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1. UNITED NATIONS HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCIL: BACKGROUND GUIDE
AGENDA: Violation of human rights during the Israel-Palestine conflict.
EXECUTIVE BOARD
Chair: Veer Jain
Vice Chairs: Umayma Mohammed Asim and Nayel Mustafa Osmani

2. About the committee
History of the conflict
Religion and the conflict
Recent events and developments
Violation of humanitarian laws
Situation of women and children
Healthcare
Situation of refugees
QARMAS
Conclusion
Bibliography
INDEX
1.
2.
a.
3.
4.
a.
b.
c.
5.
6.
7.

3. LETTER FROM THE EXECUTIVE BOARD
“We can’t solve problems by using the same kind of thinking we used to create them”
-Albert Einstein
Dear Delegates,
We welcome you all to the United Nations Human Rights Council in the VICIS MUN 2023. To all the
delegates, we promise you a very fruitful debate that you have never experienced before and to all
the newcomers, we ensure that you will take back a lot from this MUN and have a completely
changed outlook about world politics after this.
The ongoing Israel-Palestine conflict has had a huge impact on the whole world and this is a great
opportunity for all of you to understand the major issues the world faces and have your own unique
perspective and outlook about the possible solutions.
We expect you all to come well prepared with a clear idea about the topic and come up with unique,
practical solutions from your side. We expect diplomacy from all delegates, keeping in mind your
country's foreign policy and respecting that of all other countries.

4. LETTER FROM THE EXECUTIVE BOARD
This background guide is only to give you an idea about the topic under discussion and we want the
delegates to go beyond the mentioned topics to stimulate the committee.
Please abide by your respective countries’ foreign policies to maintain a level of diplomacy. We hope to
see your unique perspectives and resolutions to modern-day problems which should be reflected in your
draft resolutions.
Do enjoy these two days while socialising, networking and sharpening your communication and
diplomacy skills. The Executive Board is ever ready to provide guidance and help in its capacity to
anyone. Feel free to reach out to us in case you have any queries.
Our role is just to moderate the delegates in any given chances and time alone. The direction and flow of
debate shall be decided by the committee.The delegates are the ones who constitute the committee and
hence will be uninhibited while presenting their opinions/stance on any issue.
We wish all of you the very best for the MUN and hope to see you well researched and actively
participating in the debates and discussions.
Cheers!
The EB
UNHRC

5. The Human Rights Council is an inter-governmental body within the United Nations system responsible for
strengthening the promotion and protection of human rights around the globe and for addressing
situations of human rights violations and making recommendations on them. It can discuss all thematic
human rights issues and situations that require its attention throughout the year.
The Advisory Committee serves as the Council’s “think tank” providing it with expertise and advice on
thematic human rights issues and the Complaint Procedure which allows individuals and organisations to
bring human rights violations to the attention of the Council.
The Human Rights Council also works with the UN Special Procedures established by the former Commission
on Human Rights and is now assumed by the Council. These are made up of special rapporteurs, special
representatives, independent experts, and working groups that monitor, examine, advise and publicly report
on thematic issues or human rights situations in specific countries.
A b o u t t h e u n h r c

6. The Israel-Palestine conflicts dates back to 1799 when Napoleon offered Palestine as a homeland to the Jews.
In 1885, the term zionism was first coined by Austrian Writer Birnbaum. Zionism is a Jewish nationalist movement
that has had as its goal the creation and support of a Jewish national state in Palestine.
In 1922, the League of Nations approved the British mandate for Palestine and its purpose of helping establish a
Jewish homeland.
During the Mandate, from 1922 to 1947, large-scale Jewish immigration, mainly from Eastern Europe took place,
the numbers swelling in the 1930s with the Nazi persecution. Arab demands for independence and resistance to
immigration led to a rebellion in 1937, followed by continuing terrorism and violence from both sides. 1929, Al-
Buraq uprising takes place, the first mass protests against increased jewish immigration to palestine.
After looking at alternatives, the UN proposed terminating the Mandate and partitioning Palestine into two
independent States, one Palestinian Arab and the other Jewish, with Jerusalem internationalised (Resolution 181
(II) of 1947).
One of the two envisaged States proclaimed its independence as Israel and in the 1948 war involving
neighbouring Arab States expanded to 77 percent of the territory of mandate Palestine, including the larger part
of Jerusalem.
BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CONFLICT

7. m o r e m o r e
In the 1967 war, Israel occupied these territories (Gaza Strip and the West Bank) including East
Jerusalem, which was subsequently annexed by Israel
Security Council Resolution 242 (1967) formulated the principles of a just and lasting peace,
including an Israeli withdrawal from territories occupied in the conflict, a just settlement of the
refugee problem, and the termination of all claims or states of belligerency.
In 1975, the General Assembly established the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable
Rights of the Palestinian People and conferred on the PLO the status of observer in the
Assembly and in UN conferences.
In 1987, a mass uprising against the Israeli occupation began in the Occupied Palestinian
Territory (the intifada).
In 1988 the Palestine National Council meeting in Algiers proclaimed the establishment of the
State of Palestine.
A Peace Conference was convened in Madrid in 1991, with the aim of achieving a peaceful
settlement through direct negotiations along 2 tracks: between Israel and the Arab States, and
between Israel and the Palestinians.

8. m o r e m o r e
An unofficial Geneva peace accord was promulgated by prominent
Israelis and Palestinians in 2003. In 2005, Israel withdrew its settlers
and troops from Gaza while retaining control over its borders,
seashore and airspace.
After an armed takeover of Gaza by Hamas in 2007, Israel imposed a
blockade.
Escalating rocket fire and air strikes in late 2008 culminated in
Israeli ground operation “Cast Lead” in Gaza.
Violations of international law during the Gaza conflict were
investigated by the UN (“Goldstone report“).

9. Extreme religious Zionists in Israel increasingly see themselves as guardians and definers of how the
Jewish state should be, and are very stringent when it comes to any concessions to the Arabs.
On the other hand, Islamist groups in Palestine and elsewhere in the Islamic world advocate the
necessity of liberating the “holy” territories and sites for religious reasons.
The Jewish settlements in the West Bank and the issue of authority over Jerusalem are directly linked
to the faiths of Jewish people and Muslim people around the world. The original ownership and
authority over Jerusalem are highly contested due to the presence of holy sites for Christians, Jews,
and Muslims in the city.
Religion And The Conflict
Although there were a number of factors creating tensions between the two nations , one of the major
factors at play was religion, which served as the core for the rising territorial disputes.

10. In Jewish and Biblical history, Jerusalem was the capital of the Kingdom of Israel during the reign
of King David. It is also home to the Temple Mount, and the Western Wall, both highly sanctified
sites in Judaism.
In Islamic history, the city was the first Muslim Qiblah (the direction which Muslims face during
their prayer). It is also the place where Prophet Muhammad’s Isra’ and Mi'raj (bringing forward
and ascension to heaven, also called the night journey) ensued according to the Qur’an.
The issue of West Bank settlements, too, has a religious aspect. It concerns the physical
restoration of the biblical land of Israel before the return of the Messiah, something central to the
beliefs of some orthodox Jews. They continue to settle the West Bank to fulfil this prophecy,
clashing with the local Palestinians.
On the other hand, according to Islamic beliefs, at the end of days, the whole land of Israel and
Palestine should be under Islamic rule. Prophecies surrounding this issue are deeply rooted in
some versions of the Hadith (traditional sayings of the Prophet), although only implied in the
Qur’an.

11. Page 08 of 15
Amid a quickly unfolding chain of events in late April and May, 2021 – mainly protests against Israeli plans to
ethnically cleanse the Palestinian neighbourhood of Sheikh Jarrah in Jerusalem, days of violent Israeli raids and
hundreds of injuries at the Al-Aqsa Mosque Compound, and a bombing campaign on the Gaza Strip
Palestinians inside Israel mobilised, leaving the state with multiple open fronts.
In major cities such as Haifa, Lydd and Ramle – towns that were ethnically cleansed in 1948 and are home to a
minority Palestinian population today – matters escalated when armed Israelis, many of them hailing from the
occupied West Bank, turned into street gangs that attacked Palestinian homes and carried out lynchings,
which Makhoul described as “an existential threat to the people”.
Since the Second Intifada, a new phenomenon of organised crime has become the number one problem
facing the Palestinians inside Israel, and has taken hundreds of lives and has led to large protests. The issue
that catalysed people to take to the streets, however, were Israeli attacks on Sheikh Jarrah and the Al-Aqsa
Mosque Compound.
The Hamas armed wing and other Palestinian armed groups launched rockets and fired mortars toward Israeli
population centres that resulted in the deaths of 12 civilians in Israel and injuries to dozens of others.
RECENT EVENTS AND DEVELOPMENTS
Events of April and May 2021:

12. VIOLATION OF HUMANITARIAN RIGHTS
Human rights groups have long documented the struggle of Palestinians in Israel. Aside
from Israel’s efforts to suppress their Palestinian identity over the years, the majority live
in densely populated towns and with little access to land and resources.
Although the tensions in the region are mainly about territorial claims and religious
differences, the conflict has also taken the form of humanitarian violation of civilians’
rights in both regions involved. The humanitarian mistreatment involves restriction on
movement, freedom of the press, forced evictions, arbitrary detention, ill-treatment,
torture, discrimination and many other means of violence against civilians.

13. A continuous decline in agricultural and economic development of the West
Bank and the Gaza Strip continued to negatively affect the labour force
participation rate and structure of employment.
Despite government policy to combat irregular employment in Israel the number
and proportion of irregular workers has not changed, since it relates to the
generally difficult living conditions in the occupied territories and family needs.
SITUATION OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN
Employment and working conditions

14. Considering the number of fatalities among men, the escalation resulted in having more women
as “new widows”. Women who have lost a spouse/male breadwinner are among the most
vulnerable and least protected of all women in society.
Protection concerns were present in Gaza, the most prevalent of which abuse of children
(including sexual abuse), child labour, child and forced marriage and malnutrition among
women and girls (OCHA, 2021b).
The escalation of conflict and its consequences, such as displacement and increased strain and
distress from the daily threats of injury and violence, are all drivers of increased protection
threats.
Considering the number of fatalities among men, the escalation resulted in having more women
as “new widows”. Women who have lost a spouse/male breadwinner are among the most
vulnerable and least protected of all women in society
Social problems

15. Education
Schools continue to be damaged or demolished. Palestinian students are routinely harassed on
their way to school, hampering their access to education.
Palestinian children aged between 12 and 17 years, from the West Bank and East Jerusalem,
continue to be detained and arrested by Israeli forces. There are forms of ill-treatment of children
and due process violations when arrested and in detention that are illustrative of a retributive
justice system. These include night arrests, at times painful hand ties, and a lack of access to a
lawyer or to alternatives to detention.
Israeli forces keep denying them the protection that they are entitled under Article 77 of the
Additional Protocol I (1977) to the Geneva Convention (1949).
Funding and capacities of child protection systems in the State of Palestine are inadequate and
unable to respond to the needs. Government also remains heavily dependent upon international
aid to provide essential services.

16. Sanitation and hygiene
Lack of access to clean water also limits the ability to prepare meals and to manage menstrual
hygiene. The absence of clean water also poses serious health risks.
In addition, for women and girls of menstruating age, the lack of clean water or hygiene facilities
can lead to health problems and coping mechanisms that may impact dignity.
Pregnant and lactating women, as well as women who have recently given birth, also face
elevated threats from a lack of clean drinking water and a low state of hygiene.
Food insecurity is not only linked to lack of available food, but also to limited abilities of
households to purchase available food.
Gaza’s inability to feed itself has been ongoing for the past decade, with hundreds of dunums of
farmland damaged or inaccessible because of Israeli military restrictions, which are also
imposed on fishing along the coastal line.
HEALTHCARE
1.
a.
b.
c.
2. Food insecurity
a.
b.

17. Presentation are communication tools
that can be used as demontrations,
lectures, reports, and more.
The healthcare system in Gaza is already strained due to the destruction of its facilities
and the influx of injured.
Civilian men and boys face higher threats when it comes to the risks of the Explosive
Remnants of War (ERW).
Addressing stress and stress-induced conditions is equally critical in meeting the
healthcare needs of those in Gaza. Adults and children must live with the legacy of family
members being killed or injured, forced displacement.
3.Protection and fatalities
a.
b.
c.

18. Socio-economic conditions
Socioeconomic conditions in the camps are generally poor, with high population density, cramped living
conditions and inadequate basic infrastructure such as roads and sewers.
Israel has failed to recognize their right under international law to return to homes where they or their families
once lived in Israel or the Occupied Palestinian Territory (OPT). At the same, they have never received
compensation for the loss of their land and property.
Although the majority of Palestinian refugees in Lebanon were born in the country and have lived there all their
lives, they cannot acquire Lebanese nationality, and many remain stateless and deprived of access to public
services including medical care and education.
Around three quarters of Palestinian refugees in Jordan have been granted Jordanian citizenship, giving them
access to health care and education.
SITUATION OF REFUGEES
Nearly one-third of the registered Palestine refugees, live in recognized Palestine refugee camps in Jordan, Lebanon, the
Syrian Arab Republic, the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, including East Jerusalem.
1.
a.
b.
2.Palestinian refugees in other countries
a.
b.

19. QUESTIONS A RESOLUTION MUST ANSWER (QARMAs)
What were the previous loopholes and weaknesses of the programmes initiated by member states
that couldn’t entirely eradicate the issues in the area under discussion?
To what extent should collaboration with other non-state actors such as private actors, think tanks,
other UN entities, or communities be to end the humanitarian crisis?
What series of mechanisms can the UNHRC in their capacity do to to effectively handle and execute
the follow up process by the member states to help contribute to the betterment of the situation of
people in the region?
Is a one-state solution realistic?
How can the member states effectively and collectively come up with a way to provide basic human
rights and necessities in Palestine?
To what extent can the developed member states extend their helping hand to ease the humanitarian
conflict in the region and provide a safe harbour to refugees along with getting them out of their
troubled lands safely?

20. To properly analyse every aspect of the humanitarian laws that cease to exist in the conflicted
region in order to understand which areas need the maximum attention of the committee.
To come up with a collective solution on how to improve the quality of human life in Palestine and
Israel through effective steps.
CONCLUSION
The executive board would like to emphasise that this Background Guide is not exhaustive in nature and
should be supplemented with further in-depth research. Please note that this guide is not an original
drafted document, it’s an accumulation of data, statistics and information from different sources.
To sum everything that has been stated so far up, delegates now have to come in to simulate the
committee, not only to learn the intricate complexity of the issue but to also discuss its underlying
causes and learn about or find possible solutions to get rid of the problem.
The aim of the working of the committee should be:
1.
2.

21. BIBLIOGRAPHY
The history of the question of Palestine:
https://www.un.org
Israel and the occupied Palestinian Territories:
https://www.amnesty.org
Religion and the conflict:
https://www.washingtoninstitute.org
Recent developments and events:
https://www.aljazeera.com
Violation of human rights:
https://www.un.org
https://www.unicef.org
https://www.amnesty.org