Internet and its usage Network Types LAN, WAN, PAN, Wi-Fi Network Medium and its Types Routers & Switches

1. Sequence
• Internet and its usage
• Network Types
• LAN, WAN, PAN, Wi-Fi
• Network Medium and its Types
• Routers & Switches
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2. INTERNET AND ITS USAGE
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The Internet: Connecting the World
• The Internet is a global network of interconnected computers and
devices.
• It allows people to communicate, access information, and share
resources worldwide
• Developed in the late 20th century, it has become an integral
part of modern society

3. INTERNET AND ITS USAGE
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4. USAGE OF THE INTERNET
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Communication:
 Email, social media, instant messaging, and video calls connect people across the
globe.
 Facilitates real-time interaction and collaboration.
Information Access:
 Provides access to vast amounts of information on virtually any topic.
 Enables learning, research, and staying updated on current events.
E-commerce and Online Services:
 Enables online shopping, banking, booking services, and more.
 Facilitates convenient transactions and access to a wide range of products and
services.

5. USAGE OF THE INTERNET
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• Education and E-Learning:
• Online courses, tutorials, and educational resources are readily available.
• Provides opportunities for lifelong learning and skill development.
• Entertainment and Media:
• Streaming services, gaming platforms, and social media offer various forms of
entertainment.
• Allows for content creation, sharing, and consumption.
• Business and Work:
• Facilitates remote work, telecommuting, and virtual meetings.
• Enables global collaboration and access to a diverse talent pool.

6. NETWORK TYPES
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• LAN - Local Area Network:
• Limited geographical area (e.g., home,
office, campus).
• High data transfer rates.
• Private ownership and control.
• MAN - Metropolitan Area Network:
• Larger than LAN, covers a city or campus.
• Connects multiple LANs within a city.
• High-speed data transfer, but not as fast as
LAN.

7. NETWORK TYPES
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• WAN - Wide Area Network:
• Spans across large geographic areas (e.g.,
country, continent).
• Utilizes public or private
telecommunication links.
• Slower data transfer compared to LAN and
MAN.
• PAN - Personal Area Network:
• Very short-range network (within a few
meters).
• Connects devices like smartphones, tablets,
and wearables.
• Examples: Bluetooth.

8. NETWORK TYPES
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• WiFi - Wireless Fidelity:
• Wireless LAN technology for internet
connectivity.
• Provides high-speed internet access
within a certain range.
• Commonly used in homes, offices, and
public places.

9. NETWORK MEDIUMS
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 Definition:
 A network medium is the physical pathway or transmission medium
used to carry signals between devices in a network.
 It plays a crucial role in determining the speed, distance, and capacity of
data transmission.
 Importance:
 The choice of network medium impacts the performance and
capabilities of a network.
 Different mediums are suitable for different types of networks and
environments.

10. NETWORK MEDIUMS
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11. TYPES OF NETWORK MEDIUMS
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• Twisted Pair Cable:
• Consists of pairs of copper wires twisted together.
• Commonly used for Ethernet connections in LANs.
• Two main types: Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) and Shielded Twisted Pair (STP).
• Coaxial Cable:
• Contains a central conductor, insulator, metallic shield, and outer insulating layer.
• Used for cable television (CATV) and older Ethernet installations.
• Fiber Optic Cable:
• Transmits data as pulses of light through glass or plastic fibers.
• Offers high bandwidth and long-distance transmission.
• Used in high-speed internet connections and long-distance networks.

12. TYPES OF NETWORK MEDIUMS
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• Wireless:
• Uses radio waves or infrared signals to transmit data.
• Includes technologies like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and satellite communication.
• Microwave:
• Utilizes high-frequency radio waves for point-to-point communication.
• Commonly used for long-distance communication links.

13. ROUTERS
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• A router is a networking device that directs data packets between
computer networks.
• It operates at the OSI Network Layer (Layer 3) and makes decisions
based on IP addresses.

14. ROUTERS FUNCTIONS AND IMPORTANCE
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• Functions:
• Routing: Determines the best path for data packets to reach their destination.
• Network Address Translation (NAT): Translates private IP addresses to a single public
IP for internet access.
• Firewall: Provides security by filtering incoming and outgoing traffic.
• DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol): Assigns IP addresses to devices on a
network.
• Importance:
• Enables communication between different networks (e.g., home network and the
internet).
• Forms the backbone of the internet by directing traffic across vast distances.

15. NETWORK SWITCH
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Definition:
• A switch is a networking device that connects devices within a
local area network (LAN).
• It operates at the OSI Data Link Layer (Layer 2) and uses MAC
addresses for forwarding decisions.
Functions:
• Forwarding: Forwards data only to the specific device on the
network that needs it.
• MAC Address Table: Maintains a table of MAC addresses to
make forwarding decisions.
• VLAN (Virtual LAN): Segments a network into multiple virtual
networks for improved organization and security.
Importance:
• Efficiently manages local network traffic, reducing congestion
and improving performance.
• Essential for larger networks where multiple devices need to
communicate simultaneously.

16. LAYER 3 SWITCHES: BRIDGING THE GAP
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Definition:
• A Layer 3 switch, also known as a multilayer switch, combines the functions of a traditional
Layer 2 switch with the routing capabilities of a Layer 3 router.
Functions:
• Routing: Layer 3 switches can make routing decisions based on
IP addresses, allowing them to route traffic between different
subnets or VLANs within a network.
• Forwarding: Like a Layer 2 switch, it can forward data packets based on MAC addresses
within a local network.
Benefits:
• Improved Performance: Layer 3 switches can route traffic more
efficiently, reducing congestion and enhancing network performance.
• VLAN Segmentation: Allows for the creation of multiple virtual LANs,
increasing network security and management capabilities.