This document summarizes a presentation given by Emily Rose Haga, a plant breeder at Johnny's Selected Seeds, about tomato breeding at their company. It discusses Johnny's early history and focus on traditional plant breeding methods. Haga describes the diversity of tomato varieties and traits they evaluate in trials. The breeding process is outlined, from initial crosses and selection through variety testing and seed production. Two recently released tomato varieties developed by Johnny's are highlighted.
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Johnny's Selected Seeds tomato breeding overview
1. Johnny’s Selected Seeds
These slides were presented at the 30th
Annual Carolina Farm Stewardship
Association by Plant Breeder Emily Rose
Haga.
Please do not reproduce without the express
consent of Johnny’s Selected Seeds
Contact Information:
Emily Rose Haga
ehaga@johnnyseeds.com
(207) 861-3974
Johnnyseeds.com | 1-877-564-6697
15. Johnnyseeds.com | 1-877-6697
Ind Red LBR
Slicer
F2
F1
Det Red LBR
Slicer
Ind Green
Heirloom
Segregating for plant habit, color, LBR, & more…. P (green, det, LBR) = 9/1024!
F3
Johnny’s Tomato Breeding
16. Johnnyseeds.com | 1-877-6697
Johnny’s Tomato Breeding
F3
Select within & between families
F4
Select within & between families
F5
Select between families
F6+
Finished Product = Breeding Line,
Hybrid Parent, or OP variety
Seed dealers & breeders with grassroots origins
Focused on alternative markets, including diversified market farmers & avid home gardeners
Will describe tomato research & breeding at JSS
Rob was part of food counterculture & back to the land movement in Massachusetts ca. 1970s
Recognized opportunity to source alternative vegetable varieties from around the world to this market
Hand writes seed companies, university breeders, & international embassies requesting seed
Started company as Johnny Appleseeds in1973
Changes to Johnny’s Selected Seeds after threatened with trademark infringement
Strong commitment to organic seeds & research from beginning
”Selected Seeds” more accurately conveys commitment to finding the best seed for alternative markets
All varieties tested on Albion research farm under sustainable farming practices with goal of finding flavorful, easy to grow & widely adapted vegetables
Today we have a network of >100 seed vendors around the world
strict quality testing standards also established early on
Rob identifies niches & opportunities to start selecting & breeding his own new varieties
Starts to win AAS awards for work
Devotes more time to plant breeding
Sells company to employees in 2005 and focuses more on breeding
Rob decides later to transition breeding programs to next generation
Hires me in 2012, and additional breeders over next 3 years to take on new & existing crops
Increasing need to develop new products for direct market, drives new commitment by Johnny’s
Wide diversity of tomato trials at Johnny’s to fill market needs
General targets stay the same, but specific traits vary by product category
Always looking for best in class within each category
Example: Different flavor requirements in traditional vs. heirloom; disease resistance packages required in field vs. GH; yield in hybrid vs. OP; specific regional or environmental challenges that require grafting
Develop new tomato varieties with traits that can’t source elsewhere or for which existing variety is inferior for direct market or organic/low-input production
Focus on heirloom-quality, field-adapted varieties that can produce under short growing seasons and heavy disease pressure
EB/LB/SLS uniquely challenging to organic growers because of limited control options- not target of most commercial tomato breeding programs because conventional growers control with fungicides
Many organic growers going inside to avoid disease, but protected culture is expensive real estate- need alternatives!
Create new genetic diversity by developing new breeding populations & experimental varieties
Combine traits of interest in different genetic backgrounds via controlled mating (i.e. hand pollinations)
Ex: Green Heirloom x Det Red LBR Slicer
Requires knowledge of reproductive biology for each crop, including flower morphology
Process includes bud emasculation, pollen collection/application/storage, cross & fruit labeling, seed extraction
2 greenhouse cycles/year @ Johnny’s Research Farm- summer & winter crossing blocks
~1000+ hand pollinations/cycle!
New breeding populations & experimental varieties evaluated in field
Selection is based on index of several different criteria- often competing!
Use marker testing to help us track disease resistances in segregating populations
Takes 6-8 generations to reach uniformity considered acceptable for OP variety or hybrid parent line
Progress is slow at the rate of 1 generation/year!
Ex: Green Heirloom x Det Red LBR Slicer
Create diversity & select to uniformity
Knowledge of inheritance patterns helps predict probabilities & population sizes
Breeding becomes challenging when combining traits with recessive & complex genetics
Slow progress at 1-2 cycles/year of generation advancement
Minimum 3 & up to 6+ years until finished product
Finished product then requires more testing if becomes or used to develop experimental new variety
New varieties require advanced on-farm trialing across multiple regions in multiple years
Farmer feedback= extremely valuable!
Helps make decisions & guide future product development
Need a wide network of university & farmer cooperators to help confirm performance & adaptability
Looking for future partners in NC region
Seed production starts out on small scale when just saving breeder seed
Series of increases coordinated for “family jewels” in preparation for commercial seed production
Foundation & stock seed lines for OP varieties & F1 hybrid parents done on-farm
Harvested fruit is added to a hopper, mashed to extract seed which is then separated & collected to fermented in barrels
Seed is then sluiced (separated) & dried before post-harvesting milling & quality testing
Plum x Cherry cross = firm, meaty cocktail-sized fruits with juicy, sweet-tart flavor
Perfect salad tomato- slice in quarters or halves
High yielding indeterminate
Compact & open for easy harvest & maintenance = good architecture for field or hoophouse
Positive grower feedback
Cherry x Grape cross = slightly oval shape, classic cherry flavor with firmer texture
Ideal, one-bite size fruits are not too big or small
Easy to harvest for market
Strongest LB protection for natural protection against newer LB strains- especially important for organic growers!
Healthy & robust indeterminate
Requires staking (Field cherry only because of vigorous plant habit)