We introduce T9+HUD, a text entry method designed to de- crease visual distraction while driving and typing. T9+HUD combines a physical 3x4 keypad on the steering wheel with a head-up-display (HUD) for projecting output on the wind- shield. Previous work suggests this may be a visually less demanding way to type while driving than the popular case which requires shifts of visual attention away from the road. We present a prototype design and report first results from a controlled evaluation in a driving simulator. While driving, the T9+HUD text entry rate was equal compared to a dashboard- mounted touchscreen device, but it reduced lane deviations by 70%. Furthermore, there was no significant difference between T9+HUD and baseline driving in lane-keeping performance. T9+HUD decreased glance time off road by 64% in compari- son to the touchscreen QWERTY. We conclude that the data are favorable and warrant more research on attention-reducing text input methods for driving.
Proceeding: https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=3005453
www.gvillaloboz.com
T9+HUD: Physical Keypad and HUD can Improve Driving Performance while Typing and Driving
1. T9+HUD: Physical Keypad and HUD can
Improve Driving Performance while
Typing and Driving
GabrielaVillalobos-Zúñiga,Tuomo Kujala,Antti Oulasvirta
Aalto University and University of Jyväskylä, Finland
12. HUDVS. HDD
Ablaßmeier et al. ICME 2007 Liu,Y. C. (2003), Displays, 24
HUD allows drivers to react faster to an abrupt event
13. HUDVS. HDD
Ablaßmeier et al. ICME 2007 Liu,Y. C. (2003), Displays, 24
HUD allows drivers to react faster to an abrupt event
Support more consistent speed control and causes less mental stress
14. HUDVS. HDD
Ablaßmeier et al. ICME 2007 Liu,Y. C. (2003), Displays, 24
HUD allows drivers to react faster to an abrupt event
Support more consistent speed control and causes less mental stress
Could result in attention capture and increased reaction times to sudden events
29. 2 x 2 within-subject design
2 tasks(Driving, Stationary)
30. 2 x 2 within-subject design
2 tasks(Driving, Stationary)
2 input methods (touch screen QWERTY, T9) as Independent
variables, counter balanced order
31. 2 x 2 within-subject design
2 tasks(Driving, Stationary)
2 input methods (touch screen QWERTY, T9) as Independent
variables, counter balanced order
Order of sentences was randomized
32. Words per minute (WPM)
Error rate
Lane deviations
Glance time off road(%)
Experienced task workload
DependentVariables
Touch Screen QWERTY
T9
IndependentVariables
34. TASK AND PROCEDURE
Play sentence(Enron Mobile Email Dataset), repeated it.
Type words to form a sentence.
Input the sentence (30 sentences per condition)
Goal: input as correctly as possible at the same time keeping a fast
typing pace. Keep their own lane and speed below 60 km/h.
44. text entry rates ~ error rates ~ experienced workload
when driving
DashboardTouchscreen T9+HUD
45. T9+HUD
Reduced lane deviations by 70%
Lane-keeping performance was not statistically significant from baseline
driving
Reduced glance time off road by 64%
46. T9+HUD - CONTRIBUTING FACTORS
1. Keyboard (T9 vs. QWERTY on touchscreen)
2. Output (HUD vs. Center console touchscreen)
3. Hand position: both hands vs. one hand on the steering wheel.
48. LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE WORK
Replication of results with larger and more representative driver
samples.
T9+HUD benefits and possible downsides should be studied with
more realistic typing tasks and driving environments.
49. LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE WORK
Study does not reveal if typing withT9+HUD is safe while driving in
real traffic conditions.
It indicates only that typing harmful effects on the measured variables
are significantly smaller than while typing with a touchscreen
QWERTY keyboard.
50. LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE WORK
Gaze on the HUD does not necessarily mean that the driver’s
attention is on the road.
Detection response tasks should be considered for future experiment
replications.
51. FINALTAKEAWAY
To reduce distraction, one needs to design for human multitasking
and attention and take into account not only the act of pushing buttons
but that of monitoring output (display).
52. T9+HUD: Physical Keypad and HUD can
Improve Driving Performance while
Typing and Driving
GabrielaVillalobos-Zúñiga,Tuomo Kujala,Antti Oulasvirta
Aalto University and University of Jyväskylä, Finland