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IN THE NAME OF ALLAH THE MOST BENEFICIANT
THE MERCIFULL
Dedication
we want to dedicate our Project to
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Last and Ever Last
Prophet of Almighty Allah ,
Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH)
And
To the persons who are cause of our success,
These are our Loving and Caring Parents
Who are always sources of successes for us,
&
Who are always ready to give their children,
May God make us able to give the smallest part
of what they gave us from our childhood to infinity
Old age. (Aamin)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all we surrender our compliance, capitulation, submission and passivity to âAllahâ
for his entire blessing on us, in each and every step in my life and to accomplish this report. This
ability knowledge strength and competence required for this report are bestowed to us by the
omnipotent âAllahâ as boons.
My heartfelt respect for my parents, who have supported me to reach the point where I stand now
and Insha Allah, will stand in future by the blessings of Almighty. Our respectable, experienced and
gifted teachers that to what extent we have completed this task, but we feel highly obliged to our
venerated teacher âMiss Kiran Irshadâ for providing this precious opportunity, to have a practical
experience in this project.
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We are really grateful to Miss Kiran Irshad, (our respectable teacher) who helped us to get the
experience in communication. He is so much devoted towards the students that he guided us in
studies whether it is day or night.
Who cooperate, guide and help us in the accomplishment of our objectives. Their sympathetic
behavior has printed deep and everlasting on our heart.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Sr. no. Topics
Pages
1
Executive Summary 06
2
Definition of communication 07
3
History 08
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6. 6
4
Forms of communication 09
5
Types of communication 10
6
Types of verbal communication 13
7
Types of nonverbal communication 16
8
Communication noise 19
Executive Summary
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ECONOMICS
DEFINATION
1. Activities related to the production and distribution of goods and services in a particular
geographic region.
2. The correct and effective use of available resources
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Economy of Pakistan
The economy of Pakistan is the 25th largest economy in the world in terms of purchasing power,
and the 45th largest in absolute dollar terms. Pakistan has a semi-industrialized economy,[9][10][11]
which mainly encompasses textiles, chemicals, food processing, agriculture and other industries.
Growth poles of Pakistan's economy are situated along the Indus River,[11][12] diversified economies
of Karachi and Punjab's urban centers, coexist with lesser developed areas in other parts of the
country.[11] The economy has suffered in the past from decades of internal political disputes, a fast
growing population, mixed levels of foreign investment, and a costly, ongoing confrontation with
neighboring India. However, IMF-approved government policies[citation needed], bolstered by foreign
investment and renewed access to global markets, have generated solid macroeconomic recovery
the last decade. Substantial macroeconomic reforms since 2000, most notably at privatizing the
banking sector have helped the economy.
GDP growth, spurred by gains in the industrial and service sectors, remained in the 6-8% range in
2004-06 due to economic reforms in the year 2000 by the Musharraf government.[13] In 2005, the
World Bank named Pakistan the top reformer in its region and in the top 10 reformers globally.[14]
Islamabad has steadily raised development spending in recent years, including a 52% real increase
in the budget allocation for development in FY07, a necessary step toward reversing the broad
underdevelopment of its social sector. The fiscal deficit - the result of chronically low tax collection
and increased spending, including reconstruction costs from the devastating Kashmir earthquake in
2005 was manageable.
Inflation remains the biggest threat to the economy, jumping to more than 9% in 2005 before easing
to 7.9% in 2006. In 2008, following the surge in global petrol prices inflation in Pakistan reached as
high as 25.0%. The central bank is pursuing tighter monetary policy while trying to preserve
growth. Foreign exchange reserves are bolstered by steady worker remittances, but a growing
current account deficit - driven by a widening trade gap as import growth outstrips export expansion
- could draw down reserves and dampen GDP growth in the medium term.[15]
Is Lashkar-e-Taiba a real global threat
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There is a debate going on in the west on the issue of a possible threat from Lashkar-e-Taiba â A
Jihadi group fighting against Indian occupation of Kashmir and blamed for Mumbai attacks in 2008
â to the western interests. There is no doubt Lashkar hates United States for a number of reasons.
Apart from the widespread anti-America resentment in almost all Islamic groups across the globe,
the group has some of its own reasons to dislike US. US declared Lashkar-e-Taiba a Foreign
Terrorist Organization (FTO) a few months after 9/11 without any substantial reason. The group
until then never attacked or planned any attack on US interests. Its focus was totally on Kashmir
against Indian forces.
The group believes that by declaring it terrorist organization US wanted to please India and press
Pakistan to back off from freedom struggle in Kashmir. Despite its anger the group refrained from
attacking US interests in the region but US was not satisfied with its own measures by putting
Lashkar on FTO list of the State Department and went to UN Security Council in 2005 for
international sanctions against the group. Eventually UNSC put the group in the list of Al-Qaeda
and Taliban affiliates and asked the member countries to freeze its assets and impose embargo on
purchase of weapons while its members were banned from international travelling. These sanctions
could not affect the group in Pakistan as technically it was not active in Pakistan anymore after
January 12, 2002 when the then president of Pakistan Pervez Musharraf banned the Lashkar-e-
Taiba, Jaish-e-Muhammad, Sipa-e-Sahaba, and Tehreek-e-Jafria.
US also tried its best to put the name of Jamat-ud-Dawah â a charity and preaching Islamic
organization accused of being a front for Lashkar-e-Taiba â in the same UNSC list. Nevertheless,
China blocked these moves repeatedly until December 10, 2008 when china, on the request of
Pakistan, withdrew its technical hold and Jamat-ud-Dawah and the names of its some prominent
leaders were included in the list of banned entities. Jamat-ud-Dawah denies any links with Lashkar
and interestingly it took US almost five years to conclude that Jamat-ud-Dawah is an alias of
Lashkar-e-Taiba. Lashkar was declared FTO in 2001 while US included the name of Jamat-ud-
Dawah in the lists of aliases of Lashkar-e-Taiba in 2005.
In short, Lashkar has obvious reasons to be an anti-American Jihadi group but we will have to see
whether this so-called anti-Americanism is ever translated into a practical action or it is just rhetoric
in the west on the provocation of some Indian lobbies active in the west â particularly in the United
States.
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For a number of reasons I believe that Lashkar-e-Taiba is not a direct or indirect threat to western
interests. Here are these reasons;
Although the group advocates revival of Khilfphah in the Muslim world but at the same time, it also
believes in Pakistani nationalism from an Islamic context. For Lashkar, there are only two states on
the world map based on ideology, which are Israel and Pakistan. Pakistan came into being
exclusively on the base of Islam while Israel is Jewish state. Lashkar believes that protecting
Pakistan is like protecting Islam. No transnational pan-Islamic Jihadi group honors geographical
borders. For them these borders are un-Islamic and it is sinful to willingly accept these âun-Islamic
linesâ drawn on the âland of Allahâ. On the other hand, Lashkar believes Pakistan is a âgift of Allahâ.
Due to this pro-Pakistan ideology, the group naturally becomes closer to Pakistani security
establishment. It thinks in the same line as Pakistani armed forces think âIndia is the number one
enemy of Pakistan. It was quite rational for Pakistani security establishment to rely on Lashkar-e-
Taiba for freedom of Kashmir. The group has successfully engaged Indian armed forces in Kashmir
for almost 15 years along with other Jihadi groups fighting in Kashmir.
There was tremendous pressure on the group after 9/11 to join Taliban and Al-Qaeda in Afghanistan
to fight against US and NATO forces but the group did not want to create problems for its
sympathizers in Pakistani state institutions, therefore it openly declined this popular demand of
fighting America. Instead of shifting its focus from Kashmir to Afghanistan, the group expanded its
operations from Kashmir to inside India. India accuses Lashkar for attacking dozens of high value
targets inside its border including attacks on Mumbai, Indian Military Academy, Red Fort,
Akshardham Temple, nuclear institute in Bangalore, Mumbai train attacks in 2006 and others. With
its high profile attacks on Indian interests, it appealed the young Indian Muslims who are annoyed
by dominating Hindu extremists. Massacres of more than five thousand Muslims by Hindu
extremists in Indian state of Gujarat poured oil on fire and provided Lashkar with a great
opportunity to exploit the Indian Muslim youths. Pakistani security establishment had/has no
problem with Lashkarâs anti-India agenda because India is always suspected for its covet activities
in FATA and Baluchistan.
Lashkar has âsacrificedâ more than five thousand âmujahedeenâ in Kashmir. For Lashkar, it will be
betrayal to the souls of those five thousand plus martyrs if it leaves the âmission Kashmirâ
uncompleted and indulges itself in a battle which is already saturated as far as the number of Jihadi
groups are concerns. Lashkar believes that by attacking nations other than India will damage its
Kashmir campaign.
Popularity graph of Lashkar in occupied Kashmir and Pakistan is on its peak. There was a time
when Al-Qaeda was the mentor for all Jihadi groups and Osama bin Laden was one of the most
beloved people in Pakistan. However, suicide attacks inside Pakistan became counterproductive and
as result, Al-Qaeda and Taliban are deprived off their good reputation in Pakistan. However, this is
not the case with Lashkar. It has an ideology that forbids attacking Muslim states. Therefore,
Lashkar not only refrained from attacking Pakistani interests but it discouraged other groups too.
Due to its pro Pakistan ideology and policies, it has deep roots in Pakistani society. It is now able to
work as a pressure political group in a number of areas in central and northern Punjab. Although it
openly denounces democracy but covertly, it supports candidates of its choice. They can be from
any political party. Lashkar knows very well that if it started a global Jihadi campaign it will no
longer enjoy such a political advantage in Pakistan.
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The group very well appreciates its weaknesses and strengths. It is not capable of challenging the
whole west. Not only it will be fool enough to create more and more enemies but it will also invite
the wrath of Pakistani security establishment, which is not tolerating Al-Qaeda at any cost, although
it views Taliban from a different angle. For Pakistani security establishment Taliban are potential
allies in the future but Al-Qaeda is âan enemyâ. The simplest definition of Al-Qaeda is âanyone who
attacks the west and has an Islamic originâ. Therefore, if Lashkar starts attacking western targets,
Pakistan will obviously consider it Al-Qaeda.
Another reason that Lashkar cannot become âNext Al-Qaedaâ is that Al-Qaeda itself does not trust
Lashkar. It blames Lashkar as a âBâ team of ISI. Due to Lashkarâs reluctance in fighting against US,
some of its member defected and tried to join Al-Qaeda but they were considered âplantedâ people
and could not win trust of seniors of Al-Qaeda leaders. One such fighter once told the author of this
report, âWe are never allowed to see the people of higher ups because they donât trust us due to our
Lashkar background.â While one cannot rule out Lashkarâs support for Afghan Taliban, it seems
unlikely that Lashkar and Al-Qaeda can cooperate with each other in current circumstances. Most of
the experts in the west quote the example of arrest of Abu Zubaida âa senior leader of Al-Qaeda â
from a safe house of Lashkar-e-Taiba but these experts ignore that this arrest was the end of a short
love affair between the two groups started right after 9/11. Lashkar was reportedly trying to
evacuate âMuslim brethrensâ from the war zone but Al-Qaeda members blamed it for betraying and
âsellingâ Abu Zubaida to ISI and US.
Some analysts present David Headleyâs case âan American citizen with alleged links with Lashkar
as well as CIA âas a catalyst to prove that Lashkar has now global reach and next time a Mumbai
style attack may occur ânot in India but in Manhattanâ. A question arises that why these experts and
analysts ignore the fact that David Headley was working with Lashkar-e-Taiba since 2003. It was
very easy for Lashkar to use Headley and his contacts in US to plan and execute an attack on
American soil. Headleyâs plea agreement clearly shows that an attack on US or other western
countries was never even discussed. Headley only confessed to plan an attack on Danish newspaper.
It is an exceptional case as the Danish newspaper committed a crime against the whole Ummah and
anyone at anytime can go at any extreme in this cartoon-controversy.
There is a need to view Headley case from another perspective. While Al-Qaeda uses all its
available human resource against western targets, Lashkar-e-Taiba succeeded in utilizing a western
human resource against its prime enemy India. Think for a while that if David Headley was
affiliated with Al-Qaeda what would have happened? A man with American passport, travelling
freely across the world, having blessing of some US intelligence agencies âAl-Qaeda would have
loved to use him against Pentagon or CIA headquarters or NATO headquarters in Brussels instead
of asking him to scout Mumbai.
Virginia Jihad Network also proves that Lashkar is not interested in attacking US or the west. In this
case, some American Muslims with Pakistani and Arab origins were allegedly involved in helping
Lashkar-e-Taiba for its war against India. US had to enact an old law to convict them because they
were not found guilty of harming US citizens. US government accused them that they were trying to
harm a US ally. The sentencing of half dozen Muslims was highly criticized by human rights
groups.
Pakistani experts on militancy also disagree with the hypothesis of a section of western press and
US politicians that Lashkar-e-Taiba is a global threat. These Pakistani experts are not ready to buy
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the ideas that Al-Qaeda and Lashkar-e-Taiba are one and same, and that âLashkar is next Al-
Qaedaâ. Hamid Mir, a leading Pakistani journalist who interviewed Osama Bin Laden more than
twice, while commenting on the article of Newsweek magazine in which Lashkar is presented as
Next Al-Qaeda, said, âThe author of the Newsweekâs article deliberately ignored certain facts to
prove his point. Hafiz Muhammad publically condemns suicide bombings and killings of innocent
non-Muslims while al-Qaeda does not condemn suicide bombings or killings of innocent people.
Jamat-ud-Dawah works in rural Sindh province to help Christians and Hindus but the author of the
article mentioned only its relief activities in Kashmir. Lashkar is not like Al-Qaeda.â
Another leading Pakistani journalist and expert on militancy Amir Zia, who works with SAMA TV
and News Line Magazine, while talking to the author of this article, said, âLashkar always remained
a Kashmir focused group. It fights against Indian atrocities in Kashmir and tries to attack only
military targets. After Mumbai attacks this perception prevailed that this group may become a threat
to the west but for me it agenda is limited to Kashmir and Indiaâ
Defense analyst and a professor at renowned Quad-e-Azam University Islamabad commented on
the issue from a different angle and said âIt will be premature to say that Lashkar is a bigger threat
than Al-Qaeda. The situation is a bit complex. The group is in evolution process. It works in
different forms. It also works in the name of Falah-e-Insaniat Foundation to focus on relief
activities. There can be some nexus between some old members of the group but as a whole, the
group is not focused on the west. It tries to adopt same line as that of the government of Pakistan.
Hafiz Saeed now has started to take up political issues between the two countries.â
Indeed Lashkar is a real threat to India and it is capable of bringing India and Pakistan to war. This
indirectly may affect US interests in the region, as it wants Pakistanâs total focus on its western
border. Pakistan can use its influence to keep this group away from any Mumbai style attacks inside
India but trying to crush this âbunch of savagesâ as demanded by anti-Pakistan US senator Gary
Ackerman may become counterproductive.
Lashkar is not occupying any specific territory just as Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan did in Sawat and
Waziristan. It is impossible to launch a military operation against the group in Pakistan. If India
with its hundreds of thousands of troops stationed in Kashmir could not control a few thousand
fighters of Lashkar, how can Pakistan control millions of its supporters across the country? The
government of Pakistan can only take administrative measures which it has already taken by
arresting 7 top commanders of Lashkar and trying them in an anti terror court.
During current strategic dialogue, US officials demanded actions against Lashkar and its leaders.
US are very much concerned on the issue. Nevertheless, Pakistan will have to think of its own
interests. While Pakistan cannot support a militant group but it also cannot create another Tehreek-
e-Taliban in Pakistan. The strategy of crushing the militants is no longer working and the world is
compelled to find ways to peruse Afghan Taliban for dialogue.
Although Pro India senator Gary Ackerman is trying to convince US policy makers that resolution
of Kashmir issue will not satisfy Lashkar-e-Taiba but the reality is that Kashmir resolution will end
the reasons for Lashkar and other groups fighting in Kashmir to take up arms. On January 17, 2009,
Lashkar itself made it categorically clear that it will lay down arms if Kashmir issue is peacefully
resolved. Its spokesperson Dr. Abdullah Ghaznavi had said âOur struggle is only confined to
Kashmir and we have no relations or association with armed groups operating at international level.
We have no global agenda. We just want freedom of Kashmir and if it comes peacefully we will
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welcome it. We donât see armed struggle as the only way to achieve our goal. If the world listens to
our cries and play its role in resolving the Kashmir issue there would be no reason for is to fight.â
(Greater Kashmir)
One can argue that it is just a political statement of Lashkar to mislead the world opinion. Of course,
it can be a political statement but if Kashmir issue is resolved then groups like Lashkar-e-Taiba will
no longer enjoy sympathies of Pakistan. If the west really wants to contain Lashkar, it should ask
India to come out of the fear that if it gives up Kashmir the whole India will disintegrate. A nation
of more than a billion citizens should not be fearful from giving people their due rights. Boiling
Kashmir will spoil the Indian dreams of becoming a permanent member of UNSC. For its growth
and prosperity, India must adopt a conflict free policy in the region. This will make the Indian
market secure for the western investors. So the west in general, and US and UK in particular, should
come forward and help India in resolving Kashmir issue instead of pressing Pakistan for no long-
term benefits.
Economic Terrorism in Pakistan
1. What is Economic Terrorism?
The act by any group or state for the sole and illegal purpose of creating economic chaos and
collapse as a means of destroying the attendant society.
Is the most lethal weapon for any anti-social element.
2. Economic Terrorism
It is carried out to undermine a country to mount defense or even exist.
Effects economic terrorism are massive and long lasting.
The 9/11 incident is one of the biggest act of economic terrorism.
3. Why Such Terrorism is Preferred by Terrorist?
To give massive damage to a country in a single attack.
To break the military defense system.
To spread fear among average citizen.
To cripple the economy of a country.
4. Economic Terrorism in Pakistan
Since 9/11, many countries have been subjected to economic terrorism.
The incident of 9/11 greatly affected Pakistanâs defense and economic condition.
Frequent suicide bombing is the main cause of spreading of economic terrorism in Pakistan.
5. Effects of Economic Terrorism in Pakistan
Economic terrorism is costing Pakistan both economical and human lives loss.
In 2009, Pakistanâs GDP rate remained 3%.
The inflation in Pakistan is high i.e. 18.85%.
Thousands of people have died due to suicide bombing.
6. Effects of Economic Terrorism in Pakistan
Pakistan is spending a lot of money in counter-terrorist activities.
On the name of War on Terror, Pakistan suffered loss of 2080 billion dollars.
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Pakistan cannot maintain its economy by itself and is now depending on foreign aids.
Foreign Investments
In 2009,Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) could not improve and fell steeply by 52 per cent.
7.
Pakistan Cricket Board
PCB Suffered a loss of 51.22 million dollars
8.
Pakistan Tourism Industry
Pakistan tourism Industry suffered a loss of 44 million dollars.
9. Challenges faced
Lack of leadership and weak political parties.
Unawareness in citizens.
Lack of trust in Anti-terrorist allies of Pakistan.
Weak economic backbone
Inefficient security.
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10. Conclusion
Economic terrorism should not be taken lightly.
Economic terrorism is a very lethal weapon that can cripple a country.
It is carried out by anti-social elements due to political, social or religious reasons.
Pakistan is facing worst terrorism attacks.
Such attacks are responsible for the loss of human lives and economic decline in our
country.
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Suggestion
Government of Pakistan should focus on should focus on eliminating the potential threat of
economic terrorism.
Build awareness among the people.
Import better technology to tackle terrorists.
Build trust greater trust among the allies.
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