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HALOGENOVODONIČNE
KISELINE
Halogeni elementi se jedine sa vodonikom
pri čemu nastaju halogenovodonici koji se
dobro rastvaraju u vodi
Afinitet halogena ka vodoniku opada od
fluora ka jodu zbog porasta poluprečnika
halogenog elementa
Na isti način se smanjuje i postojanost
halogenovodonika
FLUOROVODONIČNA KISELINA
Nastaje rastvaranjem hlorovodonika (t.k.20 C)
u vodi
HF + H2O ↔ H3O+ + F –
K=?
fluorovodonična kiselina je slaba kiselina
-veza između vodonika i fluora jaka
- sa molekulima vode gradi vodoničnu vezu
 HF nagriza sve metale osim Au,Pt i Pb
Razara staklo
Zašto?
SiO2 + 4HF → SiF4 +2H2O
Sa bazama gradi soli koje podležu hidrolizi
većina soli je rastvorna u vodi,osim fluorida
metala II gr.
NaOH+HF → NaF +H2O
Na+ + F- +H2O → Na+ + HF + OH-
Upotreba:
Antibaktericidna svojstva- pri dobijanju
alkohola alkoholnim vrenjem
Analitička hemija- rastvaranje ruda Si
Šaranje stakla
Soli HF se koriste za fluorisanje vode
Hlorovodonična kiselina
Dobijanje:
1. Rastvaranjem gasovitog hlorovodonika u vodi
H2(g)
Cl2(g)
Dejonizovana
voda
Hlor i vodonik prolaze kroz kvarcni plamenik pri
čemu hlor mirno gori u vodoniku bez eksplozije
H2 + Cl2 → 2HCl ΔrH= - 183,5 kJ/mol
HCl + H2O → H3O+
+ Cl-
ΔrH= -74,9 kJ/mol
NaCl + H2SO4 → NaHSO4 + HCl
NaCl + NaHSO4 → Na2SO4 + HCl
U laboratoriji
NH4Cl + H2SO4 → NH4HSO4 + HCl
 Hlorovodonik je bezbojan gas, oštrog mirisa,
kiselog ukusa na vazduhu se puši,dobro se
rastvara u vodi; Max koncentracija
hlorovodonika u vodi je 42,7%
Azeotropna smeša (20% HCl i 80% vode)
Jaka kiselina – otporni na njeno dejstvo su
Hg, Cu, Ag, Pb, Au i Pt
Sa nitratnom kiselinom gradi “carsku vodu”
Gradi soli –hloride ; većina rastvorna u vodi
osim AgCl, CuCl i Hg2Cl2
NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O vodeni rastvor se ponaša
neutralno
Bromovodonična kiselina
Bromovodonik je bezbojan, zagušljiv gas, na
vazduhu se puši, u vodi se bolje rastvara od
hlorovodonika ( jedna zapremina vode i 672
zapremina HBr)
Bromovodonična kiselina je jača od HCl
Gradi azeotropnu smešu
Stajanjem na vazduhu dobija mrku boju (Br2)
Gradi soli bromide
Jodovodonična kiselina
• Jodovodonik je gas oštrog mirisa, dobro se
rastvara u vodi
HJ + H2O → H3O+
+J-
• Najjača halogenovodnična kiselina
• Stajanjem na vazduhu se oksiduje; još brže na
povišenoj temperaturi (redukciono sredstvo)
4HJ + O2 → 2J2 + 2H2O
• gradi soli jodide koji su većinom rastvorni u vodi
KJ → K+
+ J-

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HALOGENOVODONIČNE KISELINE

  • 1. HALOGENOVODONIČNE KISELINE Halogeni elementi se jedine sa vodonikom pri čemu nastaju halogenovodonici koji se dobro rastvaraju u vodi Afinitet halogena ka vodoniku opada od fluora ka jodu zbog porasta poluprečnika halogenog elementa Na isti način se smanjuje i postojanost halogenovodonika
  • 2. FLUOROVODONIČNA KISELINA Nastaje rastvaranjem hlorovodonika (t.k.20 C) u vodi HF + H2O ↔ H3O+ + F – K=? fluorovodonična kiselina je slaba kiselina -veza između vodonika i fluora jaka - sa molekulima vode gradi vodoničnu vezu
  • 3.  HF nagriza sve metale osim Au,Pt i Pb Razara staklo Zašto? SiO2 + 4HF → SiF4 +2H2O Sa bazama gradi soli koje podležu hidrolizi većina soli je rastvorna u vodi,osim fluorida metala II gr. NaOH+HF → NaF +H2O Na+ + F- +H2O → Na+ + HF + OH-
  • 4. Upotreba: Antibaktericidna svojstva- pri dobijanju alkohola alkoholnim vrenjem Analitička hemija- rastvaranje ruda Si Šaranje stakla Soli HF se koriste za fluorisanje vode
  • 5. Hlorovodonična kiselina Dobijanje: 1. Rastvaranjem gasovitog hlorovodonika u vodi H2(g) Cl2(g) Dejonizovana voda
  • 6. Hlor i vodonik prolaze kroz kvarcni plamenik pri čemu hlor mirno gori u vodoniku bez eksplozije H2 + Cl2 → 2HCl ΔrH= - 183,5 kJ/mol HCl + H2O → H3O+ + Cl- ΔrH= -74,9 kJ/mol NaCl + H2SO4 → NaHSO4 + HCl NaCl + NaHSO4 → Na2SO4 + HCl U laboratoriji NH4Cl + H2SO4 → NH4HSO4 + HCl
  • 7.  Hlorovodonik je bezbojan gas, oštrog mirisa, kiselog ukusa na vazduhu se puši,dobro se rastvara u vodi; Max koncentracija hlorovodonika u vodi je 42,7% Azeotropna smeša (20% HCl i 80% vode) Jaka kiselina – otporni na njeno dejstvo su Hg, Cu, Ag, Pb, Au i Pt Sa nitratnom kiselinom gradi “carsku vodu” Gradi soli –hloride ; većina rastvorna u vodi osim AgCl, CuCl i Hg2Cl2
  • 8. NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O vodeni rastvor se ponaša neutralno
  • 9. Bromovodonična kiselina Bromovodonik je bezbojan, zagušljiv gas, na vazduhu se puši, u vodi se bolje rastvara od hlorovodonika ( jedna zapremina vode i 672 zapremina HBr) Bromovodonična kiselina je jača od HCl Gradi azeotropnu smešu Stajanjem na vazduhu dobija mrku boju (Br2) Gradi soli bromide
  • 10. Jodovodonična kiselina • Jodovodonik je gas oštrog mirisa, dobro se rastvara u vodi HJ + H2O → H3O+ +J- • Najjača halogenovodnična kiselina • Stajanjem na vazduhu se oksiduje; još brže na povišenoj temperaturi (redukciono sredstvo) 4HJ + O2 → 2J2 + 2H2O • gradi soli jodide koji su većinom rastvorni u vodi KJ → K+ + J-