the text that follow the ppt of pancreatic cancer

1. Causes & Risk factor
 Family history: 5–10% of pancreatic cancer patients have a family
history of pancreatic cancer. The genes have not been identified.
 Age. The risk of developing pancreatic cancer increases with age. Most
cases occur after age 60, while cases before age 40 are uncommon.
 Smoking. Cigarette smoking has a risk ratio of 1.74 with regard to
pancreatic cancer; a decade of nonsmoking after heavy smoking is
associated with a risk ratio of 1.2.
 Diets low in vegetables and fruits.[16]
 Diets high in red meat. Processedmeat consumptionis positively
associated with pancreatic cancer risk, and red meat consumptionwas
associated with an increased risk of pancreatic cancer in men.[17]
 Diets high in sugar-sweetened drinks (soft drinks). In particular,
limited epidemiologicalstudies link the commonsoftdrink
sweetener fructose with growth of pancreatic cancer cells.
 Obesity
 Diabetes mellitus is both risk factor for pancreatic cancer, and, as noted
earlier, new onset diabetes can be an early sign of the disease.
 Chronic pancreatitis has beenlinked, but is not known to be causal. The
risk of pancreatic cancer in individuals with familial pancreatitis is
particularly high.
 Helicobacterpylori infection
 Gingivitis or periodontaldisease
 Partial gastrectomy
 Alcohol Some studies suggest a relationship,the risk
increasing with increasing amount of alcoholintake. The risk
is greatest in heavy drinkers, mostly on the order of four or
more drinks per dayThere appearsto be no increased risk for
people consuming up to 30g of alcohol a day, which is
approximately2 alcoholicbeverages/dayso most people who
take alcoholdo so at a level that "is probablynot a risk factor
for pancreatic cancer".A pooled analysis concluded,"Our
findingsare consistent with a modest increase in risk of

2. pancreatic cancer with consumptionof 30 or more grams of
alcoholper day".
Stages of Pancreatic Cancer
There are three ways that cancer spreads in the body.
The three ways that cancer spreads in the body are:
 Through tissue. Cancer invades the surrounding normal tissue.
 Through the lymph system.Cancer invades the lymph system and travels
through the lymph vessels to other places in the body.
 Through the blood.Cancer invades the veins and capillaries and travels
through the blood to other places in the body.
When cancer cells break away from the primary (original) tumor and travel
through the lymph or blood to other places in the body, another (secondary)
tumor may form. This processis called metastasis.The secondary
(metastatic) tumor is the same type of cancer as the primary tumor. For
example, if breast cancer spreads to the bones, the cancer cells in the
bones are actually breast cancer cells. The disease is metastatic breast
cancer, not bone cancer.
The following stages are used for pancreatic cancer:
Stage 0 (Carcinoma in Situ)
In stage 0, abnormalcells are found in the lining of the pancreas. These
abnormal cells may become cancerand spread into nearby normal tissue.
Stage 0 is also called carcinoma in situ.
Pea, peanut, walnut, and lime show tumor sizes.
Stage I
In stage I, cancer has formed and is found in the pancreas only. Stage I is
divided into stage IA and stage IB, based on the size of the tumor.
 Stage IA: The tumor is 2 centimeters or smaller.
 Stage IB: The tumor is larger than 2 centimeters.

3. Stage II
In stage II,cancer may have spread to nearby tissue and organs, and may
have spread to lymph nodes near the pancreas. Stage II is divided into
stage IIA and stage IIB,based on where the cancer has spread.
 Stage IIA:Cancer has spread to nearby tissue and organs but has not
spread to nearby lymph nodes.
 Stage IIB:Cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes and may have spread
to nearby tissue and organs.
Stage III
In stage III,cancer has spread to the major blood vessels near the
pancreas and may have spread to nearby lymph nodes.
Stage IV
In stage IV, cancer may be of any size and has spread to distant organs,
such as the liver, lung, and peritoneal cavity. It may have also spread to
organs and tissues near the pancreas or to lymph nodes.