1_ESO_REFERENCIA_GRAMATICAL.pdf

UNIT
82
Los pronombres demostrativos
• son this / that / these / those y los usamos para
identificar a quién o qué nos estamos refiriendo
• usamos this y these cuando algo está cerca
This is my friend. These are my brothers.
Este es mi amigo. Estos son mis hermanos.
• usamos that y those cuando algo queda lejos
That is my bike. Those are my sisters.
Esa es mi bici. Esas son mis hermanas.
Los pronombres sujeto y los
adjetivos posesivos
pronombres sujeto
I you he she it we you they
adjetivos posesivos
my your his her its our your their
• siempre es necesario un sujeto o pronombre sujeto
I’m from Málaga. ✓ Am from Málaga. ✗
• you y your sirven para el singular y el plural
Is this your dog? ¿Es este tu perro?
Are these your bikes? ¿Son estas vuestras bicis?
• he y his se refieren a un niño o un hombre
He is in the school. Está en la escuela.
Where is his mother? ¿Dónde está su madre?
• she y her se refieren a una niña o una mujer
She is 12 years old. Tiene 12 años.
Where is her brother? ¿Dónde está su hermano?
• it e its se refieren a un animal o una cosa
It is grey. Es gris.
Its eyes are big. Sus ojos son grandes.
• their se usa para hombres, mujeres, animales
y cosas
These are my cats. Their names are Billy and
Bobby.
Estos son mis gatos. Se llaman Billy y Bobby.
El posesivo ’s
• un apóstrofo + s (’s) indica posesión
My friend’s house. La casa de mi amigo.
• ponemos ’s detrás de nombres en singular y de
nombres en plural no acabados en -s
My sister’s name. El nombre de mi hermana.
The children’s toys. Los juguetes de los niños.
• detrás de sustantivos en plural y nombres propios
acabados en -s solo usamos el apóstrofo (’)
The boys’ room. La habitación de los chicos.
James’ book. El libro de James.
be: afirmativa, negativa
e interrogativa
afirmativa forma contraída
I am I’m
You are You’re
He is
She is
It is
He’s
She’s
It’s
We are
You are
They are
We’re
You’re
They’re
• usamos be para expresar la nacionalidad, edad y
procedencia de las personas
I’m British. Soy británico/a.
She’s 13 years old. Tiene 13 años.
We’re / You’re / They’re from Liverpool.
Nosotros somos / Vosotros sois / Ellos son de
Liverpool.
negativa forma contraída
I am not I’m not
You are not You aren’t
He is not
She is not
It is not
He isn’t
She isn’t
It isn’t
We are not
You are not
They are not
We aren’t
You aren’t
They aren’t
• para formar la negativa, usamos not
She isn’t (is not) English. No es inglesa.
• en la conversación y en los textos informales
solemos usar las formas contraídas
preguntas y respuestas breves
Am I English?
Yes, I am. No, I’m not.
Are you English?
Yes, you are. No, you aren’t.
Is he / she / it … ?
Yes, he / she / it is. No, he / she / it isn’t.
Are we / you / they … ?
Yes, we / you / they are. No, we / you / they aren’t.
• el orden de las palabras cambia dependiendo de
si la oración es enunciativa o interrogativa
Emily is English. Emily es inglesa.
Is Emily English? ¿Emily es inglesa?
Grammar reference
STARTER
439092_Pulse_WB1_pp081-101_CAST.indd 82 03/10/2013 14:02

UNIT
83
be: affirmative, negative and
interrogative
4 Complete the sentences with the correct
affirmative form of be.
My sister and I are in class.
1 I from France.
2 My friends Moroccan.
3 My dad in New Zealand.
4 You and your cousins 11 years old.
5 She English.
5 Rewrite the sentences in exercise 4 in the
negative form. Use contractions.
My sister and I aren’t in class.
1
2
3
4
5
6 Order the words to make questions. Then write
short answers.
from / you / Argentina / Are ? ✓
Are you from Argentina?
Yes, I am.
1 house / in / Bilbao / Is / your ? ✗
2 best friends / your / Are / in your class ? ✓
3 your parents / Colombian / Are ? ✗
4 teacher / Is / his / German ? ✓
5 you and your cousins / 13 years old / Are ? ✗
6 her / Is / a doctor /mum ? ✓
Demonstrative pronouns
1 Correct the sentences.
This are my brothers and sisters. These
1 Those is my dog in the garden.
2 These is her room.
3 That are our friends in the park.
4 These is her cat on the sofa here.
5 Those is my mum’s car.
Subject pronouns and
possessive adjectives
2 Circle the correct words.
My name’s Linda and I / you / we ’m Australian.
1 These are my friends Julie and Clare. They’re
from Wales and they / their / your mum is from
Australia.
2 Australia is a big country. He / She / It is near
New Zealand.
3 Melbourne, Sydney and Perth are cities. We /
You / They ’re in Australia.
4 Julie’s first language isn’t Welsh, her / she / its
first language is English.
5 This is Julie and Clare’s brother. Her / His /
Their name’s John.
Possessive ’s
3 Rewrite the sentences with ’s or ’.
My dads car is blue.
My dad’s car is blue.
1 Jims eyes are very green.
2 My grandparents house is in Scotland.
3 My sisters boyfriend is very nice.
4 All the teachers cars are very old.
5 Your cousins names are unusual.
6 Her best friends name is Jane.
Grammar exercises
STARTER

84
UNIT
have got
I have got
You have got
I’ve got
You’ve got
He has got
She has got
It has got
He’s got
She’s got
It’s got
We have got
You have got
They have got
We’ve got
You’ve got
They’ve got
• usamos have got para referirnos a características
físicas y hablar de posesión
I have got brown eyes.
Tengo los ojos marrones.
• se usan dos formas: have got y has got
She has got one brother and one sister.
Tiene un hermano y una hermana.
• las formas contraídas (’ve got y ’s got) se suelen
usar en el lenguaje oral y en los textos informales
We’ve got two pets.
Tenemos dos mascotas.
I have not got
You have not got
I haven’t got
You haven’t got
He has not got
She has not got
It has not got
He hasn’t got
She hasn’t got
It hasn’t got
We have not got
You have not got
They have not got
We haven’t got
You haven’t got
They haven’t got
• not se usa para formar la negativa
He hasn’t (has not) got a car.
No tiene coche.
Have I got long hair?
Yes, I have. No, I haven’t.
Have you got long hair?
Yes, you have. No, you haven’t.
Has he / she / it got … ?
Yes, he / she / it has. No, he / she / it hasn’t.
Have we / you / they got … ?
Yes, we / you / they have. No, we / you / they haven’t.
• el orden de las palabras cambia dependiendo de
si la oración es enunciativa o interrogativa
Cathy has got fair hair.
Cathy tiene el pelo rubio.
Has Cathy got fair hair?
¿Cathy tiene el pelo rubio?
• en las respuestas breves no usamos got
Have you got a cat? ¿Tienes gato?
Yes, I have. ✓ Sí.
Yes, I’ve got. ✗
Las partículas interrogativas
Who is Kristen Stewart?
What is her name?
Where is Daniel Radcliffe
from?
When is your birthday?
Why is J.K. Rowling famous?
How many cats has he got?
How old are you?
She’s an actor.
Her name’s Jennifer.
He’s from England.
It’s in August.
Because she is an author.
He’s got three cats.
I’m 12.
• who (¿quién?) se refiere a personas
• what (¿qué, cuál?) se usa para preguntar sobre
cosas o acciones
• where (¿dónde?) se usa para preguntar por un lugar
• when (¿cuándo?) se refiere al tiempo
• why (¿por qué?) se usa para preguntar por el
motivo o la razón de algo
• how + adjetivo se usa para expresar cantidad
Grammar reference
1

2
UNIT
85
UNIT
5 Write questions with have got. Then write short
answers.
I / your address? ✗
Have I got your address? No, you haven’t.
1 your friend Mike / a pet? ✓
2 you / a favourite actor ? ✓
3 she / green eyes? ✗
4 they / beautiful voices? ✗
5 it / a long neck? ✓
6 dragons / two wings? ✓
Question words
6 Match the questions with the answers.
1 Who is your favourite
actor?
a) It’s a giant.
2 Where is Jennifer
Lawrence from?
b) They’ve got one.
3 When is your friend’s
birthday?
c) Josh Hutcherson.
4 What is the Cyclops? d) I’m 13.
5 Why are comic books
popular?
e) It’s on 12th July.
6 How many horns have
unicorns got?
f) She’s from
the USA.
7 How old are you? g) Because they are
easy to read.
7 Write questions for the answers.
What is your favourite animal?
My favourite animal is a cat.
1
My dad’s name is Martin.
2
She’s from Canada.
3
They’ve got two houses.
4
The film festival is in October.
5
My grandad is 89.
have got
Julie ’s got / ’ve got curly, brown hair.
1 I ’s got / ’ve got all the Harry Potter™ books.
2 My friend and I has got / have got a dog.
3 Gollum ’s got / ’ve got big ears.
4 We ’s got / ’ve got a new teacher.
5 They ’s got / ’ve got short, dark hair.
6 Sirens has got / have got birds’ bodies.
2 Rewrite the sentences using the correct subject
pronoun and the contracted form of have got.
Jack has got a blue bike.
He’s got a blue bike.
1 My aunt and uncle have got three dogs.
2 I have got English homework.
3 My friends and I have got a favourite film.
4 Hannah has got green eyes.
5 The dog has got four legs.
3 Complete the sentences with the correct negative
form of have got.
I haven’t got a sister.
1 He a cat.
2 My teacher a red car.
3 My grandparents a computer.
4 Those women long hair.
5 Vampires horns.
6 Medusa wings.
4 Order the words to make sentences.
French / have / I / got / class / today / a
I have got a French class today.
1 got / glasses / have / 3D / We
2 much / hair / hasn’t / Gollum / got
3 favourite / got / she / a / Has / teacher ?
4 hasn’t / My / beard / got / dad / a
5 tickets / haven’t / film / They / got / the / for
Grammar exercises
1

86
UNIT
Present simple: afirmativa
y negativa
afirmativa
I / You learn
He / She / It learns
We / You / They learn
• usamos el present simple para hablar de rutinas
y hábitos
I get up at seven o’clock every morning.
Me levanto a las siete cada mañana.
• también lo usamos para hablar de hechos
My teacher lives near our school.
Mi profesor vive cerca de nuestro instituto.
• en la tercera persona del singular añadimos una -s
al verbo
I / You do not watch TV. I / You don’t watch TV.
He / She / It does not
watch TV.
He / She / It doesn’t watch TV.
We / You / They do not
watch TV.
We / You / They don’t watch
TV.
• la negativa se forma añadiendo don’t o doesn’t
delante del verbo
She doesn’t like maths.
No le gustan las matemáticas.
• en el lenguaje oral y los textos informales solemos
emplear las formas contraídas (don’t y doesn’t)
Present simple: preguntas
y respuestas breves
Do I / you read?
Yes, I do. No, I don’t.
Does he / she / it read?
Yes, he / she / it does. No, he / she / it doesn’t.
Do we / you / they read?
Yes, we / you / they do. No, we / you / they don’t.
• en interrogativa, ponemos do o does delante del
sujeto
• en las respuestas breves, no repetimos el verbo
Do you like PE? ¿Te gusta Educación Física?
Yes, I do. / No, I don’t. ✓ Sí / No.
Yes, I like. / No, I don’t like. ✗
Reglas ortográficas para la
tercera persona del singular
Formación de la tercera persona del singular
• la mayoría de los verbos añaden -s
sleep ➜ sleeps
• añadimos -es a los verbos acabados en -s, -sh, -ch
y -x
pass ➜ passes
wash ➜ washes
watch ➜ watches
fix ➜ fixes
• añadimos -es a go y do
go ➜ goes
do ➜ does
• los verbos acabados en consonante + y cambian
la y por i y añaden -es
study ➜ studies
• los verbos acabados en vocal + y mantienen la y
y añaden -s
play ➜ plays
• ¡los verbos irregulares no siguen ninguna regla!
be ➜ is
have ➜ has
Grammar reference
2

2
UNIT
87
UNIT
Present simple: questions and
short answers
5 Order the words to make questions.
Do / at the weekend / go / you / to the park ?
Do you go to the park at the weekend?
1 ICT and history / you / Do / like ?
2 you / start / at 6am / school / Do ?
3 your grandma / a computer / Does / use ?
4 your parents / play / cricket / Do ?
5 your friends / their homework / Do / every day /
do ?
6 Richard / Does / near you / live ?
7 play / your brother / Does / the guitar ?
6 Circle the correct short answer.
Do you finish school at 4.30pm?
Yes, I does. / Yes, I do.
1 Does Adele come from London?
Yes, she do. / Yes, she does.
2 Do your friends like skateboarding?
No, they don’t. / No, they doesn’t.
3 Does your mother tidy your room?
Yes, she doesn’t. / Yes, she does.
4 Do you help your sister with her homework?
No, I don’t. / No, I doesn’t.
5 Do your teachers drive red cars?
No, they don’t. / No, they doesn’t.
6 Do you study history?
Yes, I do. / Yes, I does.
7 Does your brother play computer games?
Yes, he does. / No, he do.
Present simple: affirmative and
negative
She studies / study all afternoon.
1 My friend hate / hates science.
2 They live / lives in a big flat.
3 She wear / wears a blue and white uniform.
4 Our teachers say / says our school is amazing!
5 You and your friends like / likes maths.
6 I go / goes to school at 7.45am.
2 Write the third person singular form of the verbs.
sing sings 4 go
1 watch 5 sleep
2 study 6 do
3 have 7 finish
3 Complete the sentences with the correct
affirmative or negative form of the verbs in
exercise 2.
My father sings in the shower every morning.
1 My cat for about 18 hours a day.
2 My grandma television. She
listens to the radio.
3 My mum work late on Fridays.
4 Gerry his homework on the bus in the
morning.
5 My sister to French classes after
school.
6 We PE every Tuesday.
7 In my school we German.
We study English and French.
4 Rewrite the sentences using the negative form.
She goes to school at 7am.
She doesn’t go to school at 7am.
1 I go to ballet school.
2 My friend sings very well.
3 Julie goes to bed very late.
4 My sister meets her friends on Sundays.
5 We do a lot of sport at my school.
6 They wear a school uniform.
7 He studies performing arts.
Grammar exercises
2

3
88
UNIT
Adverbios de frecuencia
0% 100%
never rarely sometimes often usually always
• usamos los adverbios de frecuencia para indicar
con qué frecuencia hacemos una cosa
I sometimes play badminton.
A veces juego al bádminton.
• van delante del verbo principal
She always goes swimming on Sundays.
Siempre va a natación los domingos.
He doesn’t often play team sports.
Él no juega a deportes de equipo a menudo.
• van detrás del verbo be
I’m usually tired after PE.
Normalmente estoy cansado después de (la clase
de) Educación Física.
He’s rarely at the library.
Él raras veces está en la biblioteca.
• para preguntar sobre la frecuencia de una acción
usamos How often o un adverbio de frecuencia
How often does she play tennis?
¿Con qué frecuencia juega al tenis?
• en interrogativa, el adverbio va detrás del sujeto
Do you usually walk to school?
¿Normalmente vas andando al instituto?
love, hate, (don’t) like, don’t
mind + -ing
• detrás de love, hate, like, don’t like, don’t mind
usamos un verbo acabado en -ing
I like training at the weekends.
A mí me gusta entrenar los fines de semana.
She hates training at the weekends.
Ella odia entrenar los fines de semana.
They don’t mind training at the weekends.
A ellos les da igual / no les importa entrenar los
fines de semana.
El orden de las palabras
en interrogativa
preguntas con be
Is her name Jessica?
Are your cousins Paige and Joe?
What is his name?
• se forman con (partícula interrogativa +) be + el
sujeto + las demás palabras
preguntas con have got
Have I / you / we / they got a horse?
Has he / she / it got a snowboard?
When have you got PE?
How many players has the team got?
• se forman con (partícula interrogativa +) have / has
+ el sujeto + got + las demás palabras
preguntas con otros verbos en present simple
Do I / you / we / they play tennis?
Does he / she / it go skiing?
How often do I / you / we / they use the sports centre?
Where does he / she / it go swimming?
• se forman con (partícula interrogativa +) do / does
+ el sujeto + el verbo + las demás palabras
Grammar reference
3

3
2
UNIT
89
UNIT
love, hate, (don’t) like, don’t
mind + -ing
4 Write sentences using the correct verbs in the box.
love like don’t mind
don’t like hate
He / / run
He likes running.
1 We / / play / football in the rain
2 They / / go / to the gym
3 My father / / train / every day
4 I / / watch / sport on TV
5 My friend / / skateboard / near the park
Question forms: word order
got / you / a mountain bike / Have ?
Have you got a mountain bike?
1 medals / she / How / got / many / has ?
2 they / Do / go / surfing / in the holidays ?
3 horse-riding / do / your family / Where / go ?
4 your sister / like / Does / running ?
5 play / people / in a football team / How / many ?
6 Write questions for the answers.
What’s Jessica’s surname ?
Her surname is Ennis.
1 Where ?
She lives in Sheffield.
2 Has ?
Yes, she has. She’s got a pet dog.
3 How often ?
She runs six days a week.
4 Does ?
Yes, she likes her sport.
5 What ?
In her free time she likes listening to music and
watching TV.
Adverbs of frequency
I always am late for training.
I am always late for training.
1 Always I watch the Olympics®
on TV.
2 He wins a race never.
3 The Winter Olympics®
usually are in February.
4 Often we go to a football match.
5 She does exercise sometimes before school.
6 I lose a game rarely.
2 Order the words to make sentences.
goes / swimming / My / rarely / brother
My brother rarely goes swimming.
1 often / Jane / the gym / to / goes
2 at / tennis / plays / Paul / never / the weekend
3 homework / school / I / do / after / usually /
my
4 watches / Manchester United / on / always /
My dad / matches / TV
5 winter / skiing / sometimes / We / in / go
3 Rewrite the questions using the adverbs in
brackets.
Do they go swimming at the weekends?
(always)
Do they always go swimming at the weekends?
1 How does he play in the school team? (often)
2 Does she win a match? (sometimes)
3 Do they do winter sports? (usually)
4 Do you skate on ice? (always)
5 How does your brother lift weights? (often)
Grammar exercises
3

4
90
UNIT
Present continuous
I am wearing a coat. I’m wearing a coat.
You are wearing a coat. You’re wearing a coat.
He / She / It is wearing a
coat.
He / She / It’s wearing a
coat.
We / You / They are
wearing a coat.
We / You / They’re wearing
a coat.
• usamos el present continuous para expresar
acciones que están ocurriendo mientras
hablamos, o situaciones temporales
I’m buying some jeans.
Estoy comprando unos vaqueros.
He’s learning French.
Está aprendiendo francés.
• se forma con el sujeto + be + un verbo acabado en
-ing
I am not wearing a coat. I’m not wearing a coat.
You are not wearing a coat. You aren’t wearing a coat.
He / She / It is not wearing
a coat.
He / She / It isn’t wearing a
coat.
We / You / They are not
wearing a coat.
We / You / They aren’t
wearing a coat.
• para hacer la negativa usamos not
We aren’t (are not) celebrating his birthday.
No estamos celebrando su cumpleaños.
Am I wearing a coat?
Are you playing?
Is he / she / it wearing a coat?
Are we / you / they playing?
• en interrogativa, el orden de las palabras cambia
You are riding a bike. Estás montando en bici.
Are you riding a bike? ¿Estás montando en bici?
• en las respuestas breves no repetimos el verbo
terminado en -ing
Are you buying a jumper?
¿Estás comprando un jersey?
Yes, I am. / No, I’m not. ✓ Sí / No.
Yes, I’m buying. / No, I’m not buying. ✗
Present continuous: reglas
ortográficas
• la mayoría de los verbos añaden -ing
do ➜ doing, wear ➜ wearing
• los que acaban en -e pierden la e y añaden -ing
make ➜ making, ride ➜ riding
• los terminados en -ie cambian ie por una y
y añaden -ing
lie ➜ lying, tie ➜ tying
• los monosílabos acabados en vocal + consonante
(que no sea w, x o y) doblan la consonante final y
añaden -ing
sit ➜ sitting
• los bisílabos acabados en vocal + consonante:
si el acento recae en la última sílaba, doblan la
consonante final y añaden -ing
begin ➜ beginning
• si el acento no recae en la última sílaba, basta con
añadir -ing
listen ➜ listening
El present continuous
y el present simple
• el present continuous expresa acciones que están
ocurriendo mientras hablamos, o situaciones
temporales, y se usa con estas expresiones: at the
moment, now, this month, today, etc.
She’s talking to Jane now.
Ahora está hablando con Jane.
• el present simple expresa hábitos y rutinas.
Normalmente lo usamos con adverbios de
frecuencia o con expresiones temporales como
every day, once a week, etc.
We go to the sports centre every day.
Vamos al centro deportivo todos los días.
Grammar reference
4

4
2
UNIT
91
UNIT
5 Order the words to make questions. Then write
short answers.
sports clothes / she / wearing / Is ? ✓
Is she wearing sports clothes? Yes, she is.
1 they / walking / Are / to school ? ✗
2 home / your friend / going / Is ? ✗
3 you / English / studying / Are ? ✓
4 her birthday / we / Are / celebrating ? ✗
5 Carol and Matt / Are / in the TV show /
competing ? ✓
6 Am / playing / I / basketball ? ✓
7 riding / a horse / Gerry / Is ? ✗
8 you / to / listening / Are / music ? ✓
Present continuous and
present simple
6 Complete the sentences with the correct form of
the verbs in brackets. Use the present simple or
the present continuous.
I go shopping on Mondays. (go)
1 They sunglasses at the
moment. (wear)
2 He always his homework in
the afternoon. (do)
3 The teacher now. (not smile)
4 We maths every day. (not
study)
5 My brother Russian this
year. (learn)
6 I tennis today. (not play)
7 They never casual clothes.
(buy)
8 I my grandparents once a
week. (see)
Present continuous
She ’s / ’re getting dressed.
1 We ’m / ’re going to a wedding.
2 I ’s / ’m thinking about my exams.
3 They ’s / ’re walking to school.
4 She ’s / ’re wearing a school uniform.
5 You ’m / ’re buying a present.
2 Complete the sentences with the present
continuous affirmative form of the verbs in
the box.
carry dance go listen wear win
I ’m dancing with Richard.
1 The team the match.
2 Linda and Nigel to rap
music.
3 We the same T-shirt!
4 You to the dance.
5 He some flowers.
3 Rewrite the sentences in the negative form.
Tom is wearing unusual clothes.
Tom isn’t wearing unusual clothes.
1 I am celebrating my birthday.
2 They are playing basketball.
3 My dad is feeling energetic!
4 We are dancing at the prom.
5 You are studying.
6 Anne and Rob are making new clothes.
Present continuous spelling
rules
4 Write the -ing form of the verbs.
do doing 4 carry
1 ride 5 lie
2 swim 6 sleep
3 visit 7 dance
Grammar exercises
4

5
92
UNIT
there is / there are + a / an,
some y any
singular There is a restaurant.
There is an egg.
There’s a restaurant.
There’s an egg.
plural There are some grapes.
singular There is not a
restaurant.
There is not an egg.
There isn’t a
restaurant.
There isn’t an egg.
plural There are not any
grapes.
There aren’t any
grapes.
• usamos there is con nombres en singular,
mientras que there are va con nombres en plural
There is a shop next to the school.
Hay una tienda al lado del instituto.
There are three swimming pools in our town.
Hay tres piscinas en nuestra ciudad.
• para formar la negativa usamos not
There isn’t (is not) a gym.
No hay ningún gimnasio.
There aren’t (are not) any restaurants.
No hay restaurantes / ningún restaurante.
• empleamos a y an delante de nombres contables
en singular
• a se usa cuando el nombre empieza por consonante
a village
a hospital
a sports centre
• an se usa cuando el nombre empieza por vocal o h
muda
an apple
an ice cream
an hour
• usamos some y any con nombres no contables y
con nombres contables en plural
• en las oraciones afirmativas usamos some,
mientras que en las interrogativas y las negativas
usamos any
There is some cheese.
There isn’t any cheese.
There are some tomatoes.
Are there any tomatoes?
Nombres contables y
no contables
• los nombres contables tienen singular y plural
banana bananas
strawberry strawberries
• los nombres no contables no tienen plural porque
no se pueden contar
water ✓ waters ✗
food ✓ foods ✗
Is there … ? Are there … ?
singular Is there a menu?
Yes, there is. No, there isn’t.
plural Are there any pizzas?
Yes, there are. No, there aren’t.
• en interrogativa el orden de las palabras cambia
There’s a café near the park.
Hay una cafetería cerca del parque.
Is there a café near the park?
¿Hay alguna cafetería cerca del parque?
There are some cakes on the table.
Hay (unos / algunos) pasteles encima de la mesa.
Are there any cakes on the table?
¿Hay pasteles / algún pastel encima de la mesa?
How much …? How many …?
• usamos How much …? (¿Cuánto/a?) con nombres
no contables
How much fat is there in a chocolate cake?
¿Cuánta grasa hay en un pastel de chocolate?
There’s a lot. / There isn’t much.
Un montón. / No hay mucha.
• How many …? (¿Cuántos/as?) se usa con nombres
contables en plural
How many bags of crisps are there in the kitchen?
¿Cuántas bolsas de patatas fritas hay en la cocina?
There are a lot. / There aren’t many.
Hay muchas. / No hay muchas.
Grammar reference
5

5
2
UNIT
93
UNIT
4 Complete the sentences with a, an, some or any.
There’s a piece of cake for you.
1 Have you got crisps?
2 There are great sports facilities here.
3 I need ice cream. It’s so hot!
4 I can cycle for hour.
5 Are there calories in insects?
6 There isn’t swimming pool in the
sports centre.
7 Is there money on the desk?
Countable and uncountable
nouns
5 Complete the table with the words in the box.
orange apple water fruit spinach
people money rice potato library
group school friend meat pasta
countable uncountable
apple
6 Complete the sentences with the correct word in
brackets.
We need some water . (water / apple)
1 He’s got three . (orange / friends)
2 Is there any ? (libraries / meat)
3 They haven’t got any . ( potato /
money)
4 There are some . (spinach / apples)
5 How many are there? (people /
group)
6 Are there any ? (eggs / sugar)
there is / there are + a / an,
some and any
1 Complete the sentences with There is or There are.
There is a gym in our school.
1 two cinemas in my town.
2 a skate park next to the bowling alley.
3 some great classes at the sports
centre.
4 Oh no! five pizzas and six people.
5 some cold water in the fridge.
6 protein in meat.
There isn’t / There aren’t any fruit for breakfast.
1 There isn’t / There aren’t any bananas in this
smoothie.
2 There isn’t / There aren’t an Indian restaurant
near our house.
3 There isn’t / There aren’t any fish on the menu.
4 There isn’t / There aren’t any vitamins in this
meal.
5 There isn’t / There aren’t any salt in this bag
of crisps.
6 There isn’t / There aren’t any skate parks in
my town.
3 Correct the questions.
How many shopping centres there are in this
area?
How many shopping centres are there in this area?
1 There is a café next to the swimming pool?
2 How much calories there are in a chocolate
cake?
3 There are a drinks machine here?
4 How many milk there is in the fridge?
5 There is any strawberries for dessert?
6 There are some fruit on the table?
Grammar exercises
5

6
94
UNIT
Adjetivos comparativos
• el comparativo nos permite comparar dos cosas;
su forma depende de la longitud del adjetivo:
adjetivos cortos y adjetivos acabados en -y
It’s cheaper than a hotel. It’s busier than a village.
adjetivos largos
It’s more expensive than camping.
It’s more comfortable.
adjetivos irregulares
good – better bad – worse
It’s better than camping in the rain!
Reglas ortográficas
• los adjetivos cortos acabados en 1 vocal + 1
consonante doblan la consonante y añaden -er
hot ➜ hotter big ➜ bigger
• los adjetivos cortos acabados en -y cambian la y
por i y añaden -er
tidy ➜ tidier noisy ➜ noisier
• los adjetivos largos llevan delante la palabra more
expensive ➜ more expensive
intelligent ➜ more intelligent
• ¡los adjetivos irregulares no siguen estas reglas!
good ➜ better bad ➜ worse
• los adjetivos comparativos van seguidos de than
My room is bigger than yours.
Mi habitación es mayor que la tuya.
This chair is more comfortable than the sofa.
Esta silla es más cómoda que el sofá.
Preposiciones de lugar
can / can’t
afirmativa
I / You / He / She / It / We / You / They can drive.
negativa
I / You / He / She / It / We / You / They cannot drive.
forma contraída
I / You / He / She / It / We / You / They can’t drive.
• can expresa posibilidad (o imposibilidad) y
permiso
You can stay for two weeks.
Puedes quedarte dos semanas.
We can’t visit the museum on Monday. It’s closed.
No podemos visitar el museo el lunes, está cerrado.
• detrás de can va un verbo en infinitivo sin to
Can I / you open the door?
Yes, I can. No, I can’t.
Can he / she / it open the door?
Yes, he / she / it can. No, he / she / it can’t.
Can we / you / they … ?
Yes, we / you / they can. No, we / you / they can’t.
They can stay in a caravan park.
Pueden quedarse en un camping para caravanas.
Can they stay in a caravan park?
¿Pueden quedarse en un camping para caravanas?
must / mustn’t
afirmativa
I / You / He / She / It / We / You / They must be quiet.
negativa
I / You / He / She / It / We / You / They must not shout.
forma contraída
I / You / He / She / It / We / You / They mustn’t shout.
• usamos must para referirnos a normas, leyes
y obligaciones
You must wear a uniform at this school.
En esta escuela tienes que ir de uniforme.
• mustn’t expresa prohibición
You mustn’t talk in the library.
No se puede hablar en la biblioteca.
• detrás de must / mustn’t usamos un verbo sin to
Grammar reference
• sirven para indicar dónde están las cosas
The TV is on the table.
The book is in the bag.
Jon is under the tree
Sally is between Joe and Amy.
There’s a park in front of our house.
The table is opposite the bed.
The café is next to our school.
Sarah sits behind my brother in class.
6
on
in front of
in
opposite
under
next to
between
behind

6
2
UNIT
95
UNIT
Prepositions of place
The cinema is next to / under the park.
1 Susie’s coat is at / in the wardrobe.
2 We’re between / on the train.
3 There’s a park in front of / between my house.
4 In class, Alan usually sits between / in Kevin
and Stacey.
5 The café is on / opposite the sports club.
can / can’t
5 Write sentences with the affirmative, negative or
question form of can.
You / stay / in the library / until 5pm ✓
You can stay in the library until 5pm.
1 He / stay out / late ✗
2 You / be noisy / in class ?
3 We / have a party / in the street ✗
4 She / have / pets ✓
5 We / go / to the concert / this Saturday ?
6 We / watch TV/ before dinner ✓
7 You / use / your mobile phone / in class ✗
must / mustn’t
6 Complete the sentences with must or mustn’t.
You mustn’t be noisy in class.
1 We speak Spanish in our English
lesson.
2 They wear a school uniform.
3 You leave rubbish on the street.
4 Professional footballers train every
day.
5 You do your homework before you go
to bed.
6 We listen to our teacher.
Comparative adjectives
1 Write the comparative form of the adjective.
healthy 5 wide
healthier
1 strong 6 red
2 intelligent 7 tidy
3 bad 8 comfortable
4 late 9 popular
2 Circle the correct word.
Rob is more tall / taller than Katie.
1 Her flat is moderner / more modern than ours.
2 You are gooder / better at maths than I am.
3 Joe’s room is tidier / tidyer than Linda’s.
4 A five star hotel is more comfortable /
comfortabler than a caravan.
5 That computer is expensiver / more expensive
than this one.
3 Write sentences comparing these things. Use the
adjectives in brackets.
cheetah / lion (fast)
A cheetah is faster than a lion.
1 Chinese / English (difficult)
2 Everest / Annapurna (high)
3 vegetables / hamburgers (healthy)
4 a hotel / camping (expensive)
5 a barge / a car (slow)
Grammar exercises
6

7
96
UNIT
was / were
afirmativa
I was
You were
He / She / It was
We / You / They were
• was y were se usan para hablar de situaciones
y estados del pasado
The Pokémon game was Japanese.
El juego de Pokémon era japonés.
They were in their French class at 9.30am.
A las 9.30 de la mañana estaban en clase de francés.
I was not I wasn’t
You were not You weren’t
He / She / It was not He / She / It wasn’t
We / You / They were not We / You / They weren’t
• para formar la negativa usamos not
She wasn’t (was not) at the party.
Ella no estaba / estuvo en la fiesta.
They weren’t (were not) happy.
No estaban contentos.
Was I at home?
Yes, I was. No, I wasn’t.
Were you at home?
Yes, you were. No, you weren’t.
Was he / she / it … ?
Yes, he / she / it was. No, he / she / it wasn’t.
Were we / you / they … ?
Yes, we / you / they were. No, we / you / they weren’t.
You were on holiday last week.
La semana pasada estabas de vacaciones.
Were you on holiday last week?
¿Estuviste de vacaciones la semana pasada?
• las partículas interrogativas van al principio de la
oración
Where were you born? ¿Dónde naciste?
When was the last school holiday?
¿Cuándo fueron las últimas vacaciones escolares?
What was on TV last night?
¿Qué echaron anoche por la tele?
there was / there were
afirmativa negativa
singular There was a TV. There wasn’t a TV.
plural There were some
games.
There weren’t any
games.
singular Was there a TV?
Yes, there was. No, there wasn’t.
plural Were there any games?
Yes, there were. No, there weren’t.
El past simple en afirmativa:
los verbos regulares
afirmativa
I / You arrived last week.
He / She / It arrived last week.
We / You / They arrived last week.
• usamos el past simple para expresar acciones o
situaciones ocurridas en el pasado
I arrived home at 5pm.
Llegué a casa a las 5 de la tarde.
We played computer games last night.
Anoche jugamos a videojuegos.
• el past simple es igual para todas las personas
• se forma añadiendo -ed o -d al infinitivo de los
verbos regulares
Reglas ortográficas para el
past simple en afirmativa
• la mayoría de los verbos añaden -ed
help ➜ helped
• los verbos acabados en -e añaden -d
love ➜ loved
• los acabados en consonante + y cambian la y por
una i y añaden -ed
tidy ➜ tidied
• los verbos monosílabos acabados en vocal
+ consonante (que no sea w, x o y) doblan la
consonante final y añaden -ed
stop ➜ stopped
• los bisílabos acabados en vocal + consonante y
con el acento en la primera sílaba añaden -ed
visit ➜ visited
• los bisílabos acabados en vocal + consonante
y con el acento en la última sílaba doblan la
consonante final antes de añadir -ed
permit ➜ permitted
Grammar reference
7

7
2
UNIT
97
UNIT
there was / there were
There was / were three computers in the library.
1 There was / were an exhibition of old trains.
2 There was / were games consoles in the 1980s.
3 There was / were a chat show on TV last night.
4 There was / were plastic toys in the museum.
5 There was / were a good film on at the cinema.
5 Complete the questions with Was or Were and the
short answers with was(n’t) or were(n’t).
Was there a bag on the table? Yes, there
was .
1 there a TV in her bedroom? No, there
.
2 there any mini-consoles in the 1990s?
Yes, there .
3 there a sports programme on
television? Yes, there .
4 there a garden in your grandma’s
house? Yes, there .
5 there any home computers in the
1970s? No, there .
Past simple affirmative: regular
verbs
6 Complete the sentences with the past simple
affirmative form of the verbs in brackets.
Walt Disney invented Mickey Mouse. (invent)
1 Television in the USA in the 1950s.
(arrive)
2 I games when I was young. (love)
3 We arcade games in the 1990s. (play)
4 My mum to my grandparents last
night. (talk)
5 When he was young, my dad to the
radio. (listen)
6 They a film on TV yesterday. (watch)
Past simple affirmative spelling
rules
7 Write the past simple form of the regular verbs.
watch watched 4 stop
1 study 5 try
2 live 6 permit
3 plan 7 start
was / were
1 Complete the sentences with was / were.
I was at the gym yesterday.
1 My brother in the park at 4.30pm.
2 They at my house last night.
3 We in the mountains on Saturday.
4 Julie on the bus.
5 The cinema in front of the library.
6 You late for school this morning.
2 Rewrite the sentences in the negative form using
the information in brackets.
I was in the living room. (bathroom)
I wasn’t in the living room. I was in the bathroom.
1 We were at the sports club. (at the museum)
2 My friends were in the garden. (in my house)
3 My dad was in Bilbao. (Cádiz)
4 They were opposite the shopping centre. (next to)
5 Tim was at school. (at my party)
3 Write questions. Then write short answers.
you / at the beach yesterday? ✓
Were you at the beach yesterday? Yes, I was.
1 your parents / at the football match ✓
2 Dave / in the library at 11am? ✗
3 we / in our English class at 10pm? ✗
4 Paula / in Seville two days ago? ✓
5 they / at the party last weekend? ✗
6 you and your brother / in London last
month? ✓
7 the film / good last night? ✗
Grammar exercises
7

8
98
UNIT
Past simple: afirmativa
y negativa
afirmativa
I / You listened
He / She / It listened
We / You / They listened
• usamos la misma forma verbal en pasado para
todas las personas
• los verbos regulares en pasado acaban en -ed
(consulta las reglas ortográficas en la página 96)
• muchos verbos son irregulares y tienen formas de
pasado diferentes (en la página 158 hay una lista
de los más comunes)
I / You did not listen I / You didn’t listen
He / She / It did not listen He / She / It didn’t listen
We / You / They did not
listen
We / You / They didn’t
listen
• la negativa se forma con didn’t (did not) + el verbo
en infinitivo sin to y también es igual en todas las
personas del singular y del plural
We didn’t have MP3 players. ✓
No teníamos reproductores MP3.
We didn’t had MP3 players. ✗
Past simple: preguntas
y respuestas breves
Did I / you play?
Yes, I / you did. No, I / you didn’t.
Did he / she / it play?
Yes, he / she / it did. No, he / she / it didn’t.
Did we / you / they play?
Yes, we / you / they did. No, we / you / they didn’t.
They bought old records.
Compraron discos antiguos.
Did they buy old records?
¿Compraron discos antiguos?
• en las respuestas breves no se repite el verbo,
sólo usamos el sujeto y did o didn’t
Did you download music?
¿Te descargaste música?
Yes, I did. / No, I didn’t. ✓ Sí / No.
Yes, I downloaded. / No, I didn’t download. ✗
Grammar reference
8

8
2
UNIT
99
UNIT
4 you / leave / What time / school / did ?
5 go / she / to the festival / Did ?
5 Look at the information in the table. Write
questions and short answers.
Lucy Rick Jim and
Alison
place Edinburgh Manchester London
transport car train bus
activity see Highland
dancing
go to music
festival
play in an
orchestra
Lucy / travel / by car?
Did Lucy travel by car? Yes, she did.
1 Lucy / see / a concert?
2 Lucy / stay / in Edinburgh?
3 Rick / go / Manchester?
4 Rick / play in a band?
5 Jim and Alison / play / in an orchestra?
They comed to our party last Friday.
They came to our party last Friday.
1 Last night, he studyed until 11pm.
2 Yesterday, we meeted our friends at the
cinema.
3 She didn’t bought any concert tickets.
4 He didn’t composed that opera.
5 She had a good time?
6 Where they went last holiday?
Past simple: affirmative and
negative
1 Write the past simple affirmative form of the
irregular verbs.
come came 4 know
1 have 5 meet
2 give 6 leave
3 make 7 take
2 Complete the sentences with the past simple
affirmative form of the verbs in the box.
go begin become buy see wear
I bought a new MP3 player last week.
1 The Walkman®
popular in the 1980s.
2 I singing in the choir last summer.
3 They to a great concert on Saturday.
4 Yesterday he jeans.
5 I some traditional Highland dancing
when I was on holiday in Scotland.
3 Rewrite the sentences in the negative form.
She went to Italy last year.
She didn’t go to Italy last year.
1 He played the drums when he was younger.
2 We watched a great programme last night.
3 The festival started at 10pm.
4 Adele wrote the lyrics for that song in 2012.
5 Her hit song sold one million copies.
Past simple: questions and
short answers
you / play / When / did / the guitar ?
When did you play the guitar?
1 they / did / How / go / to the concert ?
2 Caroline / that song / Why / like / did ?
3 learn / she / Where / to sing / did ?
Grammar exercises
8

9
100
UNIT
be going to
I am going to visit relatives. I’m going to visit relatives.
You are going to visit
relatives.
You’re going to visit
relatives.
He / She / It is going to
visit relatives.
He / She / It’s going to
visit relatives.
We / You / They are going to
visit relatives.
We / You / They’re going to
visit relatives.
• usamos be going to para expresar planes o
intenciones
I’m going to have fun.
Voy a pasármelo bien.
You’re going to watch street parades.
Vas a ver desfiles por las calles.
She’s going to decorate the house.
Va a decorar la casa.
• la estructura es la siguiente: sujeto + am / is / are
+ going to + verbo
I am not going to stay. I’m not going to stay.
You are not going to stay. You aren’t going to stay.
He / She / It is not going to
stay.
He / She / It isn’t going to
stay.
We / You / They are not
going to stay.
We / You / They aren’t
going to stay.
• not se usa para formar la negativa
I’m not (am not) going to make a birthday cake.
No voy a hacer una / ninguna tarta de
cumpleaños.
He isn’t (is not) going to have dinner in a
restaurant.
Él no va a cenar en un restaurante.
They aren’t (are not) going to visit us.
No van a visitarnos.
Am I going to eat?
Are you going to eat?
Is he / she / it going to eat?
Are we / you / they going to eat?
You are going to celebrate your birthday.
Vas a celebrar tu cumpleaños
Are you going to celebrate your birthday?
¿Vas a celebrar tu cumpleaños?
Yes, I am. No, I’m not. Sí / No
Los pronombres objeto
pronombres sujeto
I you he she it we you they
pronombres objeto
me you him her it us you them
My cousin is called Tom. I phone him every day.
Mi primo se llama Tom. Lo llamo por teléfono
todos los días.
Sally eats biscuits every day. She loves them!
Sally come galletas todos los días. ¡Le encantan!
El present continuous para
planes futuros
• usamos el present continuous para hablar de
planes personales decididos de antemano para un
futuro cercano
• suele ir acompañado de una expresión temporal
de futuro
What time are they meeting? They’re meeting
at six o’clock.
¿A qué hora se reúnen? A las seis.
When are they having the party? They’re having
the party this afternoon.
¿Cuándo dan / van a dar la fiesta? Esta tarde.
Grammar reference
9

9
2
UNIT
101
UNIT
4 Complete the questions with be going to and the
verbs in the box. Then write short answers.
celebrate eat invite meet
play travel watch
Are you going to play football this week?
✓ Yes, I am.
1 your sister pasta
for dinner? ✗
2 your classmates a
film? ✗
3 your brother his
birthday? ✗
4 we by car?
✓
5 you me to the
party? ✓
6 I them at the
airport? ✗
Object pronouns
I / she don’t like him / they.
1 That’s dad’s new computer. He loves
she / it.
2 Are they going to the festival with she / us?
3 Do you want these sweets? I don’t want they /
them.
4 Where are they? I can’t see she / them.
5 We study here. Those books are for I / us.
Present continuous for future
plans
6 Write sentences in the present continuous.
We / go to the park / after school
We’re going to the park after school.
1 I / visit my grandparents / this evening
2 He / do an exam / tomorrow
3 My cousin / fly to Germany / next weekend
4 We / watch / TV / tonight
5 We / meet / them / at the restaurant /
tomorrow
be going to
1 Complete the sentences with the correct affirmative
form of be going to.
We are going to visit friends after school.
1 They have cereal for
breakfast.
2 She watch the street parades
on Sunday.
3 I have dinner in a restaurant
tomorrow.
4 Jo celebrate after her exams.
5 It be great!
2 Write affirmative sentences with be going to.
My brother / come to the party on Friday.
My brother is going to come to the party on Friday.
1 We / give our teacher a present
2 The festival / be fantastic
3 She / sing in a new band next month
4 I / do more sport next year
5 My parents / travel to Thailand next summer
3 Rewrite the sentences using the correct negative
form of be going to and the information in brackets.
I’m going to stay with friends. (my grandma)
I’m not going to stay with friends. I’m going to stay
with my grandma.
1 They’re going to watch a film. (do their homework)
2 Pete’s going to sing at the party. (in church)
3 We’re going to send a card. (buy a present)
4 Sue’s going to come for dinner. (go to the
cinema)
5 You’re going to study French. (study English)
Grammar exercises
9

1_ESO_REFERENCIA_GRAMATICAL.pdf

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