Advanced Grammar

1. Advanced grammar
categorization

2. ACTIVITY TIME!!!
Identify the
functions of
the words
that has been
underlined.
1. My mother has
arrived.
2. I am playing that
game yesterday.
3. We have been in that
place last year.
4. Amazing, can she
dance!
5. They never witnessed
such behavior.

3. THE VERB AND
IT’S
COMPLEMENTS
BY: ANDREA TRICIA
OLAVIDES-BIOLANGO

4. INTRODUCTION
The birds are singing it must be spring.
01
02
03 At the beginning of the term, students are
told to buy the book.
Our guest have arrived, let’s pop open the
champagne.

5. INTRODUCTION
That must/can’t/might/will be him.
04
05 He has been working a lot lately.

6.  LEXICAL VERBS VS AUXILIARY VERBS
PROPERTIES OF AUXILIARY VERB
• SYNTACTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF AUXILIARIES
1.DIRECT
NOT-
NEGATION
2.SUBJECT
AUXILIARY
INVERSION
3.ELIPSIS

7. -In English negation at
the level of the clause is
achieved through the
negative word not.
*John is a doctor.
John is not a doctor.
o SHORT NEGATIVES
*He has not (hasn’t) eaten a thing.
*She does not (doesn’t) eat meat.

8. -placing the subject after a finite
auxiliary verb rather than before it
as is the case in typical declarative
sentence.
*She is still living at home.
Is she still living at home?
Where is she living?
-only auxiliaries can invert with a
subject.
*She lives at home.
Lives she at home?
Where lives she?
-If there is more than one auxiliary in
the sentence, it is only the first that
inverts with the subject.
* Will they be waiting for us at the station?
Will be they waiting for us at the station?

9. o Non-Interrogative Inversion
-Proposed(near)-negative adverbs
*Never have I been so insulted in my
entire life.
-Counterfactual and hypothetical
conditionals
*Had they know, they wouldn’t have
agreed to it.
- Exclamation
*Wow, can she sing!
-Affirmative and negative expression of
similarity
*Margaret won’t do it, and neither will I.

10. - Is found in a number of extremely
common structures which do not
necessarily have direct correlates in
other languages.
* Can you speak Russian?
- Yes I can. Can you?
* Is she coming to the party?
- No she isn’t. Isn’t she?
o INTERROGATIVE TAGS
*But you can speak Russian, can’t you?
*She’s coming to the party, isn’t she?

11. SYNTACTIC
RESTRICTIONS ON
LEXICAL VERBS :
DO-INSERTION
- Adding do/does or did when the clause does
not contain auxiliary. This is precisely what
occurs with non progressive present and past
tenses:
*Students today take note as many exams as in my day.
-Students today don’t take note as many exams as in my day.
*Only rarely appreciate I that sort of dark, morbid humor.
-Only rarely do I appreciate that sort of dark, morbid humor.

12. SYNTACTIC RESTRICTIONS
ON LEXICAL VERBS : DO-
INSERTION

13. HAVE: auxiliary or lexical
verb?
-Have is always an
auxiliary when used as
a tense marker in
perfect tenses
otherwise, have is
quite common.
*have a drink
*have a long walk
*have a look around
-Have is often called a
light verb. Other light
verbs include do, give,
make and take. Light
verbs contributes very
little content of their
own.

14. HAVE: auxiliary or lexical
verb?
-Lexical verb paired with other
lexical verb cannot be directly
negated with not, invert or be
used in elliptical structures
rather, it relies on do-insertion.
*I have breakfast every morning, even if I’m
not hungry.
- I don’t have breakfast unless I’m
particularly hungry.
- - I haven’t breakfast unless I’m particularly
hungry.
-When have got is used, have is an
auxiliary, which means that do-
insertion is not required or possible.
Direct negation is possible, have can
invert with the subject and it can be
used in elliptical constructions.
*She has got a long hair.
She hasn’t got long black hair.
She doesn’t have a long black hair.

15. -Contracted forms are essentially weak
forms that have conventional, standard
written form.
CONTRACTION AND WEAK FORMS
PRESENT
I am-I’m
They are-they’re
MODALS
We will- we’ll
They would-they’d
PRESENT AND PAST FORM OF HAVE AND HAS
You have-you’ve
She has-she’s
They had- they’d
PAST FORMS
Was
Were
• She’s studying French at university.
• She’s studied French for several years.

16. 1. YES-NO INTERROGATIVE
CLAUSE
2. INFORMATION
INTERROGATIVE
INTERROGATIVE
CLAUSES AND TAGS
TWO MAJOR TYPES
OF INTERROGATIVE
CLAUSES

17. 1. YES-NO INTERROGATIVE CLAUSE
- this clause type can also be referred to as total interrogative. The
scope of the interrogation is the entire clause rather than just one
part of it.
• (She has accepted the position.)
-Has she accepted the position? –Yes. Yes, she has.
• (You are married.)
-Are you married?-No. No I’m not.

18. 1. YES-NO INTERROGATIVE CLAUSE
- yes-no IC can be negative as well. They are noteworthy because
they have a special kind of meaning. More specifically, a negative
yes-no IC is often understood as a cue to an expectation on the
part of the speaker.
• a. Are you going to Greece in August?
b. Is the wine to your liking?
c. Aren’t you going to Greece this August?
d. Isn’t this wine superb?

19. 1. YES-NO INTERROGATIVE CLAUSE
- Negative yes-no ICs are sometimes used to formulate a request.
The negation has the effect here of making the request more
pressing and reveals a speaker’s hope or expectation that the
answer will be “yes”.
• * Won’t you come in for drink?
Wouldn’t your parents like to stay with us for the weekend?

20. 2. INFORMATION INTERROGATIVE or WH-
INTERROGATIVE
-the answer provides the information that the speaker is
missing. For this reason, this type of interrogative can also be
called a partial interrogative or an open interrogative.
*(He has invited his colleagues.)
- Who has he invited?- His colleagues.
*(You are going to the staffroom.)
- Where are you going? – To the staffroom.
*(Her train gets in this afternoon.)
- When does her train get in? –This afternoon.
*(They hired her because of her skills.)
- Why did they hired her? – Because of her skill.
*( My father in law is seventy-two.)
- How old is your father in law? – Seventy – two

21. 2. INFORMATION INTERROGATIVE or WH-
INTERROGATIVE
-if the wh- constituent functions as the subject of the IC,
there is no inversion. Consequently, do-insertion is not
necessary. The result is that the word order is identical to
that of a declarative clause, with the subject preceding the
verb.
*(Matther met him in the town last night.)
- Who met him in the town last night?
-Who(m) did he see in town last night?
*(Bread is usually served for breakfast.)
-What is usually served for breakfast?
-What do you usually have for breakfast?

22. 2. INFORMATION INTERROGATIVE or WH-
INTERROGATIVE
-ICs can be subclauses as well, however in this
case they usually function as the Direct Object
of a main clause.
• I wonder which candidate they are backing.
• Do you know who he saw in town last night?
• Tell me what you usually have for breakfast.

23. -a WH- constituent is found not fronted
but in the position it would ordinarily
occupy were it not a wh-constituent.
• Last night we had moose for
dinner?
- You had what?
• She gave her little girl a
cigarette.
- She gave who a cigarette?
• He called me at 3 this
morning.
- He called you when?
ECHO QUESTIONS
• They called me stupid.
-They called you what?

24. - an interrogative tag is short, elliptical
IC immediately following an affirmative
or negative declarative clause.
• Affirmative main clause – negative tag
-She’s already started school, hasn’t she?
• Negative main clause- affirmative tag
-Megan hasn’t already started school, has she?
TAGS

25. Thank
you