In the Danish pig production industry, carbohydrate-splitting enzymes, primarily xylanase, are often added to pig feed to improve gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR). Several trial activities have investigated various enzyme products for pigs – nationally as well as internationally - all with highly varying outcome. Danish trials with finishers revealed effects on FCR ranging from 0 – 3 percent when xylanase is added to the feed. Lately, most trial activities have focused on the effect of xylanase on finisher production, whereas in Denmark in recent years no investigations have focused on the effect of xylanase on weaners.

1. Digital Re-print -
March | April 2013
Fine grinding and BS3 Xylanase improve
productivity in weaners
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3. FEATURE
Fine grinding and BS3
Xylanase improve
productivity in weaners
by Dorthe K Rasmussen, Marie Lybye Andersson, Lisbeth
Jørgensen, Pig Research Centre, Denmark
I
n the Danish pig production industry, tion in grain and by-products of grain with daily gain and FCR analysed jointly in a
carbohydrate-splitting enzymes, primari- the highest concentration found in wheat. production value.
ly xylanase, are often added to pig feed There is an on-going development of The trial is part of a co-operation
to improve gain and feed conversion ratio new xylanases that may have a significantly between DuPont Nutrition Bioscience ApS,
(FCR). Several trial activities have investi- greater potential than the xylanases cur- Aarhus University, Department of Animal
gated various enzyme products for pigs – rently available. BS3 Xylanase from DuPont Science, and Pig Research Centre. The
nationally as well as internationally - all with Nutrition Bioscience ApS (previously overall purpose of the project is to establish
highly varying outcome. Danish trials with Danisco) is one such product. BS3 Xylanase the potential for improving FCR, reducing
finishers revealed effects on FCR ranging has not previously been tested on pigs in feed costs and minimising the environmental
from 0 – 3 percent when xylanase is added Denmark or in other countries. impact of using xylanases.
to the feed. Lately, most trial activities have Finisher trials have demonstrated a poor-
focused on the effect of xylanase on finisher er FCR when pigs are fed coarsely ground Material and method
production, whereas in Denmark in recent meal feed compared with finely ground The trial was conducted at Pig Research
years no investigations have focused on meal feed. The outcome of a small-scale trial Centre’s experimental station Grønhøj with
the effect of xylanase on weaners. with different grinding of feed for weaners weaners purchased at weaning. Two differ-
indicated that coarse grinding reduces the ent housing units were used for the trial: one
Enzymes are proteins found in plant and digestibility of feed. with 12 pens/section each holding 16 pigs,
animal tissue where they form part of the A finisher trial comparing finely ground, and the other had 18 pens/sections each
structure and decomposition of chemical pelleted feed with coarsely ground meal feed holding 11 pigs.
compounds. They act as catalysts accelerat- revealed that the effect xylanase was not The effect of feeding the pigs either a fine
ing processes that would otherwise not affected by grinding, i.e. the effect of adding or coarse wheat-based diet combined with
occur or would occur very slowly. Enzymes xylanase was identical for the two types the addition of xylanase was investigated
are specific, i.e. they can only break down of feed. Despite a negative effect on feed from approximately 8 kg (approximately one
certain types of bindings. Xylanase splits conversion, coarse grinding is an interesting week after transfer to the weaner section)
coherent xylose units in large complex mol- option as it improves gastric health and the until approximately 30 kg. The trial design is
ecules such as arabinoxylans. Arabinoxylans gastrointestinal tract. In terms of health, it shown in Table 1.
constitute a significant part of the fibre frac- is therefore be relevant to clarify whether The trial comprised 61 replicates per
the addition of group corresponding to 781 pigs/group and
The trial comprised weaners in the growth period 8 - 30 kg. The trial set-up xylanase may a total of 4,686 pigs. Fine grinding was
comprised six groups all fed not-heat-treated meal feed neutralize a defined as approximately 65 percent parti-
Group 1 2 3 4 5 6 drop in FCR. cles below 1 mm and 35 percent above 1
The aim of mm, while coarse grinding was defined as
this trial was approximately 40 percent particles below 1
Grinding Fine Coarse Fine Coarse Fine Coarse to establish mm and 60 percent above 1 mm. Fine grind-
Sieve profile the effect on ing was obtained with a 2.5 mm sieve versus
in grain, % weaner pro- 5.5 mm for coarse grinding. Table 2 shows
65:35 40:60 65:35 40:60 65:35 40:60
under:above ductivity of the expected activity of the two xylanases.
1 mm adding one
875 875 4,000 4,000 of two differ- Feed and feeding
units/ units/ units/kg units/kg ent xylanase Feed was produced at Danish Agro in
Xylanase None None products to Sjølund over a total of nine production
kg BS3 kg BS3 Porzyme Porzyme
Xylanase Xylanase 9302 9302 coarse or fine rounds. The diets complied with the Danish
FUNDING meal feed, nutrient standards for weaners in the weight
The project was financially supported by the Pig Levy Fund and the respectively. interval 9-30 kg, and phytase was added to
GUDP programme under the Danish Ministry of Food, Agriculture & The effect was the diets (100% inclusion). All diets included
Fisheries. Project ID: VSP09/10/51; journal no.: 3405-10-0098. recorded on a safety margin on the calculated amino
24 | march - april 2013 Grain &feed millinG technoloGy

5. FEATURE
Table 1: Trial design (approx. 8-30 kg). All diets were not-heat treated dry feed Table 2: Declared enzyme activity of xylanases.
(meal) Inclusion rates correspond to the maximum approved
inclusion
Group 1 2 3 4 5 6
Xylanase Enzyme activity (U/kg)
Grinding Fine Coarse Fine Coarse Fine Coarse
BS3 Xylanase 875 TXU (Total Xylanase Units)
BS3 BS3 Porzyme Porzyme
Xylanase None None
Xylanase Xylanase 9302 9302 Porzyme 9302 4000 DXU (DAN Xylanase Units)
acid content of 5 percent above the Table 3: Scale for scoring of gastric Table 4: Average particle distribution in ground
current standard and of 10 percent ulcers/lesions wheat (Retsch sieve)
for phosphorus and calcium. A safety
Score Evaluation Fine Coarse
margin is included to neutralize any Grinding
(2.5 mm sieve) (5.5 mm sieve)
effect of nutrient deficiencies per
feed units as the addition of xyla- 0 Normal stomach without changes
nase increases the energy content Above 2 mm, % 0.3 13.5
1-3 Keratinisation
of a diet. The addition of xylanase 1-2 mm, % 27.1 37.4
increases the energy level of a diet 4-5 Erosion
by approximately one feed unit per 6-8 Ulcers or scars from ulcers Below 1 mm, % 72.6 49.1
100 kg feed, and the formulation 9-10 Contracted oesophagus Average of 9 samples of each type of grinding
of the diets in this trial did not take
this into consideration. Thereby, the
outcome of the trial will be the pigs’ bio- routines of the farm. Feed consumption was activity was analysed by DuPont Nutrition
logical response to xylanase without having calculated from trial start to departure from Bioscience ApS.
included the effect in the energy value of the weaner unit. In nine samples of ground wheat (one
the grain. Forty-six pigs (23 pigs fed finely ground from each production round), particle distri-
Microgrits (coloured particles) were feed and 23 pigs fed coarsely ground feed) bution was analysed using the Retsch sieve.
added to the diets to be able to confirm were destroyed immediately when the trial
that the correct diet was fed to the right ended at approximately 30 kg in order to Production value and statistics
pens. One diet (for group 5) did not contain examine their stomachs. The white part of The production value was obtained by
microgrits, which was thereby the character- the stomach was evaluated at the Laboratory using the following variables:
istic of that diet. All six diets had the same for Pig Diseases in Kjellerup according to the • Value of gain calculated on the basis of
ingredient profile. However, as the feed for scale normally
group 5 did not contain microgrits and as used for scor-
the feed for groups 1 and 2 did not contain ing stomachs.
xylanase, profiles differed marginally. To
ensure optimum conditions for xylanase, the Analyses
feed consisted of 67 percent wheat, which of feed
contains large quantities of arabinoxylan, Samples
which is the carbohydrate most often split from the diets
by these xylanases. in each group
At the trial start, the pigs were fed a were col-
meal-based starter diet. For the first 14 days lected at each
post-weaning, the pigs in all groups were feed produc-
given 2,500 zinc (prescribed by the herd tion and split
vet) mixed manually into the feed regardless according to
of whether the pigs were fed starter diet or the TOS prin-
weaner diet. The pigs switched from starter ciples (Theory
feed to trial feed (weaner feed) 1-2 weeks of Sampling).
post-weaning. All pigs switched diets at an The diets
average weight of 8 kg (trial start). The pigs were ana-
were fed not-heat-treated meal feed ad lib lysed for
from dry feeders. Feeding was managed by a energy con-
computerised dry feeding system. tent (Enzyme
Digestible
Recordings Organic
All recordings were made at pen level. Matter at
Weight and number of pigs were record- ileum =
ed upon transfer to the weaner section EDOMi) and
and at departure from the weaner unit at for lysine
approximately 30 kg. The trial period began methionine,
when the pigs switched from the starter diet cystine, threo-
to the weaner diet. Date, weight and cause nine, calcium,
were recorded for all pigs that were moved phosphorus
to a hospital pen, died and were destroyed. and phytase
Number of pigs and date of treatment were at Eurofins
recorded for all disease treatments. Sick/ Steins
weak pigs were moved to a hospital pen and Laboratorium
treatment procedures followed the regular A/S. Enzyme
Grain &feed millinG technoloGy march - april 2013 | 25

7. FEATURE
"The effect of adding xylanase to
pig feed did not vary regardless of
whether the feed was finely ground
or coarsely ground. This trial thereby
did not confirm the hypothesis
that the addition of xylanase may
affect the reduced FCR seen when
feeding coarsely ground meal feed"
the pigs’ gain in kg × value of 1 kg gain 397, ÷ DKK 6.39 per kg (25-30) / + Data was subject to analysis in the
• Feed costs calculated as (end weight DKK 6.55 per kg (30-35 kg) MIXED procedure in SAS as a factor trial
÷start weight) × FUgp per kg gain × • Weaner feed: with the two factors grinding (to levels:
DKK per FUgp a) Groups 1-2: DKK 216 per 100 FUgp fine versus coarse) and xylanase (three lev-
• Productive days, which is the number of b) Groups 3-6: DKK 216.46 per 100 FUgp els: none/product 1/product 2). Production
days the average pig was in the trial.
Based on prices of the last five years
Table 5: Average analysed enzyme activity for BS3 Xylanase and Porzyme 9302, ± standard
(September 1, 2006 – September 1, 2011), variation of enzyme activities
the following values were also used for
calculating the production value: Group 3 4 5 6
• Average price of a 7 kg pig: DKK 913 Xylanase BS3 Xylanase (TXU) Porzyme 9302 (DXU)
per pig, ± DKK 9.47 per kg
4,000 DXU/kg
• Average price of a 30 kg pig: DKK 331
per pig, ÷ DKK 5.72 per kg (25-30) / Declared enzyme activity, U/kg 875 TXU/kg - -
DKK + 5.41 per kg (30-40) Analysed enzyme activity, U/kg 1,053±246 935±324 4,151±965 3,176±625
• Weaner feed: DKK 1.77 per
FUgp – identical feed prices
Table 6: Production value (PV) and actual PV for weaners for grinding and inclusion of xylanase.
in all groups.
One kg gain was valued at Effect of Effect of
Effect of
DKK 5.97, which was the value Factor Grinding Xylanase BS3 Porzyme
grinding
of the average gain in the entire Xylanase 9302
period.
Production value (PV) per
BS3 Porzyme
place unit/day was calculated as Level Fine Coarse None
Xylanase 9302
follows:
PV per place unit/day: (value PV per place unit/day,
1.59 1.50 1.52 1.58 1.55 ***3) *4) NS5)
DKK1
of gain ÷ feed costs) / produc-
tive days. PV index1) 100 94 100 104 102
An average price of pigs and Actual PV per place
feed based on 5 weeks (weeks 1.78 1.67 1.69 1.76 1.72 No statistical calculations of
unit/day DKK2)
23-27, both weeks included) actual PV
Actual PV index2) 100 94 100 104 102
and the price of the product
as stated by the producer (see
Appendix 1) were used for cal- 1) 5-year prices (September 2006 - September 2011). When comparing production value, there must be
a minimum difference for grinding of 2 index points and minimum 3 index points for xylanase for a
culation of the actual PV. This
difference to be significant (p<0.05).
did not include identical feed 2) 5-week prices (wks 23-27, 2012) and price of xylanase as informed by the producers (see Appendix 1).
prices in the six groups. 3) Significant (p<0.0001).
• Price of 7 kg pigs: DKK 236, 4) Significant (p<0.05).
± DKK 11.64 per kg 5) Not significant.
• Price of 30 kg pigs: DKK
26 | march - april 2013 Grain &feed millinG technoloGy

8. FEATURE
results, daily gain and FCR was summed up approximately 1 FUgp per 100 kg higher Results and discussion
in a production value (PV) that was subject than in the feed without xylanase. This
to statistical analysis as primary parameter procedure was employed to ensure that Nutrient content
with weight at transfer as co-variable. If the pigs’ biological response to xylanase For most nutrients, the declared and ana-
significant differences in PV6 were observed, inclusion was obtained. Disease and mor- lysed contents corresponded in all six diets.
each individual production parameter was tality rates were recorded as secondary The analysed content of calcium and phos-
subject to analysis in the same model as PV. parameters, and the trial was not designed phorus was lower than declared, but due to
The model for calculation of PV included to detect any differences in these two the safety margin and since this deficiency was
the variables housing unit, batch (replicate) parameters. Disease recordings and mor- identical in all groups; it did not affect the out-
come of the trial. The ana-
lysed phytase content was
Table 7: Production results for the entire trial period for grinding and inclusion of xylanase. approximately three times
Effect of Effect of higher than declared, which
Effect of
Factor Grinding Xylanase BS3 Porzyme is attributed to the fact that
grinding
Xylanase 9302 the analysis method detects
the added as well as the
natural content of phytase
BS3 Porzyme in the feed.
Level Fine Coarse None - - -
Xylanase 9302 Porzyme 9302
Daily grain g/day 561 543 544 560 553 *1) *1) NS2) increased the EDOMi
FCR, FUgp/day 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.99 0.98 NS2) NS2) NS2)
value by approximately
one percentage point as
FCR, FUgp/kg gain 1.76 1.81 1.80 1.77 1.78 *1) *1) NS2) seen in other trials. BS3
1) Significant (p<0.05). Xylanase did not have the
2) Not significant. same impact in EDOMi
(0-0.45 percentage points).
and group. Production value was calculated tality rates were subject to analysis in the Particle distribution and enzyme
using identical feed prices and with the same model as PV. activity
average number of analysed feed units for Ten pens were excluded from data Fine grinding was intended to be 35
the two groups without xylanase (112.7 processing either due to the fact that the percent above and 65 percent below 1
FUgp per 100 kg) as the analysed energy pen in question was a significant outlier or mm, while coarse grinding was intended to
content in the groups with xylanase was due to inadequate data quality. be 60 percent above and 40 percent below
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9. FEATURE
Table 8: Health in relation to grinding and inclusion of xylanase
Effect of Effect of
Effect of
Factor Grinding Xylanase BS3 Porzyme
grinding
Xylanase 9302
BS3 Porzyme
Level Fine Coarse None - - -
Xylanase 9302
Treatment for diarrhoea, days per pig 1.82 1.35 1.63 1.52 1.60 *1) NS2) NS2)
Mortality 0.7 1.0 1.2 0.8 0.6 NS2) NS2) NS2)
Dead and moved to hosp.pen, % 3.9 6.0 5.4 4.6 4.7 *1)
NS 2)
NS2)
1) Significant (p<0.05).
2) Not significant.
1 mm. The average particle distribution The addition of BS3 Xylanase resulted the herd manager decided to move them
found with a Retsch sieve in ground wheat in a significantly higher production value to a hospital pen.
is shown in Table 4. Coarse as well as the (p<0.05) compared with feed without
fine grinding was slightly finer than intended, xylanase. This difference was caused by a Gastric changes
but the difference between the two was as positive impact on gain (p<0.01) and on Examinations generally revealed very few
planned. FCR (p<0.05) among the pigs given BS3 changes in the white part of the stomach
The Bygholm sieve was also used at the Xylanase. Despite a numerically higher gain among the examined pigs. Forty of 46
first 1-2 rounds of production. At fine grind- and a better FCR, Porzyme 9302 did not stomachs were scored index 0, which equals
ing, particle distribution averaged 68 percent significantly affect the production value. a normal stomach with no changes. Six
below 1 mm and 32 percent between 1-2 The vale ‘actual PV per place unit/day’ were scored between index one and six. An
mm, while at coarse grinding particle distri- shows the production economy in feed- index below six is not considered to be of
bution averaged 51 percent below 1 mm; ing weaners meal feed with xylanase with significant importance to the pig as research
41 percent between 1 and 2; and 8 percent today’s prices. The additional cost (DKK has demonstrated that daily gain is not
above 2 mm. There was no significant dif- 5.2 per tonne finished feed) of adding BS3 affected until the index reaches six or more.
ference between the Retsch sieve and the Xylanase was fully covered by the improve- It is known from finisher trials that meal feed
Bygholm sieve in particle distribution when ment in gain and FCR, which is illustrated protects against gastric changes, and this is
assessed on the basis of such few repetitions with an index above 100. probably the reason why very few changes
of each sieving. were found in this trial. Results did not
Table 5 shows the average of nine Health indicate any significant differences in gastric
enzyme activities for each of the four groups Table 8 shows health conditions of the health regardless of whether pigs were fed
in which xylanase was added to the feed. pigs in the trial in relation to the two factors finely ground or coarsely ground meal feed.
For both xylanases, enzyme activities (grinding and xylanase). However, 46 stomachs are not enough to
varied over the course of the trial in all four Treatments for diarrhoea averaged make any conclusions on small differences in
diets. Variations in enzyme activity were also 1.6 days per pig. Pigs fed finely ground gastric health.
observed when Bergazym P was studied in meal feed had significantly more treat-
feed mixed on- farm and when Porzyme ment days for diarrhoea than pigs fed Conclusion
9302 was investigated in ready-mixed feed. coarsely ground feed. The outcome The effect of adding xylanase to pig feed
The average enzyme activities found of a weaner trial comparing meal with did not vary regardless of whether the feed
during analyses corresponded fairly well pelleted feed also revealed fewer treat- was finely ground or coarsely ground. This
with the declared value except for group 6 ments among pigs fed meal feed with trial thereby did not confirm the hypothesis
where activity where found to be lower than a coarser particle distribution than pel- that the addition of xylanase may affect the
declared (Table 5). Previous trials with finish- leted feed. In another trial, the impact reduced FCR seen when feeding coarsely
ers also found lower activities than declared. of feed on the gastrointestinal tract was ground meal feed.
analysed by comparing coarsely ground Production value was significantly
Production results meal feed with finely ground pelleted higher among weaners fed finely ground
Table 6 shows the production value in feed for weaners. Results revealed that feed compared with coarsely ground feed,
relation to grinding and inclusion of xylanase, coarsely ground meal feed makes it more which is attributed to a higher daily gain
respectively, along with a comparison of difficult for pathogen bacteria to pass the (approximately 3%) and a better FCR.
the two or three levels for each factor. stomach and colonise in other parts of BS3 Xylanase also positively affected the
Production value was significantly lower the intestinal tract. pigs’ daily gain and FCR by 2-3 percent
(p<0.0001) for pigs fed coarsely ground feed Dead and removed pigs averaged compared with the pigs fed feed without
compared with pigs fed finely ground feed. 4.9 percent for all six groups. Mortality xylanase, which was reflected in a signifi-
This is attributed to a significantly lower gain averaged 0.9 percent with no differenc- cantly higher production value for the pigs
(p<0.0001) and a poorer FCR (p<0.0001) es between the groups. However, the fed BS3 Xylanase. The additional cost of
as shown in Table 7. Grinding thereby number of dead pigs and pigs moved to adding BS3 Xylanase to pig feed was fully
affects FCR in weaners in the same way as hospital pens differed significantly (p<0.01) covered by the improved gain and FCR.
in finishers. between the group with coarsely ground Results revealed no significant effect of
No interaction was observed between the feed and finely ground feed. The majority adding Porzyme 9302.
factors, which means that the effect of adding of those moved were pigs fed coarsely
xylanase was identical regardless of grinding. ground feed. This does not correspond
Consequently, the effect of adding xylanase with the fact that this was also the group
was not greater in coarsely ground feed than with the fewest treatments for diarrhoea. More inforMation:
in finely ground feed, and this corresponds This may, however, be explained by the Website: www.pigresearchcentre.dk
with findings in another finisher trial. fact that pigs moved were small wherefore
28 | march - april 2013 Grain &feed millinG technoloGy

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