Morphology of Flowering Plants-Study about the NCERT solutions and class 11 notes of flowering plants. Get free access of short notes and MCQs of morphology of flowering plants

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Introduction :
A close analysis of Botany Chapter ‘Morphology of Flowering Plants’ based on previous 22 years exam
questions ( between 2000-2021) suggests that overall weightage of this chapter in the NEET Exam is 7 %
which means on an average 3-5 questions are asked from this chapter each year.
The high priority topics of the chapter ‘Morphology of Flowering Plants’ from which there is greater chance
of occurrence in the NEET Exam are listed below.
1. The Flower
2. The Fruit
3. The Stem
4. Description of some important families
The students are advised to practice at least 200-300 questions from the high priority topics mentioned
above.

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Noteworthy Points of the Chapter :
1. In majority of the dicotyledonous plants, the direct elongation of the radical leads to the formation of
primary root which grows inside the soil. Dicot plants have tap root system.
2. In monocotyledonous plants, the primary root is short lived and is replaced by a large number of
roots, called fibrous root.
3. In some plants like grass, Monstera and banyan tree, roots arises from parts of the plants other than
the radical and are called adventitious roots.
4. Root hairs are present in region of maturation.
5. The zone proximal to the region of elongation is called the region of maturation.
6. Tap roots of carrot, turnip and adventitious roots of sweet potato, get swollen and store food.
7. Hanging structures that support a banyan tree are called prop roots.
8. The stem of maize and sugarcane have supporting roots coming out of the lower nodes are called stilt
roots.
9. In some plants such as Rhizophora growing in swampy areas, many roots come out of the ground and
grow vertically upwards. Such roots are called pneumatophores and help to get oxygen for
respiration.
10. The regions of the stem where leaves are born are called nodes.
11. Underground stems of zaminkand, potato, ginger, turmeric and Colocasia are modified to store food
in them.
12. Stem tendrils which develop from axillary buds, are slender and spirally coiled and help plants to
climb eg. watermelon, cucumber etc.
13 In Citrus and Bougainvillea axillary buds modify into thorns.
14. A lateral branch with short internodes and each node bearing a rosette of leaves and a tuft of roots is
found in aquatic plants like Pistia and Eichhornia.
15. Leaves originate from shoot apical meristems and are arranged in an acropetal order.
16. A typical leaf consists of three main parts: leaf base, petiole and lamina.

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17. In monocotyledons, the leaf base expands into a sheath, covering the stem partially or wholly.
18. In some leguminous plants the leaf base may become swollen, which is called the pulvinus.
19. Veins provide rigidity to the leaf blade and act as channels of transport for water, minerals and food
materials.
20. The arrangement of veins and veinlets in the lamina of leaf is termed as venation.
21. Leaves of dicotyledonous plants generally possess reticulate venation, while parallel venation is the
characteristic of most monocotyledons.
22. When the incision of the lamina reach up to the midrib breaking it into a number of leaflets, the leaf is
called compound.
23. In pinnately compound leaf, a number of leaflets are present on a common axis, the rachis, which
represent the midrib of leaf as in neem.
24. In palmately compound leaves, the leaflets are attached at a common point, i.e., at the tip of petiole,
as in silk cotton.
25. Phyllotaxy is the pattern of arrangement of leaves on the stem or branch. Phyllotaxy are of three
types: alternate (China rose, Mustard, Sunflower), opposite (guava, Calotropis) and whorled
(Alstonia).
26. Arrangement of flowers on floral axis is called inflorescence.
27. In racemose inflorescence, flowers are borne in acropetal manner and main axis continues to grow.
28. In cymose type of inflorescence the main axis terminates in a flower and flowers are borne in a
basipetal order.
29. In lily, the calyx and corolla are not distinct and are termed as perianth.
30. When a flower can be divided into two equal halves in any radial plane passing through the centre, it
is said to be actinomorphic. eg. Mustard, Datura, Chilli.
31. When flower can be divided into equal halves in one vertical plane only, it is called zygomorphic. eg.
Pea, Gulmohur, Cassia.

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32. In a hypogynous flower the gynoecium occupies the highest position while the other parts are situated
below it i.e. ovary is superior.
33. In epigynous flowers, the margin of thalamus grows upwards enclosing the ovary completely and
getting fused with it, the other parts of flower arise above the ovary. Ovary is said to be inferior.
34. In plum, rose and peach the flowers are perigynous and ovary is said to be half inferior.
35. The mode of arrangement of sepals or petals in a floral bud with respect to the other members of the
same whorl is known as aestivation.
36. When sepals or petals in a whorl just touch one another at the margin, without overlapping as in
Calotropis, it is said to be valvate.
37. If the margins of sepals or petals overlap one another but not in any particular direction as in Cassia
and gulmohur, the aestivation is called imbricate.
38. A sterile stamen is called staminode.
39. When stamens are attached to the petals, they are epipetalous as in brinjal, or epiphyllous when
attached to the perianth as in the flowers of lily.
40. The stamens may be united into one bunch or one bundle called monoadelphous as in china rose.
41. A carpel consists of three parts namely stigma, style and ovary.
42. The stigma is usually at the tip of the style and is the receptive surface for pollen grains.
43. Each ovary bears one or more ovules attached to a flattened, cushion-like placenta.
44. When more than one carpel is present, they may be free, apocarpous or united, syncarpous.
45. After fertilization, the ovules develop into seeds and the ovary matures into a fruit.
46. The arrangement of ovules within the ovary is known as placentation.
47. In marginal placentation the placenta forms a ridge along the ventral suture of the ovary and the
ovules are borne on this ridge forming two rows, as in pea.
48. When the placenta is axial and the ovules are attached to it in a multilocular ovary, the placentation is
said to be axile, as in china rose, tomato and lemon.

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49. When the ovules are borne on central axis and septa are absent as in Dianthus and Primrose the
placentation is called free central.
50. In sunflower and marigold, the placentation is basal i.e. placenta develops at the base of ovary.
51. Fruit is a mature or ripened ovary, developed after fertilization
52. If a fruit is formed without fertilization of the ovary, it is called a parthenocarpic fruit.
53. In mango and coconut, the fruit is known as a drupe which develops from a monocarpellary superior
ovary and is one seeded.
54. In coconut, the mesocarp is fibrous.
55. A seed is made up of a seed coat and an embryo.
56. The seed coat has two layers, the outer testa and the inner tegmen.
57. The hilum is a scar on the seed coat through which the developing seeds were attached to the fruit.
58. At the two ends of the embryonal axis are present radicle and plumule.
59. In some seeds such as castor the endosperm is formed as a result of double fertilization and is a
food storing tissue.
60. The outer covering of endosperm separates the embryo by a proteinous layer called aleurone layer.
61. In monocots the plumule and radicle are enclosed in sheaths which are called coleoptile and
coleorhizae respectively in monocot.
62. In the floral formula, Br stands for bracteate, K stands for calyx, C for corolla, A for androecium, G for
gynoecium and % for zygomorphic nature of a flower.
63. The position of the mother axis with respect to the flower is represented by a dot on the top of the
floral diagram.
64. Fabaceae family was earlier called Papilionoideae, a subfamily of family Leguminosae.
65. In fabaceae corolla consists of , a posterior petal called standard, two lateral wings and two anterior
petals forming keel.
66. Moong, Sesbania and soyabean belong to the family Fabaceae.

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67. Floral formula of fabaceae is % K(5)C1+2+(2)A(9)+1G1
68. In Fabaceae family petals shows vexillary aestivation, diadelphous stamens, monocarpellary ovary
and non endospermous seeds are found.
69. Solanaceae is commonly called as the potato family.
70. Ashwagandha and Petunia belong to Solanaceae family.
71. is the floral formula of solanaceae.
72. Members of solanaceae have persistent calyx, epipetalous stamens swollen placenta and
obliquely placed ovary.
73. Liliaceae family shows axile placentation.
74. Floral formula of liliaceae family is .
75. Liliaceae family is a monocot family.
76. Members of Liliaceae have tepals, epiphyllous stamens and tricarpellary ovary.
77. Asparagus and Colchicum belong to the liliaceae family.