'Investigar, educar, dialogar. Las lecciones que aprendimos de José Mariano Gago (1948-2015)'. Con este título celebramos los días 1 y 2 de junio de 2016 en la Fundación Ramón Areces un simposio para homenajear la trayectoria de quien fue ministro de Ciencia y Tecnología (1995-2002) y ministro de Ciencia, Tecnología y Educación Superior (2005-2011) de Portugal. Gago desempeñó una labor crucial en el diseño de los planes de desarrollo de la ciencia, la tecnología y la innovación, no solo en su país sino en toda Europa.

1. Light - Designed by Nature, Transformed by Science
http://www.esa.int/spaceinimages/Images/2015/04/Europe_at_night
KNOWLEDGE and the collective ambition for Europe:
Learning from Jose Mariano Gago in policy making

2. “Ciência Viva nas Férias” (18 de Julho de 2000)

3. "Science is about pursuing the truth:
proof, not authority;
it's about knowledge, not ignorance;
it's about technical training,
not definitions..”
José Mariano Gago, 2014

4. 'CPLP Conferência de C&T e Ensino Superior' (Lisboa, 29 de Agosto de 2009)
A selection of 3 main issues:
• Scientific organizations
• Scientific culture
• Scientists
… and, always, political debate!

5. Portugal in CERN, Geneve, 26 April, 1985
… . CERN, its scientists, engineers and administrators, as
well as governments and officials from member states,
have succeeded because at all times they have strived to
give priority to science over bureaucracy or conservative
hierarchies. This is one of the few large scientific
organisations in the world where new projects are publicly
presented and discussed in advance and where a student
may challenge a Nobel Prize winner at the auditorium.
…
José Mariano Gago, at CERN, 2008

6. 'Inauguration ofthe International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, INL‘, Braga, 17 July, 2009

7. 1)NANOMEDICINE:
Drug Delivery systems, molecular diagnosis systems and chips, cell
therapies, imaging solutions, regenerative materials, biomolecular
labels, synaptic process monitoring, tissue engineering, etc
2) ENVIRONMENT MONITORING AND FOOD
CONTROL:
Nanotechnology applied to food industry, food safety and
environmental control. Water and Soil control, air pollution
monitoring, artificial nanopore sensors, lab-on-a-chip technologies,
Smart Packaging and labels, food control process, biosensing
technologies,
3) NANOELECTRONICS & ENERGY:
NEMS/MEMS, Spintronics, Photonics, Nanofluidics, Molecular
electronics, Organic electronics, Energy harvesting devices,
nanostructured materials for energy storage and conversion, solar
cells, Nanotechnologies to support the previous research areas
4) NANOMANIPULATION:
Single molecule/atom manipulation, molecular motors,
nanotwezzers, self assembly controlled processes of building
blocks for nanodevices.
INL Research areas
…science and collective ambition for economic growth.
[…]Cross-disciplinary new frontier
research should be the result of
ambitious initiatives yet to be developed
or stimulated from the huge potential of
these organisations as well by many
others national and European initiatives.
[…]
José Mariano Gago, 2014

8. "Entre 1977 e 1978, ao ritmo de duas,
três vezes por semana, um grupo de
portugueses reunia-se à noite, na
Universidade Operária de Genebra. A
maioria vinha para aprender francês,
o que não era fácil quando se tem é
vontade de ir para a cama e quando
nas obras só se fala italiano. Mas uns
quantos queriam aprender mais. As
"fichas" que estão neste livro foram
escritas como ponto de partida para
um trabalho colectivo; são, em muitos
casos, o resultado de longas
discussões onde a a experiência de
cada um de nós se enriqueceu com a
experiência dos outros.
José Mariano Gago, 1979
…the appropriation of scientific culture!

9. … . The debate surrounding scientific
cultures revolves, first and foremost,
around the conditions of citizenship in the
modern world. Thus, it is a political debate
and a political struggle. Nonetheless, by its
very nature, it is ill-suited to the
ephemeral interplay of the politics of
choice.
…
Is it not obvious that basic scientific
education, for all, is and essential condition
of future employability and, moreover, of
citizenship, serving to inform choice and
votes?
José Mariano Gago, 1994

10. …HOW people learn??

11. 3rd European Week of Culture, Gulbenkian Foundation, Lisboa, 20 – 22 November 1995 (with Joan Solomon)
…, concrete programmes of action in Europe should be
constructed, bringing real science to the concrete universe of
learning opportunities for the majority of young people,
particularly in primary education and at other levels of basic
schooling. … Jose Mariano Gago, 1994

12. Ciência Viva…

13. “Ciência Viva” - Knowledge Pavillion, Lisboa (25 July 1999)

14. “EXPO 98 – “Ciência Viva”Day, 1 September 1998

15. … . Our efforts must be seen as
the first phase of what needs to
be accomplished in the near
future. Considerable time should
be devoted to setting up a
dialogue in each member State
on the issue of human resources
for SET, helping policy-makers
understand what is required, and
building bridges between
national and European actors.
Dialogue between industrial and
academic organizations in Europe
should also be pursued.
José Mariano Gago
EC, 2004

16. 'Ciência Viva Nas Férias' (19 de Julho de 2000)

17. European Parliament, 22 de June 2000 (with Carlos Westendorp y Cabeza)

18. ‘ European Research Council’, Lisboa, 3 - 4 de July 2007

19. 'Eureka-Ásia’, Macau, 30 March – 2 April, 1998

20. ’EU-CHINA summit’, Lisboa, 9 November, 2007

21. …"Science is a battle ground, it's not
neutral. And if you know it's not neutral, it
becomes interesting. It can become part of
the modern youth culture. You must
choose between generosity and greed,
between peace and war, and choose
between disclosing or hiding the truth”…
José Mariano Gago

22. World share of GDP and GERD for the G20
over the last decade (2002-2012); values in %

23. After many years hit by recession and economic
and budgetary problems:
- Which is the evolving path of R&D funding?
- Which policies to foster knowledge
towards long-term growth?
The Questions Today…

24. Government Budget Appropriations or Outlays for R&D (GBOARD)/capita - 1995
(Purchasing Power Standard (PPS) per inhabitant at constant 2005 prices)
Source: Eurostat

25. Government Budget Appropriations or Outlays for R&D (GBOARD)/capita - 2000
(Purchasing Power Standard (PPS) per inhabitant at constant 2005 prices)
Source: Eurostat

26. Government Budget Appropriations or Outlays for R&D (GBOARD)/capita - 2005
(Purchasing Power Standard (PPS) per inhabitant at constant 2005 prices)
Source: Eurostat

27. Government Budget Appropriations or Outlays for R&D (GBOARD)/capita - 2009
(Purchasing Power Standard (PPS) per inhabitant at constant 2005 prices)
Source: Eurostat

28. Government Budget Appropriations or Outlays for R&D (GBOARD)/capita - 2010
(Purchasing Power Standard (PPS) per inhabitant at constant 2005 prices)
Source: Eurostat

29. Government Budget Appropriations or Outlays for R&D (GBOARD)/capita - 2011
(Purchasing Power Standard (PPS) per inhabitant at constant 2005 prices)
Source: Eurostat

30. Government Budget Appropriations or Outlays for R&D (GBOARD)/capita - 2012
(Purchasing Power Standard (PPS) per inhabitant at constant 2005 prices)
Source: Eurostat

31. Government Budget Appropriations or Outlays for R&D (GBOARD)/capita - 2013
(Purchasing Power Standard (PPS) per inhabitant at constant 2005 prices)
Source: Eurostat

32. Government Budget Appropriations or Outlays for R&D (GBOARD)/capita - 2014
(Purchasing Power Standard (PPS) per inhabitant at constant 2005 prices)
Source: Eurostat

33. Government Budget Appropriations or Outlays for R&D (GBOARD)
Sample of large EU countries
(million current PPP $)
Source: OECD; Netherlands is included in the large sized countries because of the size of the budget
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
GBOARD,MillionsofUSDollars,currentPPP$
France Germany Italy Netherlands Poland Spain United Kingdom
In the year 2000, Germany and France presented
similar national R&D budgets; one decade later,
Germany outpaces France by 50%. Italy budgets have
declined since 2007, and in real terms are 15% lower
than in 2000.
…the quasi stagnation of R&D public investment
in Europe during the last decade hides a major
trend of internal divergence inside Europe
itself.

34. Francisco Díaz Carreño, 1890
“Posición probable del globo antes del diluvio”
Museo del Prado
Why Science and Innovation?
The future requires addressing two key emerging
issues everywhere:
• EXTERNAL – multilateral:
– Multiply global R&D and HE networks
– Develop international R&D
organisations and programmes
– Promote the international debate for
new research agendas
• INTERNAL:
– Better understanding of “policy mix”:
• Exploration and exploitation
• Extended BERD across small,
medium and large companies
• The key role of local productive
arrangements for global markets
– Invent jointly new economic drivers
– Diversify and combine funding sources
Public Policy is critical:
but, is there room for a common vision of
the future of S&I?

35. “Alice at the Lisbon Botanical Garden”, Lisboa, 1 June 1996

36. …but,
what has
changed?

37. STEM graduates per 1000 inhabitants with 20-29 years old
Source: Eurostat
0
5
10
15
20
25
Lithuania
Ireland
France(2003-2010)
Finland
UnitedKingdom
Portugal
Slovenia
Denmark
Poland
Slovakia
Germany
EU27
Switzerland
CzechRep.
Croatia(2003-2012)
Austria
Spain
Iceland
Romania
Sweden
Japan
Greece(2004-2011)
Bulgaria
Estonia
Belgium
Italy
Latvia(2002-2011)
UnitedStates
Malta
Netherlands
Norway
Turkey
Cyprus
Hungary(2002-2011)
Rep.ofMacedonia
STEMgraduatesper1000inhabitants
2002 2012

38. New PhDs per 10.000 inhabitants for 2005 and 2012
Source: UNESCO, Eurostat, INEP, CAPES, NSF, IBGE, NBS, SSB.NO.
U.S data – doctorate recipients ; Brazil data – total de titulados no doutorado ; Other data – Doctor of Philosophy.
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5 Massachusetts
Germany
UnitedKingdom
Finland
Austria
Norway
Denmark
Sweden
CzechRepublic
Netherlands
Maryland
Indiana
NewYork
France(2011)
Spain
Pennsylvania
Italy
Illinois
Michigan
Portugal
Virginia
NorthCarolina
Ohio
Georgia
SãoPaulo
Japan
Hungary
RioGrandedoSul
RiodeJaneiro
NewJersey
Florida
Poland
NewPhDsper10.000inhabitants
2005 2012

39. The 500 largest EU firms investing in R&D
(Following ICB - Industry Classification Benchmark; Source: EU Industrial R&D Investment Scoreboard
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
MillionsofEuros
Automobiles & Parts Pharmaceuticals & Biotechnology Technology Hardware & Equipment
Aerospace & defence Industrial Engineering Electronic & Electrical Equipment
Banks Software & Computer Services Chemicals
Oil & Gas

40. 0.0009
0.001
0.0011
0.0012
0.0013
0.0014
0.0015
0.0016
0.0017
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
France Germany Italy Poland Spain UK
Levels of diversification of economic struture: 1980-2010
Large countries
(Inverse Hirshman-Herfindahl Index)
Data Source: OECD

41. Total exports versus R&D accumulated expenditure per capita
(millions of U.S. Dollars 2005 constant prices and PPP)
Source: OECD

42. Human Resources on S&T (“HRST”) - 2013
(percentage of active population - NUTS 2)
Source: EuroStat.

43. Cumulative R&D expenditure, 30 years, per RESEARCHER
(thousands U.S. Dollars 2005 constant prices and PPP)
Source: OECD Statistics.
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
CumulativeGrossDomesticExpenditureonR&Dper
researcher(thousandsUSDollars2005constantpricesand
PPP)
United States EU-28
Undoubtedly there was considerable
progress in Science, Technology and
Higher Education.
…But Europe, as a whole, has met
neither its goals nor its promises in
this area.

44. Europe presents a large diversity in
R&D investment and accumulation
across countries,
with an average cumulative R&D
expenditure per researcher about 50%
smaller than in USA.
A critical observation - 1:

45. A critical observation - 2:
In many other EU countries, beyond notable
exceptions (including Germany), the stagnation
and/or recent decrease in public R&D and HE
budgets has been justified by the need to
change policies, including:
• Increase public funding to support firms and
business activities;
• Increase the selectivity of public funding,
decreasing public support for advanced
training and scientific employment.

46. Which myths?
How can we effectively help debunking
these myths and guarantee better
policies?
Public vs Private
R&D vs Innovation
Higher Educ vs Vocational Training
…we live on times of increasing
socialization of risks and the
privatization of rewards

47. Emerging major EU vulnerabilities:
• New migratory flows of skilled people:
…the growing scientific and technological
capacity of less industrialized regions is now
associated with, also, a growing vulnerability
associated with a increasing international
competition for skilled human resources.
• High rates of young unemployment:
…weak new job creation in less industrialized
regions.
• Accelerated rate of aging of population…

48. Francisco de Goya, 1797-1799
El sueño de la razon produce monstruos
Museo del Prado

50. • WHAT will these new technologies be like?
• On WHICH research we should invest in?
• WHAT engineering courses should we teach
in our schools and universities?
These are relevant issues,
but the wrong questions …
Which questions?

51. How people, institutions and
incentives can be effectively
oriented, transmitted and
assimilated to allow societies to
move towards a socially
responsable, sustainable and
entrepreneurial world?
We can look, instead, at the process...

52. Science, its impact and the presence of
innovation, result from a cumulative, long-
term, collective and uncertainty process,
involving an extensive divison of labour,
which requires massifying the training of
human resources and qualifying the labour
force in many economic sectors, in a way
that depends on the structure of the
economy
A new hypothesis:

53. The multidimensions of S&T and the social construction of science policy

54. A case study: “emerging auto parts”

55. Case study: Seamless integration of networked autonomous
platforms for ocean monitoring and surveillance

56. TECHNOLOGY
MARKETExisting New
Existing
New Increasing
uncertainty
evolutionary leverage base
radicaldiscontinuity
Source: Branscomb,Morse & Roberts (2001): www.atp.nist.gov/eao/gcr_787.pdf
Patterns of technical change

57. "The importance of science for
society must be spelled out: you can't
have life-control without science.
Science provides society with a
culture of evaluation and quality
control, with risk governance...”
José Mariano Gago, 2002
…and his friends!

58. 58
Some forty years after John Ziman launched the discussion on
Public Knowledge and thirty years after his work on Reliable
Knowledge, to appreciate the significance of scientific
knowledge one must understand the nature of science as a
complex whole. In Real Science, we are reminded that
“science is social”, referring to “the whole network of social
and epistemic practices where scientific beliefs actually
emerge and are sustained”.
J. Ziman (1968), Public Knowledge: The Social Dimension of Science,
Cambridge University Press
J. Ziman (1978), Reliable Knowledge: an exploration of the grounds for belief in science,
Cambridge University Press
J. Ziman (2000), Real Science: What it is, and what it means,

59. Ziman takes
government funding
of science as a given,
because the market
cannot be trusted to
allocate resources
wisely and, anyway,
research now costs
so much that only
government can pay
the bill.

60. How do people
understand
science? How do
they feel about
science, how do
they relate to it,
what do they
hope from it and
what do they fear
about it?

61. How, How, How...
...people learn?
The emergence of “people centred systems”:
The local context engages and imposes a set of social attributes,
determining the creation and development of knowledge
networks and learning practices…

62. …HOW?

63. …HOW?

64. HOW people learn?
…HOW to foster collective learning?

65. the process matters!…
The continuous development of knowledge-based
societies requires counter-cycle policy measures,
with emphasis on the advanced training of human
resources and the systematic opening of the social
basis for education and science across all EU.
Innovation must be considered a collective and
cumulative process

66. Lisbon, 22 October 2015
…be a thinker!

67. "Devising and funding large scale stable
national and international initiatives and
supporting independent initiatives aiming
at bringing together schools, research
centres, science-based professional as well
as industry and science centres are key to
opening the gates of an inclusive, curiosity
and innovation driven society”…
Jose Mariano Gago, 2014