SCENARIOS OF THE ISRAEL-PALESTINE WAR.pdf
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There are four scenarios for the war between the State of Israel and the Palestinian resistance of Hamas in Gaza: Scenario 1- Israel crushes Palestinian Hamas resistance in Gaza Scenario 2- Israel and the Palestinian Hamas resistance in Gaza accept the ceasefire Scenario 3- Breakout of a regional war with the involvement of Arab countries against the massacre of the population of Gaza Scenario 4- Outbreak of the 3rd World War with the involvement of the great powers
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The carnage that we see today in the Gaza Strip is nothing new, because it has already occurred countless times in the past throughout Palestine, although this time, the horror of the Israeli government's crimes against humanity reaches new and shameful records . Jews who love peace and justice need to prevent the government of Israel from continue practicing the barbarism to which the Palestinian population is subjected, which reached its highest level during the contemporary era, fighting for its end in defense of the values of civilization. Enough of the barbarism in the Gaza Strip.
The world in 2016 and the international conflicts
In human history, there were three attempts to establish international governance that would contribute to peace building. The first attempt occurred in 1648 with the signing of the Peace of Westphalia in Europe that marked the end of the first great European conflict, the War of the Thirty Years. The second attempt was the establishment of the League of Nations or the Society of Nations established in 1919 with the Treaty of Versailles which put an end to the First World War. The third and last attempt was the establishment of the United Nations Organization (UNO) or simply United Nations which was established in October 24, 1945, after the end of World War II with the intent to prevent another conflict like that. At its foundation, the UN had 51 member states and is now 193. The world where we live become an ungovernable chaos in which the great powers think only of power and wealth. While prevail this situation in the world, the war tends to proliferate in every corner of the Earth. All that has just been reported points in the direction that mankind must constitute a world government as a prerequisite for putting an end to wars and enforce world peace. With a world government, it will be possible to mediate conflicts, to fight against the war and end the bloodshed that has characterized the history of mankind throughout history.
Study Guide for SpousonomicsIntroThe two types of work the.docx
Study Guide for Spousonomics
Intro
The two types of work the author say apply to relationships: Administrative work, Emotional work
Chapter 1
Adam Smith and The Wealth of Nations and Specialization and Division of Labor
David Ricardo and Comparative Advantage
Keeping score
Consumption complimentaries
Market failure
Pareto Efficiency
Incentive Compatibility
Chapter 2
Loss Aversion
Compounding losses
Endowment Effect
Status Quo Bias
Passive Decision Making
Limerence
Chapter 3
Supply and Demand
Market noise
Opaque Markets
Transparency
Rational Addiction
Coordination Failure
Signaling
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Moral Hazard
Getting Invested
Perverse Incentive
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The Israeli – Palestinian Conflict
By Kyle Wilson
Beginnings:
Let it be said first off that this conflict has traces that go back to biblical times and that there is no way to cover the entirety or the complexity of the conflict.
To vaguely give background, the modern beginnings of what we know as the Israeli-palestenian conflict today, we’ll start with the Ottoman Empire in the late 19th century when they ruled over palestine. During this era jew and christians and muslims lived side by side without many issues.
During this time the Austro-Hungarian empire was coming apart at the seams with ten different nations wanting their own separate states.
This all was fueled by the golden age of nationalism and social Darwinism and it would lead to extreme palestinian nationalism as well as Zionism – Jewish nationalism and desire for each groups to have their own homelands.
Beginnings Continued
WWI saw lots of conflict in the mid east and when the conflict concluded the British empire took control of Palestine with the
1918- Britain gains control of Palestine from the ashes of the Ottoman empire under the British Mandate of Palestine.
From 1918-1948 the British govern over the Jews and Muslims living in this area.
1927-First Intercommunal acts of violence when British give land east of Jordan River (Now known as Jordan) to Emir Abdullah to create Hashemite Kingdom. Violence erupts on Tel-Aviv border on May-Day leaving scores of Jews and Muslims dead. Second eruption of violence occurs in 1929.
1936- Violence and riots erupt when British kill Sheikh Izz Al-Den Al Qassam, arabs revolt. Rioting lasts until 1939 when British ban most land sales to Jews.
The Modern Conflict
1947- General UN Assembly recommends partition of British Mandate into two separate states; one for Jews and one for Arabs. Fighting Breaks out soon after.
1948- Israeli War of Independence takes place as British Troops leave Palestine. All surrounding Arab Armies attempt to drive the Israelites into the Mediterranean but they are able to fend off the Arab armies. Meanwhile Jordan takes control over the West B ...
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The carnage that we see today in the Gaza Strip is nothing new, because it has already occurred countless times in the past throughout Palestine, although this time, the horror of the Israeli government's crimes against humanity reaches new and shameful records . Jews who love peace and justice need to prevent the government of Israel from continue practicing the barbarism to which the Palestinian population is subjected, which reached its highest level during the contemporary era, fighting for its end in defense of the values of civilization. Enough of the barbarism in the Gaza Strip.
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In human history, there were three attempts to establish international governance that would contribute to peace building. The first attempt occurred in 1648 with the signing of the Peace of Westphalia in Europe that marked the end of the first great European conflict, the War of the Thirty Years. The second attempt was the establishment of the League of Nations or the Society of Nations established in 1919 with the Treaty of Versailles which put an end to the First World War. The third and last attempt was the establishment of the United Nations Organization (UNO) or simply United Nations which was established in October 24, 1945, after the end of World War II with the intent to prevent another conflict like that. At its foundation, the UN had 51 member states and is now 193. The world where we live become an ungovernable chaos in which the great powers think only of power and wealth. While prevail this situation in the world, the war tends to proliferate in every corner of the Earth. All that has just been reported points in the direction that mankind must constitute a world government as a prerequisite for putting an end to wars and enforce world peace. With a world government, it will be possible to mediate conflicts, to fight against the war and end the bloodshed that has characterized the history of mankind throughout history.
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Consumption complimentaries
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Pareto Efficiency
Incentive Compatibility
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Loss Aversion
Compounding losses
Endowment Effect
Status Quo Bias
Passive Decision Making
Limerence
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Supply and Demand
Market noise
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Getting Invested
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By Kyle Wilson
Beginnings:
Let it be said first off that this conflict has traces that go back to biblical times and that there is no way to cover the entirety or the complexity of the conflict.
To vaguely give background, the modern beginnings of what we know as the Israeli-palestenian conflict today, we’ll start with the Ottoman Empire in the late 19th century when they ruled over palestine. During this era jew and christians and muslims lived side by side without many issues.
During this time the Austro-Hungarian empire was coming apart at the seams with ten different nations wanting their own separate states.
This all was fueled by the golden age of nationalism and social Darwinism and it would lead to extreme palestinian nationalism as well as Zionism – Jewish nationalism and desire for each groups to have their own homelands.
Beginnings Continued
WWI saw lots of conflict in the mid east and when the conflict concluded the British empire took control of Palestine with the
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From 1918-1948 the British govern over the Jews and Muslims living in this area.
1927-First Intercommunal acts of violence when British give land east of Jordan River (Now known as Jordan) to Emir Abdullah to create Hashemite Kingdom. Violence erupts on Tel-Aviv border on May-Day leaving scores of Jews and Muslims dead. Second eruption of violence occurs in 1929.
1936- Violence and riots erupt when British kill Sheikh Izz Al-Den Al Qassam, arabs revolt. Rioting lasts until 1939 when British ban most land sales to Jews.
The Modern Conflict
1947- General UN Assembly recommends partition of British Mandate into two separate states; one for Jews and one for Arabs. Fighting Breaks out soon after.
1948- Israeli War of Independence takes place as British Troops leave Palestine. All surrounding Arab Armies attempt to drive the Israelites into the Mediterranean but they are able to fend off the Arab armies. Meanwhile Jordan takes control over the West B ...
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existing on planet Earth concern the cooling of the core of planet Earth, the catastrophic eruptions of volcanoes and the reversal of the Earth's magnetic poles which process would lead
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Organisation liaison office in Washington. Palestinian leader Mahmoud Abbas reacted and cut off security
cooperation with the U.S. Israeli-Palestinian relationship demonstrates that where parties play it dirty,
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monarchy in the 1952 Revolution. Nasser and his colleagues had been able to take
advantage of the opening up of the army officer corps to native Egyptians. They were
motivated by nationalism to remove the corrupt monarchy and the last vestiges of the British
occupation. British armed forces continued to enjoy military-strategic advantages in Egypt
and to occupy the Suez Canal. The Free Officers blamed the Egyptian government for the
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It was only over time that Nasser adopted the ideas of Pan-Arabism, Arab socialism, and
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monarchy in the 1952 Revolution. Nasser and his colleagues had been able to take
advantage of the opening up of the army officer corps to native Egyptians. They were
motivated by nationalism to remove the corrupt monarchy and the last vestiges of the British
occupation. British armed forces continued to enjoy military-strategic advantages in Egypt
and to occupy the Suez Canal. The Free Officers blamed the Egyptian government for the
poor performance of the army in the 1948 Palestine War against Israel. A republic was
declared by January 1953, but Nasser did not immediately emerge publicly as its leader
until 1954.
It was only over time that Nasser adopted the ideas of Pan-Arabism, Arab socialism, and
positive neutralism, with which his years as president of Egypt (1954-70) were to become so
identified. Beyond a strong sense of nationalism, Nasser espoused a frankly pragmatic
approach to solving problems in his early years in power. Positive neutralism meant that
while Egypt would not align with either side in the Cold War, it would make deals with one
or the other as the interests of the country would best be served. Over time, however, Nasser
began to tilt more towards the Soviet Union. His positive neutralism was greatly influenced
by his attendance at the 1955 Bandung Conference of nonaligned nations. Nasser's biggest
triumph was the nationalization of the Suez Canal in July 1956, which completed Egypt's
independence from Britain. As a result, Nasser became a truly popular figure both within
Egypt and among the Arab masses outside of it for the first time. His Pan-Arabism, which
sought the political unity of the Arabs, henceforth resonated with tbem. It had its origins in
Pan-Islam, the ideology of the Ba'th Party, and the Arab League. Pan-Arabist sentiment led
to the creation of the United Arab Republic of 1958, which included Egypt and Syria.
Personal and political rivalries as well as the different nationalisms, however, soon rent the
union asunder. Egypt then found itself embroiled in a civil war in Yemen between 1962 and
1967, in which Nasser backed the republicans and Saudi Arabia supported the royalists.
Nasser's Arab socialism developed, in part, in response to the 1956 Suez War, in which
Israel, Britain, and France attacked Egypt.
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Prior to the war, Nasser simply had a sense that
government should act to extend social justice to the people. The building of the Aswan
High Dam was to be the panacea that would expand agriculture, provide cheap electrical
power, and encourage industrialization. Now, he retaliated against the European powers by
nationalizing foreign-owned companies in Egypt. The nationalization of businesses owned
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This article aims to analyze the possibilities of achieving human immortality in the face of the obstacle represented by the law of entropy that measures the degree of disorder in a system. Entropy in biological systems, for example, is explained when a living being, when performing work, part of the heat produced keeps its body warm, but a large part dissipates in the environment around it, causing a large fraction of the energy of its fuel sources are transformed into heat. The net effect of the original process (decrease in the entropy of the living being) and the transfer of energy (increase in entropy in the external environment) is a general increase in the entropy of the Universe. Everyone agrees that thanks to entropy, the disorder of life occurs, with galaxies sinking into black holes, stars turning into carbon dust, car and airplane engines wearing out and aging leading us to death. In June 2019, a team of scientists from the Technical University of Munich and the Max Planck Institute for Physics and Complex Systems announced that an exception to this universal rule had been found in the mysterious quantum world with the “quasi-particle” phenomenon that occurs in a series of endless cycles, making them, in fact, immortal. This fact continues to stimulate discussions about an ancient human desire: the immortality of the human body. In the past, man sought to overcome death through religions. In the contemporary era, people began to believe that it would be possible to overcome death through the use of science and technology. The year 2045 will mark the beginning of an era in which medicine will be able to offer humanity the possibility of living for a time never seen in history. We will be just a few steps away from immortality. Considering the speed of innovations, a person born in 2050 will have a 95% chance of living a thousand years. Will all this effort aimed at achieving immortality be able to overcome the forces imposed by the law of entropy? To what extent can the immortality of “quasi-particles” contribute to making human beings immortal? To what extent will science and technology contribute to the achievement of immortality for human beings?
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Este artigo tem por objetivo analisar as possibilidades de conquista da imortalidade do ser humano diante do obstáculo representado pela lei da entropia que mede o grau de desordem de um sistema. A entropia nos sistemas biológicos, por exemplo, se explica quando o ser vivo, ao realizar trabalho, parte do calor produzido conserva seu corpo aquecido, mas uma grande parte se dissipa no ambiente a seu redor, fazendo com que uma grande fração da energia de suas fontes de combustíveis seja transformada em calor. O efeito líquido do processo original (diminuição da entropia do ser vivo) e a transferência de energia (aumento de entropia no meio exterior) é um aumento geral na entropia do Universo. Todos concordam que graças à entropia, ocorre a desordem da vida, com as galáxias afundando em buracos negros, as estrelas virando poeira de carbono, motores de carros e aviões se desgastando e o envelhecimento nos encaminhando à morte. Em junho de 2019, uma equipe de cientistas da Universidade Técnica de Munique e do Instituto Max Planck de Física e Sistemas Complexos anunciou que foi encontrada uma exceção à esta regra universal no misterioso mundo quântico com o fenômeno das “quase-partículas” que ocorre numa série de ciclos intermináveis, tornando-as, de fato, imortais. O fato não deixa de estimular discussões sobre um milenar desejo humano: a imortalidade do corpo humano. No passado, o homem procurava superar a morte através das religiões. Na era contemporânea, passou-se a acreditar que seria possível vencer a morte com o uso da ciência e da tecnologia. O ano de 2045 marcará o início de uma era em que a medicina poderá oferecer à humanidade a possibilidade de viver por um tempo jamais visto na história. Estaremos a poucos passos da imortalidade. Considerando a rapidez das inovações, uma pessoa nascida em 2050 terá 95% de chance de viver mil anos. Todo este esforço voltado para a conquista da imortalidade será capaz de vencer as forças impostas pela lei da entropia? Até que ponto a imortalidade das “quase-partículas” poderá contribuir para tornar os seres humanos imortais? Até que ponto a ciência e a tecnologia contribuirão para a conquista da imortalidade dos seres humanos?
PEACE BETWEEN ISRAEL AND PALESTINE REQUIRES EXTREMISTS OUT OF POWER AND RESTR...
This article aims to demonstrate the need for Israeli and Palestinian extremists to be removed from power and for the UN to be restructured so that there is peace between Israel and Palestine. The construction of peace can only happen in the Palestine region if the Jewish people in Israel and throughout the world, as well as the Palestinians, politically repel the extremists who exercise power in their territories and establish governments that seek conciliation between the Jewish and Palestinian peoples. It can be said that there is only one solution to the conflict between Palestine and Israel: on the one hand, Israel needs to accept the constitution of the Palestinian State, seek a fair and negotiated solution regarding Jerusalem and the fate of Palestinian refugees and end the settlements Jews in the West Bank and, on the other, Palestinians need to recognize the State of Israel because neither Palestinians nor Israelis can impose their will on each other. Neither the right-wing extremists who govern Israel nor the Palestinian extremist groups will be able to impose their will by force of arms in Palestine. It is unlikely that the conflict between Palestinians and Jews will be resolved today because existing international institutions are not capable of building a negotiated solution to the conflict between these two peoples and between Israel, Iran and the Arab countries. This means that there is an urgent need to restructure the international system to resolve the conflict between Israel and Palestine, between Russia and Ukraine and all international conflicts that may occur in the future. The time has come for humanity to promote the construction of world peace and to exercise control over its destiny. To achieve these objectives, it is urgent to restructure the UN with a view to transforming it into a democratic government of the world that constitutes the only means of survival for the human species.
PAZ ENTRE ISRAEL E PALESTINA EXIGE EXTREMISTAS FORA DO PODER E REESTRUTURAÇÃO...
Este artigo tem por objetivo demonstrar a necessidade de que extremistas israelenses e palestinos sejam colocados fora do poder e haja a reestruturação da ONU para que haja paz entre Israel e Palestina. A construção da paz só poderá acontecer na região da Palestina se o povo judeu em Israel e no mundo inteiro, bem como os palestinos repelirem politicamente os extremistas que exercem o poder em seus territórios e constituírem governos que busquem a conciliação entre os povos judeu e palestino. Pode-se afirmar que só há uma solução para o conflito entre Palestina e Israel: de um lado, Israel precisa aceitar a constituição do Estado palestino, buscar uma solução justa e negociada sobre Jerusalém e sobre o destino de refugiados palestinos e acabar com os assentamentos judeus na Cisjordânia e, de outro, os palestinos precisam reconhecer o Estado de Israel porque nem palestinos nem israelenses podem impor sua vontade um ao outro. Nem os extremistas de direita que governam Israel nem os grupos extremistas palestinos terão condições de impor sua vontade pela força das armas na Palestina. É pouco provável que o conflito entre palestinos e judeus seja solucionado na atualidade porque as instituições internacionais existentes não são capazes de construir uma saída negociada para o conflito entre estes dois povos e entre Israel, o Irã e os países árabes. Isto significa dizer que urge a reestruturação do sistema internacional para solucionar o conflito entre Israel e Palestina, entre Rússia e Ucrânia e todos os conflitos internacionais que venham a ocorrer no futuro. É chegada a hora da humanidade promover a construção da paz mundial e de exercer o controle de seu destino. Para alcançar estes objetivos, urge a reestruturação da ONU visando transformá-la em um governo democrático do mundo que se constitui no único meio de sobrevivência da espécie humana.
HOW TO OVERCOME DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY IN THE LIVES OF PEOPLE IN THE WORLD WE...
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COMO SUPERAR A DEPRESSÃO E A ANSIEDADE NA VIDA DAS PESSOAS NO MUNDO EM QUE VI...
Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar as causas da depressão e da ansiedade nos indivíduos, que são consideradas os males do século, e as soluções que permitiriam superá-las. A depressão e a ansiedade atingem mais de 300 milhões de pessoas em todo o mundo. No Brasil, o transtorno afeta cerca de 18,6 milhões de indivíduos, conforme dados da OPAS (Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde), o que corresponde a 9,3% da população.
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occupation. British armed forces continued to enjoy military-strategic advantages in Egypt
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LA LOI DE L'ENTROPIE ET LA CONQUÊTE DE L'IMMORTALITÉ DE L'ÊTRE HUMAIN.pdf
Cet article vise à analyser les possibilités d'atteindre l'immortalité humaine face à l'obstacle que représente la loi de l'entropie qui mesure le degré de désordre dans un système. L'entropie dans les systèmes biologiques, par exemple, s'explique lorsqu'un être vivant, lorsqu'il effectue un travail, une partie de la chaleur produite maintient son corps au chaud, mais une grande partie se dissipe dans l'environnement qui l'entoure, provoquant une grande fraction de l’énergie provenant de ses sources de combustible à transformer en chaleur. L'effet net du processus originel (diminution de l'entropie de l'être vivant) et du transfert d'énergie (augmentation de l'entropie dans l'environnement extérieur) est une augmentation générale de l'entropie de l'Univers. Tout le monde s’accorde à dire que grâce à l’entropie, le désordre de la vie se produit, les galaxies s’enfonçant dans des trous noirs, les étoiles se transformant en poussière de carbone, les moteurs de voitures et d’avions s’usant et vieillissant nous conduisant à la mort. En juin 2019, une équipe de scientifiques de l'Université technique de Munich et de l'Institut Max Planck de physique et de systèmes complexes a annoncé qu'une exception à cette règle universelle avait été trouvée dans le mystérieux monde quantique avec le phénomène de « quasi-particule » qui se produit. dans une série de cycles sans fin, les rendant en fait immortels. Ce fait continue de stimuler les discussions sur un ancien désir humain : l’immortalité du corps humain. Dans le passé, l’homme cherchait à vaincre la mort à travers les religions. À l’époque contemporaine, les gens ont commencé à croire qu’il serait possible de vaincre la mort grâce à l’utilisation de la science et de la technologie. L’année 2045 marquera le début d’une ère dans laquelle la médecine pourra offrir à l’humanité la possibilité de vivre une époque jamais vue dans l’histoire. Nous ne serons qu’à quelques pas de l’immortalité. Compte tenu de la rapidité des innovations, une personne née en 2050 aura 95 % de chances de vivre mille ans. Tous ces efforts visant à atteindre l’immortalité parviendront-ils à vaincre les forces imposées par la loi de l’entropie ? Dans quelle mesure l’immortalité des « quasi-particules » peut-elle contribuer à rendre les êtres humains immortels ? Dans quelle mesure la science et la technologie contribueront-elles à l’obtention de l’immortalité des êtres humains ?
THE LAW OF ENTROPY AND THE ACHIEVEMENT OF HUMAN BEING IMMORTALITY.pdf
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Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar as causas da depressão e da ansiedade nos indivíduos, que são consideradas os males do século, e as soluções que permitiriam superá-las. A depressão e a ansiedade atingem mais de 300 milhões de pessoas em todo o mundo. No Brasil, o transtorno afeta cerca de 18,6 milhões de indivíduos, conforme dados da OPAS (Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde), o que corresponde a 9,3% da população.
HOW TO PLAN CITIES TO COPE WITH EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS.pdf
This article aims to present what and how to do to promote cities planning capable of facing extreme weather events. Floods have been recurring in cities in several countries around the world, including Brazil. There is a drastic change in the Earth's climate thanks to global warming, which is contributing to the occurrence of floods in cities that are recurring in an increasingly catastrophic way in their effects. The floods that devastated some cities in western and southern Germany, Henan in China and London in England in 2021 and, currently, in Rio Grande do Sul demonstrate the vulnerability of highly populated areas to catastrophic floods. Water-related disasters caused worldwide losses of US$306 billion between 1980 and 2016. To cope with extreme weather events in cities, flood control must be carried out, which concerns all methods used to reduce or prevent the harmful effects of water action. Structural measures must be adopted with engineering works aimed at correcting and/or preventing problems arising from floods and non-structural measures which are those that seek to prevent and/or reduce the damage and consequences of floods, not through engineering works, but through the introduction of standards, regulations and programs that aim, for example, to regulate land use and occupation, implementation of alert systems and public awareness. The municipal government plays a fundamental role in preventing flooding, floods and floods in cities. To this end, a municipal development master plan must be drawn up that includes, among other measures, the adoption of solutions to minimize or eliminate the risks faced by the population, the systematic identification of risk areas in order to establish population settlement rules. Three bodies are essential in flood prevention actions in a municipality: 1) the municipal civil defense body; 2) the body responsible for the meteorological service responsible for reporting the climate forecast for the city and/or region; and, 3) community civil defense centers, which are people who work voluntarily in civil defense activities.
COMO PLANEJAR AS CIDADES PARA ENFRENTAR EVENTOS CLIMÁTICOS EXTREMOS.pdf
Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar o que e como fazer para promover o planejamento das cidades capaz de enfrentar eventos climáticos extremos. Tem sido recorrente a ocorrência de inundações nas cidades em vários países do mundo, inclusive no Brasil. Está havendo uma mudança drástica no clima da Terra graças ao aquecimento global que está contribuindo para a ocorrência de inundações nas cidades que se repetem de forma cada vez mais catastrófica em seus efeitos. As inundações que devastaram algumas cidades do oeste e do sul da Alemanha, Henan na China e Londres na Inglaterra em 2021 e, no momento, no Rio Grande do Sul demonstram a vulnerabilidade de áreas altamente populosas a enchentes catastróficas. Os desastres relacionados com a água causaram perdas mundiais de US$ 306 bilhões entre 1980 e 2016. Para fazer frente a eventos climáticos extremos nas cidades, é preciso que seja realizado o controle de inundações que diz respeito a todos os métodos usados para reduzir ou impedir os efeitos prejudiciais da ação das águas. Devem ser adotadas medidas estruturais com obras de engenharia visando a correção e / ou prevenção de problemas decorrentes de inundações e medidas não estruturais que são aquelas que buscam prevenir e / ou reduzir os danos e consequências das inundações, não por meio de obras de engenharia, mas pela introdução de normas, regulamentos e programas que visam, por exemplo, disciplinar o uso e ocupação do solo, implementação de sistemas de alerta e conscientização da população. A prefeitura municipal tem um papel fundamental no sentido de evitar alagamentos, enchentes e inundações nas cidades. Para tanto, deve elaborar um plano diretor de desenvolvimento municipal que contemple, entre outras medidas, a adoção de soluções para minimizar ou eliminar os riscos enfrentados pela população, a identificação sistemática de áreas de risco a fim de estabelecer regras de assentamento da população. Três órgãos são essenciais nas ações de prevenção a enchentes em um município: 1) o órgão municipal de defesa civil; 2) o órgão responsável pelo serviço de meteorologia responsável por informar a previsão do clima da cidade e/ou região; e, 3) os núcleos comunitários de defesa civil, que são pessoas que trabalham de forma voluntária nas atividades de defesa civil.
LES OBSTACLES QUI ENTRAVENT LE DÉVELOPPEMENT DU BRÉSIL À L'ÈRE CONTEMPORAINE ...
Cet article vise à démontrer que le gouvernement Lula est confronté à deux défis majeurs dans ses efforts pour promouvoir le développement économique et social du Brésil. Le premier défi, d'ordre économique, est représenté par les obstacles qui existent avec la politique de plafonnement des dépenses, malgré la flexibilité offerte par le cadre budgétaire et l'existence d'une Banque centrale indépendante, qui rendent le gouvernement brésilien incapable de coordonner ses politiques monétaires et fiscales, réaliser des investissements publics dans l'expansion de l'économie et obtenir la stabilité macroéconomique et, le deuxième défi, de nature politique, est représenté par les obstacles existant au Congrès national du fait qu'il ne dispose pas de majorité au parlement, ce qui empêche le gouvernement fédéral de mettre en pratique son projet de développement national et de répondre pleinement aux exigences sociales. Pour que les forces progressistes brésiliennes puissent réélire le président Lula lors des élections présidentielles de 2026 et obtenir une majorité parlementaire au Congrès national engagé en faveur du progrès politique, économique et social, le gouvernement Lula devra réussir sur le front économique, en promouvant l'expansion du l'économie, en augmentant de manière significative en générant des emplois et des revenus, en maîtrisant l'inflation et en répondant au maximum aux revendications sociales qui profitent avant tout aux populations mal desservies du pays. Les forces progressistes du Brésil doivent s'engager, dès les élections municipales de 2024, à élire le nombre maximum de maires et de conseillers engagés dans les avancées politiques, économiques et sociales du Brésil. Telles sont les conditions pour empêcher, en 2026, les extrémistes de droite de reconquérir la présidence de la République, d’élargir leur participation aux gouvernements des États et au Congrès national et de mettre en pratique leur infâme projet antisocial et antinational.
THE OBSTACLES THAT IMPEDE THE DEVELOPMENT OF BRAZIL IN THE CONTEMPORARY ERA A...
This article aims to demonstrate that the Lula government is faced with two major challenges in its effort to promote Brazil's economic and social development. The first challenge, of an economic nature, is represented by the obstacles that exist with the spending cap policy, despite the flexibility provided by the fiscal framework and the existence of an independent Central Bank, which make the Brazilian government unable to coordinate its fiscal and monetary policies, make public investments in the expansion of the economy and obtain macroeconomic stability and, the second challenge, of a political nature, is represented by the obstacles existing in the National Congress due to the fact that it does not have a majority in parliament, which prevents the federal government from putting its national developmental project into practice and fully meet social demands. For Brazil's progressive forces to re-elect President Lula in the 2026 presidential elections and obtain a parliamentary majority in the National Congress committed to political, economic and social advances, the Lula government will have to be successful on the economic front, promoting the expansion of the economy, increasing significantly generating jobs and income, keeping inflation under control and meeting the maximum social demands that benefit, above all, the country's underserved populations. Brazil's progressive forces need to commit, starting from the 2024 municipal elections, towards to elect the maximum number of mayors and councilors committed to Brazil's political, economic and social advances. These are the conditions to prevent, in 2026, right-wing extremists from regaining the Presidency of the Republic, expanding their participation in state governments and the National Congress and putting their nefarious anti-social and anti-national project into practice.
L'ÉVOLUTION DE L'ÉDUCATION AU BRÉSIL À TRAVERS L'HISTOIRE ET LES EXIGENCES DE...
Cet article vise à présenter l’évolution de l’éducation au Brésil à travers l’histoire et les exigences de son développement futur. De 1500 jusqu'au XIXe siècle, l'éducation brésilienne s'est concentrée exclusivement sur la formation des classes supérieures, dans le but de les préparer aux activités politico-bureaucratiques et aux professions libérales, presque toujours en charge ou sous l'influence de l'initiative religieuse privée. La relation ombilicale entre l'Église catholique et la puissance coloniale portugaise s'est maintenue au Brésil même après son indépendance en 1822 pendant la période impériale et a pris fin avec la Proclamation de la République avec le divorce officiel entre l'Église et l'État. Au niveau des politiques publiques, plusieurs tentatives de réforme éducative de la part du gouvernement central républicain ont fini par perpétuer le modèle éducatif hérité de la période coloniale. La première LDB (Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Brasileira) de l’histoire de l’éducation brésilienne n’a pas brisé le binôme d’élitisme et d’exclusion qui s’était manifesté dans l’éducation brésilienne depuis la période coloniale. La LDB de 1961 a permis la cohabitation entre écoles publiques et privées. Cette situation éducative en vigueur au Brésil dans la seconde moitié du XXe siècle a suscité une critique acerbe de la part de Paulo Freire. En 1982, des projets éducatifs alternatifs à l'enseignement technique imposé par la dictature militaire ont émergé, comme ce qui s'est passé à Rio de Janeiro sous le gouvernement de Leonel Brizola, qui a mis en œuvre les soi-disant CIEP (Centres intégrés d'éducation publique), qui étaient des écoles à temps plein. Mais ces expériences éducatives adoptées de manière autonome et conformément aux corrélations de forces qui s’établissaient entre les tendances pédagogiques existantes étaient destinées à être de courte durée, comme cela s’est effectivement produit. Avec la fin de la dictature militaire au Brésil, la dernière décennie du XXe siècle a été marquée par l'adoption du modèle économique néolibéral qui a porté préjudice aux politiques publiques, notamment éducatives, car il a permis la croissance du secteur privé, principalement dans le contexte de l'enseignement supérieur, tandis que dans les écoles publiques, l'enseignement est devenu encore plus inefficace, une situation qui perdure aujourd'hui. Mais aujourd'hui, l'exclusion des classes populaires a eu lieu parce que l'école publique ne garantit pas l'apprentissage effectif des connaissances essentielles requises par la société brésilienne. De ce qui précède, on peut conclure qu’il reste encore une tâche majeure à accomplir pour la société brésilienne contemporaine : la consolidation effective d’écoles publiques, laïques et de qualité pour tous. À l'époque contemporaine, il est urgent de promouvoir une révolution dans le système éducatif brésilien, ce qui est devenu nécessaire parce que les mauvaises performances du système éducatif brésilien.
THE EVOLUTION OF EDUCATION IN BRAZIL THROUGHOUT HISTORY AND THE REQUIREMENTS ...
This article aims to present the evolution of education in Brazil throughout history and the requirements for its future development. From 1500 until the 19th century, Brazilian education focused exclusively on training the upper classes, with the aim of preparing them for political-bureaucratic activities and liberal professions, almost always in charge of or under the influence of private religious initiative. The umbilical relationship between the Catholic Church and the Portuguese colonial power was maintained in Brazil even after its independence in 1822 during the imperial period and came to an end with the Proclamation of the Republic when there was an official divorce between Church and State. At the level of public policies, there were several attempts at educational reform by the republican central government that ended up perpetuating the educational model inherited from the colonial period. The first LDB (Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Brasileira) in the history of Brazilian education did not break the binomial of elitism and exclusion that had manifested itself in Brazilian education since the colonial period. The LDB of 1961 made it possible for public and private schools to cohabit. This educational situation in force in Brazil in the second half of the 20th century had a scathing critic in Paulo Freire. In 1982, alternative educational projects emerged to the technical education imposed by the military dictatorship, such as what occurred in Rio de Janeiro during the government of Leonel Brizola, which implemented the so-called CIEPs (Integrated Centers for Public Education), which were full-time schools. But these educational experiences adopted autonomously and in accordance with the correlations of forces that were established between existing pedagogical trends were destined to be short-lived, as in fact happened. With the end of the military dictatorship in Brazil, the last decade of the 20th century was marked by the adoption of the neoliberal economic model that harmed public policies, in particular education, as it allowed the growth of the private sector, mainly in the context of higher education, while In public schools, teaching became even more inefficient, a situation that continues today. Now, however, the exclusion of the popular classes took place because the State school does not guarantee the effective learning of the essential knowledge required by Brazilian society. From the above, it can be concluded that there is still a major task to be resolved by contemporary Brazilian society: the effective consolidation of state, public, secular and quality schools for all. In the contemporary era, there is an urgent need to promote a revolution in Brazil's education system, which has become necessary because the poor performance of Brazil's education system results, among other factors, above all from insufficient investments in Brazilian education.
A EVOLUÇÃO DA EDUCAÇÃO NO BRASIL AO LONGO DA HISTÓRIA E OS REQUISITOS PARA SE...
Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar a evolução da educação do Brasil ao longo da história e os requisitos para seu futuro desenvolvimento. De 1500 até o século XIX, a educação brasileira voltou-se exclusivamente à formação das camadas superiores, no intuito de prepará-las para as atividades político-burocráticas e das profissões liberais quase sempre a cargo ou sob a influência da iniciativa privada religiosa. A relação umbilical entre a Igreja Católica e o poder colonial português foi mantido no Brasil mesmo após sua independência ocorrida em 1822 durante o período imperial e chegou ao fim com a Proclamação da República quando houve o divórcio oficial entre Igreja e Estado. Ao nível das políticas públicas, houve várias tentativas de reforma educacional por parte do governo central republicano que acabaram por perpetuar o modelo educacional herdado do período colonial. A primeira LDB (Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Brasileira) da história da educação brasileira não rompeu o binômio do elitismo e da exclusão que se manifestava na educação brasileira desde o período colonial. A LDB de 1961 possibilitou a coabitação da escola pública e da particular. Esta situação educacional vigente no Brasil da segunda metade do século XX teve em Paulo Freire um crítico contundente. Em 1982, surgiram projetos educacionais alternativos ao ensino tecnicista imposto pela ditadura militar, como o que ocorreu no Rio de Janeiro durante o governo de Leonel Brizola que implementou os chamados CIEPs (Centros Integrados de Educação Pública) que eram escolas de período integral. Mas essas experiências educacionais adotadas de forma autônoma e de acordo com as correlações de forças que se estabeleciam entre as tendências pedagógicas existentes estavam fadadas a ter vida curta como de fato aconteceu. Com o fim da ditadura militar no Brasil, a última década do século XX ficou marcada pela adoção do modelo econômico neoliberal que prejudicou as políticas públicas, em particular a educação, pois permitiu o crescimento do setor privado, principalmente no âmbito do ensino superior, enquanto na escola pública o ensino ficou ainda mais ineficiente, situação esta que se mantem até hoje. Agora, porém, a exclusão das classes populares se realizava porque a escola de Estado não garante a aprendizagem efetiva dos conhecimentos essenciais exigidos pela sociedade brasileira. Pelo exposto, conclui-se que ainda existe uma grande tarefa a ser resolvida pela sociedade brasileira contemporânea: a efetiva consolidação da escola de Estado, pública, laica e de qualidade para todos. Na era contemporânea, urge promover uma revolução no sistema de educação do Brasil, que se tornou necessária porque o péssimo desempenho do sistema de educação do Brasil resulta, entre outros fatores, sobretudo da insuficiência de investimentos na educação brasileira quando comparado com os investimentos em educação dos melhores sistemas de educação do mundo.
LA MONTÉE DE L'ÉDUCATION DANS LE MONDE DE LA PRÉHISTOIRE À L'ÈRE CONTEMPORAIN...
Cet article vise à présenter l’évolution de l’éducation dans le monde du XVIIIe siècle au XXIe siècle. Cet article représente la suite de la Partie 1 de l'article qui aborde l'évolution de l'éducation dans le monde de la Préhistoire au XVIIIe siècle. Le XVIIIe siècle a été un moment marquant dans l'histoire de l'humanité car c'est à cette époque que l'éducation était considérée comme un droit pour tous, qu'il y avait l'obligation de l'État de maintenir les écoles, le droit à l'enseignement public gratuit et la garantie que l'école publique n'était sous la domination d'aucune croyance religieuse (laïcité). La première révolution industrielle et la naissance des usines ont créé un espace pour l’émergence d’une institution scolaire publique moderne. L'influence catholique dans l'éducation a commencé à décliner. Au XVIIIe siècle, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, considéré comme le père de la pédagogie moderne, a contribué à l'éducation. La Révolution française de 1789 signifiait que l’intervention de l’État dans l’éducation traditionnellement confiée à l’Église catholique. La politique expansionniste de Napoléon a imposé en Europe des lignes directrices laïques, étatiques et civiles dans la réorganisation des systèmes éducatifs à partir de 1794. Au XIXe siècle naissent les pédagogies de Pestalozzi, ainsi que les pédagogies positiviste et socialiste. Au XXe siècle, le débat pédagogique impliquait deux courants théoriques majeurs : la Nouvelle École et la conception marxiste, la première identifiée au capitalisme et la seconde au socialisme. L'Escola Nova a été le mouvement pédagogique qui a eu la plus grande influence sur l'éducation au XXe siècle. Au XXe siècle, plusieurs innovations pédagogiques originales ont eu lieu dans les pays en développement, comme celle menée par Paulo Freire au Brésil. Au 21ème siècle, à l'ère contemporaine, l'enseignement ne se résume plus seulement en présentiel pour devenir également du non-présentiel ou partiellement en présentiel avec l'enseignement à distance (EAD). Le grand défi éducatif de l’avenir est de réaliser une vaste révolution dans l’enseignement, y compris la qualification des enseignants et la structuration des unités d’enseignement pour s’adapter aux besoins imposés par les progrès technologiques.
THE CLIMB OF EDUCATION IN THE WORLD FROM PREHISTORY TO THE CONTEMPORARY ERA (...
This article aims to present how education evolved in the world from the 18th century to the 21st century. This article represents the continuation of Part 1 of the article that addresses the evolution of education in the world from Prehistory to the 18th century. The 18th century was a landmark moment in the history of humanity because it was at this time that education was considered a right for all, there was the State's obligation to maintain schools, the right to free public education and the guarantee that public schools was not under the control of any religious creed (secularism). The 1st Industrial Revolution and the birth of factories created space for the emergence of the modern public school institution. Catholic influence in education began to decline. In the 18th century, there was a contribution to education by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who is considered the father of modern pedagogy. The French Revolution of 1789 meant State intervention in education traditionally handed over to the Catholic Church. Napoleon's expansionist policy imposed secular, state and civil guidelines in Europe in the reorganization of education systems from 1794 onwards. In the 19th century, Pestalozzi's pedagogies emerged, as well as positivist and socialist pedagogies. In the 20th century, the educational debate involved two major theoretical currents: the New School and the Marxist conception, the first identified with capitalism and the second with socialism. The Escola Nova was the pedagogical movement with the greatest influence on education in the 20th century. In the 20th century, there were several original pedagogical innovations in developing countries, such as that carried out by Paulo Freire in Brazil. In the 21st century, in the contemporary era, education is no longer just face-to-face to also become non-face-to-face or partially face-to-face with distance learning (EAD). The great educational challenge of the future is to carry out a broad revolution in teaching, including the qualification of teachers and the structuring of teaching units to adapt to the needs imposed by technological advances.
A ESCALADA DA EDUCAÇÃO NO MUNDO DA PRÉ-HISTÓRIA À ERA CONTEMPORÂNEA (Parte 2)...
Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar como a educação evoluiu no mundo do século XVIII ao século XXI. Este artigo representa a continuação da Parte 1 do artigo que aborda a evolução da educação no mundo da Pré-História ao século XVIII. O século XVIII foi um momento marcante na história da humanidade porque foi nesta época que a educação foi considerada como um direito de todos, houve a obrigação do Estado de manter escolas, o direito à educação pública e gratuita e a garantia de que a escola pública não estivesse sob o domínio de nenhum credo religioso (laicidade). A 1ª Revolução Industrial e o nascimento das fábricas gerou espaço para o surgimento da moderna instituição escolar pública. Começou a declinar a influência católica na educação. No século XVIII, houve contribuição à educação de Jean- Jacques Rousseau, que é considerado o pai da pedagogia moderna. A Revolução Francesa de 1789 significou a intervenção do Estado na educação tradicionalmente entregue à Igreja Católica. A política expansionista de Napoleão impõe na Europa a partir de 1794 orientações laicas, estatais e civis na reorganização dos sistemas de educação. No Século XIX, surgiram as pedagogias de Pestalozzi, bem como, as pedagogias positivista e socialista. No Século XX, o debate educacional envolveu duas grandes correntes teóricas: a Escola Nova e a concepção marxista, a primeira identificada com o capitalismo e a segunda com o socialismo. A Escola Nova foi a corrente pedagógica de maior influência na educação do século XX. No século XX, houve várias inovações pedagógicas originais nos países em desenvolvimento como a realizada por Paulo Freire no Brasil. No Século XXI, na era contemporânea, a educação deixou de ser apenas presencial para se tornar, também, não presencial ou parcialmente presencial com a educação a distância (EAD). O grande desafio de educação do futuro é realizar uma ampla revolução no ensino contemplando a qualificação dos professores e a estruturação das unidades de ensino para se ajustarem às necessidades impostas pelo avanço tecnológico.
LA MONTÉE DE L'ÉDUCATION DANS LE MONDE DE LA PRÉHISTOIRE À L'ÈRE CONTEMPORAIN...
Cet article est le premier de deux articles traitant de l’essor de l’éducation dans le monde, de la Préhistoire à l’époque contemporaine. Cet article vise à présenter comment l'éducation a évolué dans le monde de la Préhistoire au XVIIIe siècle, tandis que le deuxième article vise à présenter comment l'éducation a évolué dans le monde du XVIIIe siècle au XXIe siècle. Deux périodes ont été considérées dans l'essor de l'éducation dans le monde (de la Préhistoire au XVIIIe siècle et du XVIIIe siècle à l'époque contemporaine), le XVIIIe siècle étant la frontière entre deux moments cruciaux dans le développement de l'éducation dans le monde. Le XVIIIe siècle a été un moment marquant dans l’histoire de l’humanité car c’est à cette époque que se sont produites l’indépendance des États-Unis, la Révolution française et la révolution industrielle en Angleterre, poussées par les Lumières en tant que mouvement intellectuel en opposition aux ténèbres du Moyen Âge dont les fondements reposaient sur les fondements de la raison et de l’empirisme. Comme cela ne pouvait manquer d'arriver, tous ces événements ont contribué aux progrès dans le domaine de l'éducation. Cet article analyse l'évolution de l'éducation dans la Préhistoire, dans l'Antiquité (du VIIIe siècle avant JC au Ve siècle après J.-C.), au Moyen Âge (du Ve siècle au XVe siècle) et à l'époque moderne (du XVe siècle au XVIIIe siècle). Le prochain article analysera l'évolution de l'éducation au XVIIIe siècle (1701 à 1800), au XIXe siècle (1801 à 1900), au XXe siècle (1901 à 2000) et au XXIe siècle (2001 à nos jours).
THE CLIMB OF EDUCATION IN THE WORLD FROM PREHISTORY TO THE CONTEMPORARY ERA (...
This article is the first of two articles that address the rise of education in the world from Prehistory to the contemporary era. This article aims to present how education evolved in the world from Prehistory to the 18th century, while the second article aims to present how education evolved in the world from the 18th century to the 21st century. Two periods were considered in the rise of education in the world (from Prehistory to the 18th century and from the 18th century to the contemporary era), with the 18th century as the divider of two crucial moments in the development of education in the world. The 18th century was a landmark moment in the history of humanity because it was at this time that the Independence of the United States, the French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution in England occurred, driven by the Enlightenment as an intellectual movement in opposition to the darkness of the Middle Ages whose foundations were built on the foundations of reason and empiricism. As could not fail to happen, all these events contributed to advances in the field of education. This article analyzed the evolution of education in Prehistory, in Antiquity (8th Century BC to the 5th Century AD), in the Middle Ages (5th Century to the 15th Century) and in the Modern Age (15th Century to the 18th Century). The next article will analyze the evolution of education in the 18th Century (1701 to 1800), 19th Century (1801 to 1900), 20th Century (1901 to 2000) and 21st Century (2001 to the present).
A ESCALADA DA EDUCAÇÃO NO MUNDO DA PRÉ-HISTÓRIA À ERA CONTEMPORÂNEA (Parte 1)...
Este artigo é o primeiro dos dois artigos que abordam a escalada da educação no mundo da Pré-História à era contemporânea. Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar como a educação evoluiu no mundo desde a Pré-história até o século XVIII, enquanto o segundo artigo tem por objetivo apresentar como a educação evoluiu no mundo do século XVIII ao século XXI. Foram considerados dois períodos na escalada da educação no mundo (da Pré-História ao século XVIII e do século XVIII à era contemporânea) tendo o século XVIII como o divisor de dois momentos cruciais no desenvolvimento da educação no mundo. O século XVIII foi um momento marcante na história da humanidade porque foi nesta época que ocorreu a Independência dos Estados Unidos, a Revolução Francesa e a Revolução Industrial na Inglaterra movidas pelo Iluminismo como um movimento intelectual em oposição às trevas da Idade Média cujas bases foram construídas sobre os alicerces da razão e do empirismo. Como não poderia deixar de acontecer todos estes acontecimentos contribuíram para que ocorressem avanços no campo da educação. Este artigo analisou a evolução da educação na Pré-História, na Antiguidade (Século VIII a.C. ao Século V d.C.), na Idade Média (Século V ao Século XV) e na Idade Moderna (Século XV ao Século XVIII). O próximo artigo analisará a evolução da educação no Século XVIII (1701 a 1800), Século XIX (1801 a 1900), Século XX (1901 a 2000) e Século XXI (2001 até o presente momento).
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