CK2017: Mapping, Measuring and Mitigating Urban Water Challenges
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Integrated Urban Water Management at #CK2017 | Vittal Boggaram, WRI India
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CK2017: Mapping, Measuring and Mitigating Urban Water Challenges
- 1. A product of WRI Ross Center for Sustainable Cities VITTAL BOGGARAM & RAJ BAGATH MAPPING, MEASURING AND MITIGATING URBAN WATER CHALLENGES Photo Credit: Arnie Papp/Flickr
- 2. WHY DO WE NEED IUWM Image Source โ WB, WRI, ToI, UConn
- 3. CITY WATER ASSESSMENT TOOL - BENGALURU Photo Credit: Live Once Live Wild/Flickr
- 4. WHERE DOES OUR WATER COME FROM Image Source โ GFW Water, Aqueduct 2800 726 270 17.5 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 Total Rainfall Cauvery River Flow Karnataka Allocation Provided for City Cauvery (TMC)
- 5. FUTURE THREATS TO AVAILABILITY Image Source โ GFW Water, KSAPCC
- 6. BENGALURUโS WATER DEMAND 836 372 67 1752 3027 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 Domestic Commercial and Public Industrial Vegetation Total Water Demand 2011 (MLD) โข Total = human + vegetation โข Human (2011) = 1,275MLD โข Human (2017) = 1,595MLD โข Vegetation (2014) = 1,752MLD Photo Credit: Chetiya Sahabandu/Flickr
- 7. BENGALURUโS WATER SUPPLY 1350 -664 686 1611 244 1367 2961 -1000 -500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 Water Availability (MLD) โข Kaveri = 1,350MLD โข NRW (49.25%) = 664MLD โข Human Supply = 68lpcd โข Rainfall = 1,611MLD โข Total Available = 2961MLD
- 8. BENGALURUโS WATER STRESS โข Around 2.2million no piped supply (25%) โข Areas outside former BMP area at most stress โข Self provision by buying water or groundwater extraction Photo Credit: John Loo/Flickr
- 9. URBAN RISKS โ LOSS OF WATER RESOURCES 154 116 98 30 0 50 100 150 200 1990 2000 2010 2015 Surface Water Loss (sqkm) โข Loss of Surface Water 125sqkm (1990-2015) โข Major loss outside BBMP โข Groundwater depletion (1,000ft) Photo Credit: Jonny/Flickr
- 10. URBAN RISKS โ LAND SUBSIDANCE โข City is Sinking โข City Subsidance โ 2.34cm to 3.17cm (average 2.73cm) โข Excessive groundwater pumping โข Reduced recharge potential
- 11. URBAN RISKS โ VEGETATION CHANGE โข Cityโs Vegetation Changing (2014-17) โข Loss is higher outside BMP โข Loss due to Urbanization โข Gain around lakes due to weeds
- 12. URBAN RISKS โ HEAT ISLAND & LST JANUARY 2017 Shanti Nagar Bus Depot Langford Town Kalasipalayam Jayanagar Lal Bagh 2,601,513 11,072 1,524,389 0 500,000 1,000,000 1,500,000 2,000,000 2,500,000 3,000,000 Above Mean Extreme temperature (above 34) 1 Degree Increase People Exposed to Heat in Jan 2017(C)
- 13. โข LST 2014-17 โข Change in temp +8C and -10C โข North, west and south-west getting hotter โข South and south-east cooler. URBAN RISKS โ LST CHANGE
- 14. URBAN FLOODING โ DYNAMIC MODELS Photo Credit: Thomas Leuthard/Flickr
- 15. URBAN FLOODING โ ANALYSIS 138,249 29,994 Urban Flooding Population in Begur and Arakere wards Population facing stagnation / flooding in Begur and arakere wards โข Begur & Arakere Wards โข 10cm for 5 hours โข 1,40,000 population โข 30,000 Impacted
- 16. CITY SANITATION WATCH โ OPEN DEFECATION 2011 Data โ 1,33,913 OD Photo Credit: McKay Savage/Flickr
- 17. CITY SANITATION WATCH โ PIPED SEWER NETWORK 2million no access to piped sewer
- 18. CITY SOLUTIONS Photo Credit: Diego Torres Silverstre/Flickr
- 20. WATER REUSE POTENTIAL โ K&C VALLEY STP Defence K&C Valley STP HAL Airport Bellandur Lake
- 21. CHIKKABALLAPURA MASTER PLAN 2031
- 22. LAKE REVIVAL โ โKEREโ PROJECT Design Credit: Rajeev Malagi
- 23. WATER SENSITIVE URBAN DESIGN Design Credit: Rajeev Malagi
- 24. WAY FORWARD
- 25. THANK YOU FROM WRI INDIA Vittal Boggaram Sahana Goswami Raj Bhagat V Surya Prakash Radha Chanchani
Editor's Notes
- Rapid urbanisation, by 2030, 40% of Indiaโs population will live in cities (additional 220m) 54% of India faces high to extremely high water stress. Stress, climate change challenges will impact Indiaโs GDP (global GDP). Address oncoming water crisis by assessing risk and adopting IUWM.
- CWAT new WRI initiative, model how water flows in a city, โurban hydrological cycleโ. 5 key aspects of urban hydrology โ water availability, water stress, urban risks, city sanitation and city solutions. spatial remote sensing data and non-spatial city specific data. Data analysed using GIS/RS software, Programming software and can be visualised using APIs. Dynamic and can incorporate new data to increase accuracy. Tool is built from the bottom up. Bangalore has 60+ data layers.
- Bangalore located south-central part of India, Deccan Plateau, height of 920masl, population of 10m, p. 20m by 2030. No perineal source of water, dependant on Kaveri for 90% of its water supply. Kaveri watershed is highly stressed, BWS, Forests, Erosion, Fire Risk, Urbanization, Agriculture. Water allocation to Karnataka, TN and Kerala, highly disputed, riots, Kaveri Dispute Tribunal. KDT allocated 270TMC of water to Karnataka, 17.5TMC to Bangalore. City pumps water - 100km and up-gradient 1000ft, huge energy costs, most $$. Water demand >> Supply without better management.
- Growing threats at the reginal scale due to climate change. The Karnataka State Action Plan for Climate Change indicates that by 2050: Projected change in annual rainfall in and around Bangalore will be 10-15% Projected increase in Drought in and around Bangalore will be 20-40% Projected increase in Annual Temperature is around 2C IWRM is urgently needed for the state.
- Demand calculated for human and vegetation consumption. Demand calculated on 2011 census p of 8.5million. Water demand is ~3,027MLD. Human demand is ~1,275MLD (150lpcd). 2017 p is around 10million, additional 320MLD. Sections of the city with higher demand due to vegetation.
- BWSSB a public utility, non-profit entity 90% former BMP area 225sqkm, 2007 to 800sqkm for BBMP, no supply, self provision BWSSB withdraws ~1,350MLD from Kaveri and supplies 686MLD, NRW 49.25% highest. Ave person is supplied with ~68lpcd, half of the 150lpcd mandate. Supply is intermittent and unreliable. Subsidised cost 28rs per Kila Litre for residential. Total rainfall is ~1611MLD, recharges the GW of ~244MLD. Rainwater harvesting <1% captured and used. Kaveri + rainwater is ~2961MLD which can meet total demand of 3027MLD.
- Demand supply gap, Bangalore is highly water stressed. Majority of stressed wards are outside the former BMP boundary. 2.2 million people do not have access to piped water supply. (25% of population) Self provision by groundwater extraction, buy water from private tankers, bottled water. Surface water bodies contaminated with sewage with little potential for harnessing surface-water. Not accounting for sewage generated by the city. Vegetation may be using this.
- Rapid loos of surface water bodies, ~125sqkm of surface water was lost between 1990 and 2015. encroachment, dumping of waste, contamination, excessive GW pumping, increased ET, blocked drains, reduced rainfall. Most significant loss occurred in the wider BMRDA area. Pumping of GW to meet demand depleting aquifers, GRACE data. In many parts of Bangalore, citizens drill beyond 1000ft for good yielding aquifers.
- Over extraction of groundwater. RS data obtained from the Sentinel Satellite. Period post and pre monsoon 2015-16. Subsidence is higher in less rocky regions. Subsidence ranged from 2.34cm to 3.17cm with a mean of 2.73cm. IISC GPS station gives a value of 2.4cm. Reduced potential for groundwater recharge.
- Change in cities veg was analysed 2014-17. Loss higher outside the former BMP. Positive gain around lakes due to the growth of invasive weed species. Cause for concern โ increased temp.
- Unplanned urbanization resulting in increased urban heat. Heat range 24C-38C (mean 30C). LST + OSM identify sections of the city that are most venerable to heat. Major health risk to poor who cannot afford artificial cooling. Better city planning + targeting disaster management efforts. ~2.6m > mean, 11,000 > extreme heat. ~1.5m people faced at least 1C increase in temperature.
- LST 2014-17 north, west and south-west hotter. Range is +8C to -10C Add 2C increase estimated by KSAPCC. Heat increase the rate of ET.
- Monsoon โ cities flood. Natural disasters, cyclones, more intense, unpredictable, climate change. Clean-up millions. Dynamic flood model for disaster risk management. Precipitation, time as inputs to model inundation and flow. Dynamic nature can model receding water. Run live before disasters.
- Run for Begur and Arakere Wards (p ~1,40,000). ~30,000 people (21%) will be impacted, 10cm rainfall over 5 hours of rainfall. Areas impacted shown in this static map. Model sea level rise and other disasters.
- โThe City Sanitation Watchโ a tool to spatially map critical sanitation issues. National census 2011 ~1,33,913 people OD due to lack of amenities. OD is higher in wards with no piped sewer system and poor amenities. Target specific wards for immediate intervention.
- ~2 million do not have access to piped sewer. Building individual toilets with no on-site or central sewer is waste of $$. City sanitation can only be improved by addressing the complete sanitation cycle i.e. connecting toilets to the sewer network, building sewerage treatment plants, upgrading housing, providing better infrastructure).
- Complete water balance for the city Understanding how water moves in the city, we can identify issues to fix Great potential for meeting demand by: Conserving existing natural resources like lakes, parks etc. Rainwater and surface water harvesting. Better management of urban water. Minimising leakages and NRW. Reuse of treated wastewater as a resources. Appropriate pricing of water. Policy interventions. Creating awareness.
- Waste-water reuse is <1%. BWSSB data indicates only 520MLD is treated, discharged into waterways. Treatment capacity, 14 municipal STP is 721MLD. K&C Valley STP capacity of 248MLD.
- Master Plan 2031, small town north of Bangalore, population 60,000. Next economic growth corridor, projection of 1,20,000 by 2031, Water demand to double. Semi-arid region, water sources beyond Nandi hills. Current water demand is barely met. Future water demand doubtful. Risk mapping, WRI inputs: protection of water bodies, protection of drainage networks, distribution of parks in heat islands. Provide an integrated planning approach for better decision making.
- Surface water bodies neglected and slowly dying Threats: upstream check dams, quarrying/mining, garbage disposal, groundwater pumping. IUWM approach for the lake revival (Kandhavara kere local word for lake). Lake is neglected and does not play a role in the community. Water balance for lake design. The design adopts sustainable approach - ecological, social, cultural and economic aspects.
- Final design for improving the water quantity, quality and use as public space. By encouraging public involvement, (custodians of the common resources), We can better protect our natural habitat and increase resilience in the community.
- Our approach towards achieving IUWM is by working on these 4 aspects. Undertake a risk assessment using existing tools like# and develop new city specific tools. We will explore โthe city water assessment toolโ in this session. Using the tools, we can look at city solutions like water balance, WSUD, reuse of waste from S-t-E (CE) will be discussed in Session 2. Our next steps is to increase resilience and scale up the approach to other cities.