1. Context-oriented programming is a programming language technique that enables behavioral adaptations to a system's surrounding execution context. 2. It allows behaviors to be defined through traits that can be activated or deactivated at runtime depending on the current context. 3. This approach addresses issues with disconnected behavior definitions and the need to select the appropriate implementation at runtime.

1. TICSw @ncardoz
Programming language
techniques for adaptive software
05/5/2016
Nicolás Cardozo

2. 2
Bogotá
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3. 3
COMIT IMAGINE TICSw
Software
Engineering
Formal
Methods
Modeling
Business
and IT
Big Data
HPC
Cloud Computing
Data
Analysis
Networks
Graphic
Computing
Image
Processing
Robotics and
Autonomous Systems
Simulation and
Visualisation
10 5 11Professors Professors Professors

4. Motivation4
i = 0
i = i + 1
PRINT i; " squared = "; i * i
IF i >= 10 THEN GOTO 60
GOTO 20
PRINT "Program Completed."
END

5. Motivation4
public class MyClass {
private Object attribute1;
…
public void foo(bar, baz) {
…
}
}

6. Motivation4
public class MyClass {
private Object attribute1;
…
public void foo(bar, baz) {
…
}
}

7. Motivation4
public class MyClass {
private Object attribute1;
…
public void foo(bar, baz) {
…
}
}

8. Motivation4
public class MyClass {
private Object attribute1;
…
public void foo(bar, baz) {
…
}
}

9. Motivation4
public class MyClass {
private Object attribute1;
…
public void foo(bar, baz) {
…
}
}

10. Motivation4
public class MyClass {
private Object attribute1;
…
public void foo(bar, baz) {
…
}
}

11. Motivation5

12. Motivation5
1. Complexity of systems is increasing (data, connections)

13. Motivation5
Software systems are not isolated, they interact and
influence each other
2.
1. Complexity of systems is increasing (data, connections)

14. Motivation5
Software systems are not isolated, they interact and
influence each other
2.
1. Complexity of systems is increasing (data, connections)
3. Users’ expectancy for personalization and interaction increases

15. Motivation5
Software systems are not isolated, they interact and
influence each other
2.
4. Programming models for such systems are inadequate
1. Complexity of systems is increasing (data, connections)
3. Users’ expectancy for personalization and interaction increases

16. Programming models that foster
systems to interact and influence each
other, as to maximize personalization
6

17. Dynamic adaptations to the context7
Sensors
World
Management
Actuators
Application
Behavior
Discovery
(Active)
Representation
Architecture Middleware Language Formalisms
Workflows
Petri nets
Symbolic execution
Constraint programming
SMT solvers
Dependency injection
COP
Role programming
model
Event systems
Reactive
programming
Model free learning
Logic programming
Dataflow graphs
Petri nets
[Cadiz, et al. Orchestrating Context-Aware Systems. CASTA’09]

18. Context-oriented programming8
… “programming language technique to enable behavioral
adaptations to a system’s surrounding context of execution”…

19. Context-oriented programming8
… “programming language technique to enable behavioral
adaptations to a system’s surrounding context of execution”…
What is context?

20. Context-oriented programming8
… “programming language technique to enable behavioral
adaptations to a system’s surrounding context of execution”…
What is context?
context := Semantically meaningful information gathered from monitors and sensors

21. Context-oriented programming8
… “programming language technique to enable behavioral
adaptations to a system’s surrounding context of execution”…
What is context?
Discovery
context := Semantically meaningful information gathered from monitors and sensors
.4807.038,N.
01131.000,E.
.10º.10º.11º. Interpretation & Reasoning

22. Context-oriented programming8
… “programming language technique to enable behavioral
adaptations to a system’s surrounding context of execution”…
What is context?
Discovery
context := Semantically meaningful information gathered from monitors and sensors
.4807.038,N.
01131.000,E.
.10º.10º.11º.
GPSAntenna
Interpretation & Reasoning

23. Context-oriented programming8
… “programming language technique to enable behavioral
adaptations to a system’s surrounding context of execution”…
What is context?
Discovery
context := Semantically meaningful information gathered from monitors and sensors
.4807.038,N.
01131.000,E.
.10º.10º.11º.
GPSAntenna
Interpretation & Reasoning
GPSAntenna = cop.Context({
name: “GPS”,
slice: “localization”
});

24. Run-time behavior adaptation9
PositioningService = {
displayPosition: function() {
var pos = this.getPosition();
console.log(“long: “ + pos[0] + “lat: “ + pos[1]);
},
getPosition: function() {
throw new Error(“No position available");
}
};
[Gonzalez, S., et al. ContextTraits: Dynamic Behaviour AdaptationThrough Run-TimeTrait Recomposition. Modularity’13]
Application
Behavior

25. Run-time behavior adaptation9
PositioningService = {
displayPosition: function() {
var pos = this.getPosition();
console.log(“long: “ + pos[0] + “lat: “ + pos[1]);
},
getPosition: function() {
throw new Error(“No position available");
}
};
getPosition: function() {
var posx = gps.getX();
var posy = gps.getY();
return [posx, posy];
}
[Gonzalez, S., et al. ContextTraits: Dynamic Behaviour AdaptationThrough Run-TimeTrait Recomposition. Modularity’13]
Application
Behavior

26. Run-time behavior adaptation9
PositioningService = {
displayPosition: function() {
var pos = this.getPosition();
console.log(“long: “ + pos[0] + “lat: “ + pos[1]);
},
getPosition: function() {
throw new Error(“No position available");
}
};
getPosition: function() {
var posx = gps.getX();
var posy = gps.getY();
return [posx, posy];
}
[Gonzalez, S., et al. ContextTraits: Dynamic Behaviour AdaptationThrough Run-TimeTrait Recomposition. Modularity’13]
Behavior definition, to which module
Definition of the same behavior twice
Disconnect between behavior
definitions
Application
Behavior

27. Run-time behavior adaptation9
PositioningService = {
displayPosition: function() {
var pos = this.getPosition();
console.log(“long: “ + pos[0] + “lat: “ + pos[1]);
},
getPosition: function() {
throw new Error(“No position available");
}
};
getPosition: function() {
var posx = gps.getX();
var posy = gps.getY();
return [posx, posy];
}
GPSAntennaOperations = Trait({
});
[Gonzalez, S., et al. ContextTraits: Dynamic Behaviour AdaptationThrough Run-TimeTrait Recomposition. Modularity’13]
Behavior definition, to which module
Definition of the same behavior twice
Disconnect between behavior
definitions
Application
Behavior

28. Run-time behavior adaptation9
PositioningService = {
displayPosition: function() {
var pos = this.getPosition();
console.log(“long: “ + pos[0] + “lat: “ + pos[1]);
},
getPosition: function() {
throw new Error(“No position available");
}
};
getPosition: function() {
var posx = gps.getX();
var posy = gps.getY();
return [posx, posy];
}
GPSAntennaOperations = Trait({
});
GPSAntenna.adapt(PositioningService, GPSAntennaOperations);
[Gonzalez, S., et al. ContextTraits: Dynamic Behaviour AdaptationThrough Run-TimeTrait Recomposition. Modularity’13]
Behavior definition, to which module
Definition of the same behavior twice
Disconnect between behavior
definitions
Application
Behavior

29. Run-time behavior adaptation10
GPSAntennaOperations = Trait({
getPosition: function() {
var posx = gps.getX();
var posy = gps.getY();
return [posx, posy];
}
});
[Gonzalez, S., et al. ContextTraits: Dynamic Behaviour AdaptationThrough Run-TimeTrait Recomposition. Modularity’13]
GalileoOperations = Trait({
getPosition: function() {
return {
posx: galileo.latitude(),
posy: galileo.longitude()}
};
});
PositioningService = {
displayPosition: function() {
var pos = this.getPosition();
console.log(“long: “ + pos[0] + “lat: “ + pos[1]);
},
getPosition: function() {
throw new Error(“No position available");
}
};
[Cardozo et al. Context Slices: Lightweight discovery of behavioral adaptations. COP’15]

30. Run-time behavior adaptation10
GPSAntennaOperations = Trait({
getPosition: function() {
var posx = gps.getX();
var posy = gps.getY();
return [posx, posy];
}
});
[Gonzalez, S., et al. ContextTraits: Dynamic Behaviour AdaptationThrough Run-TimeTrait Recomposition. Modularity’13]
GalileoOperations = Trait({
getPosition: function() {
return {
posx: galileo.latitude(),
posy: galileo.longitude()}
};
});
PositioningService = {
displayPosition: function() {
var pos = this.getPosition();
console.log(“long: “ + pos[0] + “lat: “ + pos[1]);
},
getPosition: function() {
throw new Error(“No position available");
}
};
[Cardozo et al. Context Slices: Lightweight discovery of behavioral adaptations. COP’15]

31. Run-time behavior adaptation10
GPSAntennaOperations = Trait({
getPosition: function() {
var posx = gps.getX();
var posy = gps.getY();
return [posx, posy];
}
});
[Gonzalez, S., et al. ContextTraits: Dynamic Behaviour AdaptationThrough Run-TimeTrait Recomposition. Modularity’13]
GalileoOperations = Trait({
getPosition: function() {
return {
posx: galileo.latitude(),
posy: galileo.longitude()}
};
});
PositioningService = {
displayPosition: function() {
var pos = this.getPosition();
console.log(“long: “ + pos[0] + “lat: “ + pos[1]);
},
getPosition: function() {
throw new Error(“No position available");
}
};
Which
implementation
to call?
[Cardozo et al. Context Slices: Lightweight discovery of behavioral adaptations. COP’15]

32. Run-time behavior adaptation10
GPSAntennaOperations = Trait({
getPosition: function() {
var posx = gps.getX();
var posy = gps.getY();
return [posx, posy];
}
});
[Gonzalez, S., et al. ContextTraits: Dynamic Behaviour AdaptationThrough Run-TimeTrait Recomposition. Modularity’13]
GalileoOperations = Trait({
getPosition: function() {
return {
posx: galileo.latitude(),
posy: galileo.longitude()}
};
});
PositioningService = {
displayPosition: function() {
var pos = this.getPosition();
console.log(“long: “ + pos[0] + “lat: “ + pos[1]);
},
getPosition: function() {
throw new Error(“No position available");
}
};
Which
implementation
to call?
[Cardozo et al. Context Slices: Lightweight discovery of behavioral adaptations. COP’15]

33. Run-time behavior adaptation10
GPSAntennaOperations = Trait({
getPosition: function() {
var posx = gps.getX();
var posy = gps.getY();
return [posx, posy];
}
});
[Gonzalez, S., et al. ContextTraits: Dynamic Behaviour AdaptationThrough Run-TimeTrait Recomposition. Modularity’13]
GalileoOperations = Trait({
getPosition: function() {
return {
posx: galileo.latitude(),
posy: galileo.longitude()}
};
});
GPSAntenna.activate();
PositioningService = {
displayPosition: function() {
var pos = this.getPosition();
console.log(“long: “ + pos[0] + “lat: “ + pos[1]);
},
getPosition: function() {
throw new Error(“No position available");
}
};
Which
implementation
to call?
[Cardozo et al. Context Slices: Lightweight discovery of behavioral adaptations. COP’15]

34. Run-time behavior adaptation10
GPSAntennaOperations = Trait({
getPosition: function() {
var posx = gps.getX();
var posy = gps.getY();
return [posx, posy];
}
});
[Gonzalez, S., et al. ContextTraits: Dynamic Behaviour AdaptationThrough Run-TimeTrait Recomposition. Modularity’13]
GalileoOperations = Trait({
getPosition: function() {
return {
posx: galileo.latitude(),
posy: galileo.longitude()}
};
});
PositioningService = {
displayPosition: function() {
var pos = this.getPosition();
console.log(“long: “ + pos[0] + “lat: “ + pos[1]);
},
getPosition: function() {
throw new Error(“No position available");
}
};
Which
implementation
to call?
GPSAntenna.deactivate();
[Cardozo et al. Context Slices: Lightweight discovery of behavioral adaptations. COP’15]

35. Run-time behavior adaptation10
GPSAntennaOperations = Trait({
getPosition: function() {
var posx = gps.getX();
var posy = gps.getY();
return [posx, posy];
}
});
[Gonzalez, S., et al. ContextTraits: Dynamic Behaviour AdaptationThrough Run-TimeTrait Recomposition. Modularity’13]
GalileoOperations = Trait({
getPosition: function() {
return {
posx: galileo.latitude(),
posy: galileo.longitude()}
};
});
PositioningService = {
displayPosition: function() {
var pos = this.getPosition();
console.log(“long: “ + pos[0] + “lat: “ + pos[1]);
},
getPosition: function() {
throw new Error(“No position available");
}
};
Which
implementation
to call?
Galileo.activate();GPSAntenna.deactivate();
[Cardozo et al. Context Slices: Lightweight discovery of behavioral adaptations. COP’15]

36. A brief history of COP11
Flute’12
Ambience’07
ContextS’07
ContextJS’11
JCop’08-10
Lambic’10
ContextErlang’10
Congolo’15
[symmetric multimethods]
[method roles]
[globally scoped contexts]
[layers]
[dynamic lexical scoping]
[aspects]
ContextTraits’13
CoPN’12
Subjective-C’10 [composition]
Phenomenal Gem’12
EventCJ’12-ServalCJ’14
ContextL’05
[predicate dispatch]
[group behavior]
[distribution]
[reactive behavior]
[invokedynamic]
[distribution]
[dependency relations]
[features]
[consistency]
[tailored activation]
[event-based activation]
[local scoping]

37. Anyone can adapt any part of an
executing program at any moment in
time
12

38. Anyone can adapt any part of an
executing program at any moment in
time
12
, so a running application can break
in all and any unthinkable ways

39. Assurances:
13
CoherenceConsistency

40. 14
Consistency
Managing interactions between defined
contexts

41. Consistency15
Implication
Brussels Belgium
Causality
Summer AirCo
Requirement
HDVideo HighBattery
Exclusion
AirCo Heating
[Gonzalez S. et al. Subjective-C: Bringing Context to Mobile Platform Programming. SLE’10]
Management

42. Context Petri nets16
context
definition
context
activation
execution
engine
GPSAntenna = cop.Context({
name: “GPS”,
slice: “localization”
});
[Cardozo, N., et al. Modeling and Analyzing Self-Adaptive Systems with Context Petri Nets. TASE’13]
Galileo = cop.Context({
name: “Galileo”,
slice: “localization”
});
exclusion(GPSAntenna, Galileo);
Management
(Active)
Representation

43. Context Petri nets16
G
req(G)
act(G) Pr(¬G)
deac(G)
req(¬G)
Pr(G)
GPS
req(GPS)
act(GPS) Pr(¬GPS)
deac(GPS)
req(¬GPS)
Pr(GPS)
context
definition
context
activation
execution
engine
GPSAntenna = cop.Context({
name: “GPS”,
slice: “localization”
});
[Cardozo, N., et al. Modeling and Analyzing Self-Adaptive Systems with Context Petri Nets. TASE’13]
Galileo = cop.Context({
name: “Galileo”,
slice: “localization”
});
exclusion(GPSAntenna, Galileo);
Management
(Active)
Representation

44. Context Petri nets16
G
req(G)
act(G) Pr(¬G)
deac(G)
req(¬G)
Pr(G)
GPS
req(GPS)
act(GPS) Pr(¬GPS)
deac(GPS)
req(¬GPS)
Pr(GPS)
@activate(GPS)
context
definition
context
activation
execution
engine
GPSAntenna = cop.Context({
name: “GPS”,
slice: “localization”
});
[Cardozo, N., et al. Modeling and Analyzing Self-Adaptive Systems with Context Petri Nets. TASE’13]
Galileo = cop.Context({
name: “Galileo”,
slice: “localization”
});
exclusion(GPSAntenna, Galileo);
Management
(Active)
Representation

45. Context Petri nets16
G
req(G)
act(G) Pr(¬G)
deac(G)
req(¬G)
Pr(G)
GPS
req(GPS)
act(GPS) Pr(¬GPS)
deac(GPS)
req(¬GPS)
Pr(GPS)
@activate(GPS)
context
definition
context
activation
execution
engine
GPSAntenna = cop.Context({
name: “GPS”,
slice: “localization”
});
[Cardozo, N., et al. Modeling and Analyzing Self-Adaptive Systems with Context Petri Nets. TASE’13]
Galileo = cop.Context({
name: “Galileo”,
slice: “localization”
});
exclusion(GPSAntenna, Galileo);
Management
(Active)
Representation

46. Context Petri nets16
G
req(G)
act(G) Pr(¬G)
deac(G)
req(¬G)
Pr(G)
GPS
req(GPS)
act(GPS) Pr(¬GPS)
deac(GPS)
req(¬GPS)
Pr(GPS)
@activate(GPS)
context
definition
context
activation
execution
engine
GPSAntenna = cop.Context({
name: “GPS”,
slice: “localization”
});
[Cardozo, N., et al. Modeling and Analyzing Self-Adaptive Systems with Context Petri Nets. TASE’13]
Galileo = cop.Context({
name: “Galileo”,
slice: “localization”
});
exclusion(GPSAntenna, Galileo);
Management
(Active)
Representation

47. Context Petri nets16
G
req(G)
act(G) Pr(¬G)
deac(G)
req(¬G)
Pr(G)
GPS
req(GPS)
act(GPS) Pr(¬GPS)
deac(GPS)
req(¬GPS)
Pr(GPS)
@activate(GPS)
context
definition
context
activation
execution
engine
GPSAntenna = cop.Context({
name: “GPS”,
slice: “localization”
});
[Cardozo, N., et al. Modeling and Analyzing Self-Adaptive Systems with Context Petri Nets. TASE’13]
Galileo = cop.Context({
name: “Galileo”,
slice: “localization”
});
exclusion(GPSAntenna, Galileo);
Management
(Active)
Representation

48. Context Petri nets16
G
req(G)
act(G) Pr(¬G)
deac(G)
req(¬G)
Pr(G)
GPS
req(GPS)
act(GPS) Pr(¬GPS)
deac(GPS)
req(¬GPS)
Pr(GPS)
@activate(GPS) @activate(G)
context
definition
context
activation
execution
engine
GPSAntenna = cop.Context({
name: “GPS”,
slice: “localization”
});
[Cardozo, N., et al. Modeling and Analyzing Self-Adaptive Systems with Context Petri Nets. TASE’13]
Galileo = cop.Context({
name: “Galileo”,
slice: “localization”
});
exclusion(GPSAntenna, Galileo);
Management
(Active)
Representation

49. Context Petri nets16
G
req(G)
act(G) Pr(¬G)
deac(G)
req(¬G)
Pr(G)
GPS
req(GPS)
act(GPS) Pr(¬GPS)
deac(GPS)
req(¬GPS)
Pr(GPS)
@activate(GPS) @activate(G)
context
definition
context
activation
execution
engine
GPSAntenna = cop.Context({
name: “GPS”,
slice: “localization”
});
[Cardozo, N., et al. Modeling and Analyzing Self-Adaptive Systems with Context Petri Nets. TASE’13]
Galileo = cop.Context({
name: “Galileo”,
slice: “localization”
});
exclusion(GPSAntenna, Galileo);
Management
(Active)
Representation

50. Context Petri nets16
G
req(G)
act(G) Pr(¬G)
deac(G)
req(¬G)
Pr(G)
GPS
req(GPS)
act(GPS) Pr(¬GPS)
deac(GPS)
req(¬GPS)
Pr(GPS)
@activate(GPS) @activate(G)
context
definition
context
activation
execution
engine
GPSAntenna = cop.Context({
name: “GPS”,
slice: “localization”
});
[Cardozo, N., et al. Modeling and Analyzing Self-Adaptive Systems with Context Petri Nets. TASE’13]
Galileo = cop.Context({
name: “Galileo”,
slice: “localization”
});
@deactivate(GPS)
exclusion(GPSAntenna, Galileo);
Management
(Active)
Representation

51. Context Petri nets16
G
req(G)
act(G) Pr(¬G)
deac(G)
req(¬G)
Pr(G)
GPS
req(GPS)
act(GPS) Pr(¬GPS)
deac(GPS)
req(¬GPS)
Pr(GPS)
@activate(GPS) @activate(G)
context
definition
context
activation
execution
engine
GPSAntenna = cop.Context({
name: “GPS”,
slice: “localization”
});
@activate(G)
[Cardozo, N., et al. Modeling and Analyzing Self-Adaptive Systems with Context Petri Nets. TASE’13]
Galileo = cop.Context({
name: “Galileo”,
slice: “localization”
});
@deactivate(GPS)
exclusion(GPSAntenna, Galileo);
Management
(Active)
Representation

52. Consistency17
B
req(B)
act(B) Pr(¬B) deac(B)
req(¬B)
Pr(B)
A
req(A)
act(A) Pr(¬A) deac(A)
req(¬A)
Pr(A)
deac(B)
deac(A)
causality(A, B);
causality(B, A);
[Cardozo, N., et al. Semantics for Consistent Activation in Context-Oriented Systems. JIST (58). 2015]
Management

53. Consistency17
B
req(B)
act(B) Pr(¬B) deac(B)
req(¬B)
Pr(B)
A
req(A)
act(A) Pr(¬A) deac(A)
req(¬A)
Pr(A)
deac(B)
deac(A)
causality(A, B);
causality(B, A);
[Cardozo, N., et al. Semantics for Consistent Activation in Context-Oriented Systems. JIST (58). 2015]
Management

54. 18
Coherence
Validating adaptations make sense
together

55. Base behavior
displayPosition: function() {
catch(NoPosition) {
console.log(“No position available”);
}
var pos = this.getPosition();
console.log(“long: “ + pos[0] + “lat: “ + pos[1]);
}
Galileo adaptation
Coherence19
GalileoOps = Trait({
getPosition: function() {
return {
posx: galileo.latitude(),
posy: galileo.longitude()}
};
});
Galileo.adapt(PositionningService, GalileoOps);
( )
Vendor1
Management

56. Base behavior
displayPosition: function() {
catch(NoPosition) {
console.log(“No position available”);
}
var pos = this.getPosition();
console.log(“long: “ + pos[0] + “lat: “ + pos[1]);
}
Galileo adaptation
Coherence19
GalileoOps = Trait({
getPosition: function() {
return {
posx: galileo.latitude(),
posy: galileo.longitude()}
};
});
Galileo.adapt(PositionningService, GalileoOps);
( )
Vendor1
Management

57. Base behavior
displayPosition: function() {
catch(NoPosition) {
console.log(“No position available”);
}
var pos = this.getPosition();
console.log(“long: “ + pos[0] + “lat: “ + pos[1]);
}
Galileo adaptation
Coherence19
GalileoOps = Trait({
getPosition: function() {
return {
posx: galileo.latitude(),
posy: galileo.longitude()}
};
});
Galileo.adapt(PositionningService, GalileoOps);
( )
Vendor1
Wrong API usage
Management

58. Base behavior
displayPosition: function() {
catch(NoPosition) {
console.log(“No position available”);
}
var pos = this.getPosition();
console.log(“long: “ + pos[0] + “lat: “ + pos[1]);
}
GPSAntenna adaptation
Galileo adaptation Privacy adaptation
Coherence19
PrivateOps = Trait({
displayPosition: function() {
this.proceed();
throw new Error(“Position undisclosed");
});
Privacy.adapt(PositionningService, PrivateOps);
GalileoOps = Trait({
getPosition: function() {
return {
posx: galileo.latitude(),
posy: galileo.longitude()}
};
});
Galileo.adapt(PositionningService, GalileoOps);
( ) ( )
GPSAntennaOps = Trait({
getPosition: function() {
var posx = gps.getX();
var posy = gps.getY();
return [posx, posy];
}
});
GPSAntenna.adapt(PositioningService, GPSAntennaOps);
Vendor1 Vendor3
Wrong API usage
Management

59. Base behavior
displayPosition: function() {
catch(NoPosition) {
console.log(“No position available”);
}
var pos = this.getPosition();
console.log(“long: “ + pos[0] + “lat: “ + pos[1]);
}
GPSAntenna adaptation
Galileo adaptation Privacy adaptation
Coherence19
PrivateOps = Trait({
displayPosition: function() {
this.proceed();
throw new Error(“Position undisclosed");
});
Privacy.adapt(PositionningService, PrivateOps);
GalileoOps = Trait({
getPosition: function() {
return {
posx: galileo.latitude(),
posy: galileo.longitude()}
};
});
Galileo.adapt(PositionningService, GalileoOps);
( ) ( )
GPSAntennaOps = Trait({
getPosition: function() {
var posx = gps.getX();
var posy = gps.getY();
return [posx, posy];
}
});
GPSAntenna.adapt(PositioningService, GPSAntennaOps);
Vendor1 Vendor3
Wrong API usage
Management

60. Base behavior
displayPosition: function() {
catch(NoPosition) {
console.log(“No position available”);
}
var pos = this.getPosition();
console.log(“long: “ + pos[0] + “lat: “ + pos[1]);
}
GPSAntenna adaptation
Galileo adaptation Privacy adaptation
Coherence19
PrivateOps = Trait({
displayPosition: function() {
this.proceed();
throw new Error(“Position undisclosed");
});
Privacy.adapt(PositionningService, PrivateOps);
GalileoOps = Trait({
getPosition: function() {
return {
posx: galileo.latitude(),
posy: galileo.longitude()}
};
});
Galileo.adapt(PositionningService, GalileoOps);
Security break
( ) ( )
GPSAntennaOps = Trait({
getPosition: function() {
var posx = gps.getX();
var posy = gps.getY();
return [posx, posy];
}
});
GPSAntenna.adapt(PositioningService, GPSAntennaOps);
Vendor1 Vendor3
Wrong API usage
Management

61. Coherence20
function main() {
. . . // get user info and configuration
Galileo.activate([GPSAntenna], ‘strict);
console.log(“Display position? [y/n]”);
if(readLine() == “yes”) {
var pos = this.getPosition();
this.displayPosition(pos);
}
[Cardozo et al. Runtime validation of behavioral adaptations. COP’14]
Management

62. Coherence20
(format "Display position? [y/n]")
(equal (read) "y")
(defvar pos
(get-position *user*))
(display-position pos)
!!! car called on object
(format "Display position? [y/n]")
(equal (read) "y")
(defvar pos
(get-position *user*))
(display-position pos)
function main() {
. . . // get user info and configuration
Galileo.activate([GPSAntenna], ‘strict);
console.log(“Display position? [y/n]”);
if(readLine() == “yes”) {
var pos = this.getPosition();
this.displayPosition(pos);
}
[Cardozo et al. Runtime validation of behavioral adaptations. COP’14]
Management

63. Coherence20
(format "Display position? [y/n]")
(equal (read) "y")
(defvar pos
(get-position *user*))
(display-position pos)
!!! car called on object
(format "Display position? [y/n]")
(equal (read) "y")
(defvar pos
(get-position *user*))
(display-position pos)
function main() {
. . . // get user info and configuration
Galileo.activate([GPSAntenna], ‘strict);
console.log(“Display position? [y/n]”);
if(readLine() == “yes”) {
var pos = this.getPosition();
this.displayPosition(pos);
}
(format "Display position? [y/n]")
(equal (read) "y")
(defvar pos
(get-position *user*))
(display-position pos)
!!! car called on object
(format "Display position? [y/n]")
(equal (read) "y")
(defvar pos
(get-position *user*))
(display-position pos)
[Cardozo et al. Runtime validation of behavioral adaptations. COP’14]
Management

64. Measuring adaptivity
21

65. Diversity22
PrivateOps = Trait({
displayPosition: function() {
this.proceed();
throw new Error(“Position undisclosed");
});
Privacy.adapt(PositionningService, PrivateOps);
GalileoOps = Trait({
getPosition: function() {
return {
posx: galileo.latitude(),
posy: galileo.longitude()};
};
});
Galileo.adapt(PositionningService, GalileoOps);
(with-context (@galileo+europe)
(defmethod get-position ((user @person))
(setf (x-pos loc) (lat *galileo* user))
(setf (y-pos loc) (long *galileo* user))
loc))
• How to use multiple
implementations to get the best
QoS for an adapting system?
• How different are adaptation
implementations?
[Lewis et al. It's Good to Be Different: Diversity, Heterogeneity, and Dynamics in Collective Systems. SASOW’14]

66. Diversity22
PrivateOps = Trait({
displayPosition: function() {
this.proceed();
throw new Error(“Position undisclosed");
});
Privacy.adapt(PositionningService, PrivateOps);
GalileoOps = Trait({
getPosition: function() {
return {
posx: galileo.latitude(),
posy: galileo.longitude()};
};
});
Galileo.adapt(PositionningService, GalileoOps);
(with-context (@galileo+europe)
(defmethod get-position ((user @person))
(setf (x-pos loc) (lat *galileo* user))
(setf (y-pos loc) (long *galileo* user))
loc))
• How to use multiple
implementations to get the best
QoS for an adapting system?
• How different are adaptation
implementations?
[Lewis et al. It's Good to Be Different: Diversity, Heterogeneity, and Dynamics in Collective Systems. SASOW’14]
d(AST1, AST2)

67. Using adaptations
23

68. Learning services24
compose(Service1, Service2, Service3, Service4)

69. Learning services24
compose(Service1, Service2, Service3, Service4)
Knowledge about services in the
network is required
What if components disappear

70. Learning services25
Service1Service2
Spontaneous
discovery of services
Discovery

71. Learning services25
Service1Service2
Spontaneous
discovery of services
Type2
Outputs: {
O21,
O22,
…
}
Inputs: {
I21,
I22,
…
}
Type1
Outputs: {
O11,
O12,
…
}
Inputs: {
I11,
I12,
…
}
Discovery

72. Learning services25
Service1Service2
Spontaneous
discovery of services
Type2
Outputs: {
O21,
O22,
…
}
Inputs: {
I21,
I22,
…
}
Type1
Outputs: {
O11,
O12,
…
}
Inputs: {
I11,
I12,
…
}
if(Outputs1 < Inputs2) then compose(Service1, Service2)
Discovery

73. Learning services25
Service1Service2
Spontaneous
discovery of services
Type2
Outputs: {
O21,
O22,
…
}
Inputs: {
I21,
I22,
…
}
Type1
Outputs: {
O11,
O12,
…
}
Inputs: {
I11,
I12,
…
}
if(Outputs1 < Inputs2) then compose(Service1, Service2)
when(Service3 of Type2) then compose(Service1, Service3)
Discovery

74. Learning services25
Service1Service2
Spontaneous
discovery of services
Type2
Outputs: {
O21,
O22,
…
}
Inputs: {
I21,
I22,
…
}
Type1
Outputs: {
O11,
O12,
…
}
Inputs: {
I11,
I12,
…
}
if(Outputs1 < Inputs2) then compose(Service1, Service2)
when(Service3 of Type2) then compose(Service1, Service3)
Discovery
push Service1+Service2
push Service1+Service3

75. Learning services26
Mordor
Available Services:
1. Walking route
2. Sight impaired navigation
Home automation servicesResource servicesUser preference servicesNavigation services
3. Step free route
4. Guider tour

76. @ncardoz
What I do…27
✓ Programming model for adaptive systems
✓ Modularity, smartness, extensibility, conciseness, …
✓ Manage the increasing complexity
✓ Open and distributed systems
✓ Responsive to the environment
✓ Interact and influence each other
✓ Adaptation to unknown situations
✓ “Safe”

77. @ncardoz
What I do…27
Questions?
✓ Programming model for adaptive systems
✓ Modularity, smartness, extensibility, conciseness, …
✓ Manage the increasing complexity
✓ Open and distributed systems
✓ Responsive to the environment
✓ Interact and influence each other
✓ Adaptation to unknown situations
✓ “Safe”