igual al movimiento moderno pero criticando
el movimiento y la realidad de la humanidad
● Eisenmann puso un muro en vez de ventana hacia la vista por que el humano no
merece la naturaleza.
20. Critical Regionalism- In 3d world countries don't have the technology to produce critical
regionalism
Venturi
Learning from las Vegas
● Communicate in a way where the people can reach to this
Gent recognaized to levels of communication
● I am a house, and that it
● Complexity and contradiction
○ Related to the people who know of architecture
Late Modern
pasa al mismo tiempo que post modern
● Free plan
● Abstraction
● Architecture as a container
● mass production and standardization
slic- smooth = quality of the materiality
● glass
● concrete
Hyper Contrast
● Solid is white, and transparent is black
● Black part- structure perferi of the building - works like a dividing space
jfk library boston
Louve
● Sculpture
● Kinde of High tec
● Structure continuing space
● Slic materiality
Gordon Kuller
● understanding of space
● everything melts into the same
Bank of China Hong Kong
21. Rotation
Similar to international style
Chicago 2000
Michelangelo piazza
● sculpture form
● High tec
Postmodernism
● Color is very important
Oscar Mayer
● transparent
● Solid
Douglass
Smith
High museum of art
● references from 1920
● displacement , rotation, multiplying the greed
● Understanding the layering
