Counter reformation

1. The Counter Reformation
Ms. James

2. Reforming the Catholic
Church
 Counter-Reformation
– The Catholic Church’s series of reforms I
response to the spread of Protestantism in
the mid-1500’s to the early 1600’s.

3. Early Reformers
 Girolamo
Savonarola
– Monk who tried to
change the church
from within. “Bonfire
of the Vanities”
 Excommunicated
and Executed in
Florence.

4. Religious Orders
 Jesuits
– “Society of Jesus”
 Renewed church’s emphasis of spirituality and
service.
– Founded by Ignatius of Loyola
 Basque Nobleman and former soldier.
 Concentrated on education as a means of
combating the Protestant Reformation.

5. The Council of Trent
 1545, Church members decided to
redefine some religious doctrines of the
Catholic Church.
 Clarified Catholic teaching
1. Addressed Abuses
2. Addressed Corruption
3. Training of Priests regulated
4. Addressed Financial Abuse
5. Sale of Indulgences was abolished

6. The Council of Trent Cont….
 Council reaffirmed:
– Transubstantiation
– Sacraments
1. Baptism
2. Confirmation
3. Marriage
4. Eucharist
5. Penance (Confession)
6. Anointing Sick
 Basic structure of Church reaffirmed!

7. Reforming Catholics
 Charles Borromeo
– Archbishop of Milan (1560 to 1584)
 Implements Council of Trent reforms
– Builds a school to educate Priests
 Francis of Sales
– Implemented a missionary program in
Savoy (Italy). He returned many back
to the Catholic Church.

8. Women in the Church
 Angela Merici
– Began Company of Saint Ursula
 Jane of Chantal
– Trained women to be teachers
 Mary Ward of England
– Created networks of schools for girls
 Teresa of Avila
– Most famous female spiritual leader for the
Catholic Church.

9. The Inquisitions
 Two different Inquisitions:
– Roman Inquisition (1542)
– Spanish Inquisition (1478)
 The Roman Inquisition tried people for:
– Being Protestant
– Witchcraft
 (Malleus Maleficarum) “Hammer of Witches”
– Breaking with Church Law

10. Spanish Inquisition
 Tried to convert:
– Jews
– Muslims
– Protestants
 Many accounts of torture and executions!
 Index of Forbidden Books= censorship

11. The Protestant Reformation’s
Long Term Effects

12. Changes in Religion
 Jesuits bring many back to the Catholic
Church, and renew the doctrines of the
Catholic Church.
 New denominations form because
reformers interpret the Bible differently!

13. Expulsion of Jews and Muslims
 Spain gives these groups of people three
options.
– (1) CONVERT to Christianity
– (2) GET OUT of Spain
– (3) DIE
 Jews segregated to ghetto
– Ghettos- were walled sections of the city and
their gates closed at a certain time each
evening.

14. Censorship in the Church
 The Index Librorum Prohibitorum
– The Forbidden Books were a list of books
that people should not read.
 You could lose your soul by reading
these books.
– Contained Reformer’s writing and some
secular works.

15. Witchcraft
 Hysteria of Witchcraft swept through
Europe during 1580 to 1660.
 Witches would:
– Kill Children
– Kill Livestock
– Work with the Devil.

16. Political Effects
 States and businesses want church to
become less involved with political
affairs.
 Political power was now separate from
the church!

17. Religious Wars and Unrest
 The Italian War
– King Charles VIII of France invaded Italy,
and Spain joined in the fight too.
 Fighting ended in 1559.
 The war is credited with spreading
Renaissance ideas throughout Europe.
– During the fighting many important artists
fled from Italy, and took their ideas as well!

18. Conflicts among Germans
 Peasants War is stirred by Renaissance
and Reformation ideas.
– Luther is connected with this revolt even
though he denounces it.
 Local Lutheran Princes go to war with
Holy Roman Emperor.
– Peace of Augsburg (1555) Each prince can
choose the religion that his subjects would
practice.

19. Conflicts between Religions
 Conflicts between Catholic faith and
Protestant faith in France.
 In 1598, Henry of Navarre converted to
Catholicism, and this created temporary
peace.
 Edict of Nantes granted religious freedom
to Protestants.