Clinical chemistry unit

1. Summary
Clinical chemistry unit
 Deals with chemical analysis of clinical samples.
 Some of the tests analyzed under clinical chemistry
are:- Glucose, Protein, Bilirubin, creatinine, Urea,
Lipid profiles, Enzymes, Electrolytes etc
 Whole blood, serum, plasma, fluid, etc can be used
for chemical analysis.
 Sample types for chemical analysis are:-
Fasting
Random
Time limited
 Appropriate sample for chemical analysis is serum.
6/15/2023 Regasa Diriba(BSc, MSc) 1

2. Cont’
• Chemical analysis mostly indicate the organ function
status of one individual. Specially;
• RFT---- BUN, creatinine, uric acid, etc
• LFT----- GOT, GPT, ALP, Bilirubin, Prothrombin
time, etc.
Serological tests
 Deals with Ag-Ab reaction tests.
Some of the examples:-
 Syphilis test….to check infection with T.palidum
* VDRL, RPR
6/15/2023 Regasa Diriba(BSc, MSc) 2

3. Cont’
• Pregnancy test…….. To check presence of HCG
( human chorionic gonadotropin)
• Widal test…….. To check infection with salmonella
typhi(typhoid fever). Testing for anti O and H
antigen.
• Weilflix test……. To check infection with rickettsia
species(typhus).
• HIV test…… etc
6/15/2023 Regasa Diriba(BSc, MSc) 3

4. Basic Microbiology tests
• Use to isolate different microorganisms like Bacteria,
Fungi and Virus
• Different samples could be used. Blood, fluid, swab,
aspirate, pus, biopsy, urine, stool, etc
• There are different examination methods under
microbiology unit.
1. Direct specimen test…..eg. KOH, Indian ink, etc
2. Stained specimen test…eg. Gram stain, AFB, etc
3. Culture
4. Biochemical test
5. Antibiotics susceptibility test
6/15/2023 Regasa Diriba(BSc, MSc) 4

5. Immunoheamatology
• Science of “blood banking”
• Deals with general procedures how to collecting,
preparing, storing and transfusing blood.
• Blood cell antigens
• RBC surface proteins used to differentiate antigen types.
• Human being posses ABO antigen and ABO antibody to
these antigen.
• A has------A antigen……..anti-B antibody
• B has------B antigen--------anti A antibody
• AB has---- A and B antigen----- has no antibody
• O has------- no antigen--------has ant-A and anti-B
antibody
6/15/2023 Regasa Diriba(BSc, MSc) 5

6. ABO blood grouping(typing)
Forward/direct/ cell grouping
 Individual blood + known anti-ABO
Reverse /indirect/ grouping
Individual serum/plasma + known ABO cells
Rh blood grouping--- testing for antigen D
* No natural antibody to D
* Cause HDFN
6/15/2023 Regasa Diriba(BSc, MSc) 6

7. Cross match testing
 Two types of cross matching for trasfusion
• Major cross match
Donor’s cell + recipient’s serum
• Minor cross match
Donor’s serum + recipient’s cell
Blood components and derivatives for
transfusion.
 Whole blood
 Blood components( RBC. platelet, plasma, etc)
 Blood derivatives( FVII, FVIII, Ig, etc)
6/15/2023 Regasa Diriba(BSc, MSc) 7

8. Use of blood components and blood
derivatives
• Whole blood----- to increase oxygen carrying
capacity
• FFP---------to replace coagulation factors
• OP----------to replace volume and protein
• Cryo depeleted plasma-----to replace protein only
• Platelet-------- to correct thrombocytopenia.
* to stop bleeding
6/15/2023 Regasa Diriba(BSc, MSc) 8

9. Urine analysis
• Used to analyze physical and chemical change of
urine.
• Standard urine analysis profile(panel)
 Physical examination-------- color, odor, PH, SG,
foam, etc
 Chemical examination------ glucose, protein,
creatinine, etc
 Microscopic examination------ Cells and casts
6/15/2023 Regasa Diriba(BSc, MSc) 9