how to develop THRC's and their importance. impact of continuous use of herbicides on crop plants if non transgenic.

1. CreditSeminar
On
Development, Role and Scope of Transgenic
Herbicide Resistant Crops
Department of Agronomy
Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour
Bhagalpur- 813 210
Presented by:
DURGESH SINGH
BAC/D/AGRO/003/2016-1711 December 2017

2. Introduction of THRC’s
• 1984, Commercially introduced in Canada through atrazine
resistant canola.
• 1995, Monsanto introduced Roundup ready soybean.
• 1996, GM foods were first put on the market in USA,
• 71% of the of GM (genetically modified) plants were herbicide
resistant. (Barber, 1999).
• 102 m ha Global biotech crop area.
• 10.3 m small and large farmers in 22 countries planted GM crops.
Conti…..11 December 2017 2

3. • Cotton and rapeseed varieties are resistant to three herbicides-
glyphosate, sulfonylurea and bromoxynil, in USA (DOWNEY 1999).
• There are 22 transgenic crops approved for commercial use in the
world till March 2008.
• In the world, herbicide resistant corn, oilseed rape, soybean and
cotton have been commercialized from many years.
• but in India only cotton crop is allowed for cultivation.
11 December 2017 3

4. Annual losses caused by different pests in India
Pest Loss in value per year
Rs. in crores Loss (%)
Weeds 1980 33
Insects 1300 26
Diseases 1000 20
Storage pest 390 8
Rodents 300 6
Other pests 300 7
Total 5270 100
Source: Vision 2050 (NRCWS Perspective plan 2014)11 December 2017 4

5. Average reduction in yields of important crops due to weeds in India
Crop Reduction in yield (%)
Rice
a) Transplanted 15-35
b) Direct seeded 30-65
c) Upland 45-90
Wheat 6-35
Maize 30-50
Millets 11-56
Sesamum 17-40
Mustard & Rapeseed 30
Groundnut 18-52
Sugarcane 15-72
Jute 56-58
Cotton 47.5
Source: DRR (2011)11 December 2017 5

6. Global and Indian pesticides use scenario
(% of total)
Global scenario of pesticide use Indian scenario of pesticide use
Source: Vision 2050 (NRCWS Perspective plan 2014)11 December 2017 6

7. Why THRC’s ?
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8. Crop Injury Symptom
11 December 2017 8

9. Wheat Crop injury by 2,4-D late application
Injury: spike distortion, spike malformation
Source : www.btny.purdue.edu/Extension/Weeds/HerbInj2/InjuryHerb1.html
11 December 2017 9

10. Source : www.btny.purdue.edu/Extension/Weeds/HerbInj2/InjuryHerb1.html
Injury: Rolled "buggy-whip" Whorl
Maize Crop injury by 2,4-D late application
11 December 2017 10

11. Soybean crop injury by Atrazine, Metribuzin
herbicide
Source: www.btny.purdue.edu/Extension/Weeds/HerbInj2/InjuryHerb1.htm
Injury: Lower leaves show chlorotic to necrotic and
in severe cases, complete death of plant
11 December 2017 11

12. Types of resistance
1. Simple/Natural resistance
2. Cross resistance
3. Multiple resistance
4. Negative cross resistance
5. Reverse resistance
6. Compound resistance
11 December 2017 12

13. What is THRC’s ?
 Process of transferring gene from one living organisms to
another to serve specific purposes is called Genetic
engineering
 The crops produced by this process is called transgenic
crops.
 If gene transfer into the crop is responsible for the herbicide
resistant then crops are called THRC’s
 Herbicide resistant refers to the inherited ability of
weeds while, modified ability of a crop.11 December 2017 13

14. Important Countries and their area (m ha ) of
biotech crops in 2006.
Rank Country Area
(m ha)
Biotech Crops
1 USA 54.6 Soybean, Maize, cotton, canola, alfalfa
2 Argentina 18.0 Soybean, Maize, cotton
3 Brazil 11.5 Soybean, cotton
4 Canada 6.1 Soybean, Maize, canola
5 India 3.8 Cotton
6 China 3.5 cotton
7 Paraguay 2.0 Soybean
Source: James (2006)
11 December 2017 14

15. 11 December 2017 15

16. Share of different cultivated THRC’s (%)
11 December 2017 16

17. Herbicide –resistant crops in the world (Das, 2015)
SN HRC’s Herbicides resisted Trademark designation Commercial status (years)
1 Canola Bromoxynil
Glufosinate-AM
Glyphosate
BXN CANOLA
LIBERTY LINK CANOLA
ROUNDUP READY RAPE
Europe 1995
Canada &Europe 1995
Canada 1997 &Europe 1998
2 Corn Glufosinate-AM
Glyphosate
Imidazolinones
Sethoxydim
LIBERTY LINK CORN
ROUNDUP READY CORN
IMI CORN
SR CORN
USA 1997
USA & Canada 1998
USA 1997
USA & Brazil 1997
3 Cotton Bromoxynil
Glufosinate-AM
Glyphosate
Sulfonylureas
BXN COTTON
LIBERTY LINK COTTON
ROUNDUP READY COTTON
19-51A COTTON
USA 1997
USA 2000
USA 1997
USA 1997
4 Rice Glufosinate-AM LIBERTY LINK RICE USA & Asia 2000-01
5 Soybean Glufosinate-AM
Glyphosate
Sulfonylureas
LIBERTY LINK SOYBEAN
ROUNDUP READY SOYBEAN
STS SOYBEAN
USA1998 & Brazil 1998
USA & Brazil 1997
USA 1993
6 Tobacco Bromoxynil
Chlorsulfuron
Asulam
BXN TOBACCO
CHLORSULFURON RES TOBACCO
ASULAM RESISTANT TOBACCO
Europe 1997-98
7 Sugerbeet Glufosinate-AM
Glyphosate
LIBERTY LINK SUGERBEET
ROUNDUP READY SUGERBEET
Europe 1999-2000
Europe 1997-98
8 Rapeseed Glyphosate GLYPHOSATE RES RAPESEED -
9 Tomato Glyphosate GLYPHOSATE RES TOMATO -11 December 2017 17

18. Crop Herbicides tolerant GM crops/plants at present
Soybeans Glyphosate, Glufosinate-ammonium
Maize Glyphosate, Imazethapyr, Sethoxydim, Glufosinate
ammonium
Alfalfa Glyphosate
Cotton Triasulfuron, Metsulfuron-methyl, Glyphosate, Glufosinate
ammonium
Canola Glyphosate, Glufosinate ammonium, Imazethapyr,
Bromoxynil, ioxynil
Rice Imazethapyr, Glufosinate ammonium
Wheat Glyphosate, Imazethapyr, Cyanamid AC299263
Tobacco Bromoxynil, ioxynil
Sugarbeet Glyphosate, Glufosinate-ammonium
Sunflower Imazethapyr
[http://www.agbios.com]
11 December 2017 18

19. Species resistant to Glycines herbicides by
top 10 crops
Source: Heap (2013)
11 December 2017 19

20. Herbicide resistant crops developed by plant
transformation
Herbicide Source of resistant-
gene
Mode of resistance Transfer in plants
Glyphosate Escherichia coli over
expression
Altered EPSPS Tobacco
Agrobacterium
tumefaciens
Over expression
tumefaciens of EPSPS
Glufosinate Streptomyces
hygroscopiues
Expression of PAT Soybean, Rapeseed
Chlorsulfuron Nicotiana tabacum ALS mutated gene Tobacco, Tomato,
Potato, Maize
Bromaxynil Klebsiella ozene Nitrilase Tobacco, Rice
Norflurazon Erwinia uredovora Enhanced carotenoid
biosynthesis
Cotton, Clover,
Rapeseed
Dalapon Pseudomonas putid Dehalogenase Tobacco
2,4-D Alcaligene eutrophus Monoxygenase Tobacco, Cotton
Phenmediphem Arthrobactor oxidens Carbonate
hydroxylase
Tobacco
Source: Kandasamy et al., (2002)
11 December 2017 20

21. How plants become Herbicide resistance
a) Exclusionary resistance mechanisms
• Herbicide uptake- reduce leaf area, waxy surface
• Translocation- Lolium rigidum show reduce translocation
• Compartmentation- storing, accumulation or sequestration
of herbicide, Lolium rigidum in Australiya
• Metabolic degradation- arylacylamidase in rice and
glutathione-s-transferase enzyme in maize plant.
b) Target site mechanisms of Resistance
• Altered molecular/cellular target of herbicide action-
Lactuca sativa to sulfonylurease
• Site of action overproduction- Alopecurus myosuroides due to
increase activity of glutathione-s-transferase (GST)11 December 2017 21

22. Development of THRC’s
11 December 2017 22

23. Identification of useful gene
The cloning of the gene into a suitable plasmid
vector
Delivery of the vector into plant cell.
11 December 2017 23

24. Development of Herbicide-Resistant crops
Traditional selective plant breeding Biotechnological techniques
In vitro mutant
Selection at the
cell or tissue
level
Somatic
Hybridization
Microspore
(gametophytic)
And seed
mutagenesis
Plant transformation
(transfer of cloned
Genes into susceptible
Plants)
11 December 2017 24

25. A gene construct consists typically of three elements:
– The promoter - an on/off switch
– The transgene - encodes selected trait
– The terminator - stop signal
In addition Marker genes for distinguishing GM from non-GM
cells during crop development may also be present
11 December 2017 25

26. 11 December 2017 26

27. 11 December 2017 27

28. Organisms shows Glyphosate resistance
1. Mutants of Salmonella typhimurium and E. coli expressed
tolerance to glyphosate e.g. tobacco, soybean.
2. Petunia hybrida (flowering plant of S. America) EPSP has been
over production in other crops.
Glyphosate-
Glyphosate is the broad spectrum herbicide that inhibit the enzyme
5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSP). This enzyme involved in
biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids in plants, exp. Cotton, soybean, corn.
A. Production of an enzyme that inactivates glyphosate.
B. Over production of EPSP enzyme.
C. Encode an EPSP enzyme that is tolerant to glyphosate.
11 December 2017 28

29. http://www.ers.usda.gov/Data/BiotechCrops/11 December 2017 29
How works Glyphosate resistant crops

30. 11 December 2017 30

31. Shikimic acid pathway
Glyphosate works by blocking the
plants' ability to produce certain
proteins and it disrupts amino acid
synthesis. It blocks the shikimic acid
pathway.
11 December 2017 31

32. 11 December 2017 32

33. Source: USDA ERS (2009)
Adoption rate of glyphosate-resistant crops in the United States.
11 December 2017 33

34. Role of THRC’s
11 December 2017 34

35. Role…….
• To adopt minimum- or no-tillage systems.
• We can replaced previously toxic herbicides with glyphosate.
• In soybean and canola crops provides superior weed management.
• Manufacturers of other herbicides for cotton and soybean have
countered with reductions in prices for their products.
(Nelson and Bullock, 2003)
• Make crops resistant to most herbicide classes
(Gressel, 2002).
• Glyphosate is rapidly degraded by soil microbes.
(Duke et al., 2003).
• No effect of glyphosate on microflora of soils in Argentina at twice
the recommended rates of the herbicide.
(Gomez and Sagardoy, 1985)11 December 2017 35

36. Adoption of GR soybean and no-till seeding in Argentina.
Source: Trigo and Cap (2006)
Role…….
11 December 2017 36

37. Number of different herbicide active ingredients and herbicide sites of action used
on at least 10% of hectares from 1995 to 2005 in soybean in the United states.
Source: Wilcut (2009)
Role…….
11 December 2017 37

38. US tillage practices in glyphosate-resistant (GR) and non-GR cotton from
2002-2006 as a percentage of hectares planted. Source: Dill et al., (2008)
Role…….
11 December 2017 38

39. US tillage practices in glyphosate-resistant (GR) and non-GR soybean
from 2002-2006 as a percentage of hectares planted. Source: Dill et al., (2008)
Role…….
11 December 2017 39

40. Income benefit from transgenic crops from
1996 to 2007
Crop Income
(US $/ha)
Yield
(million tons)
Herbicide-resistant
soybean
21.8 (Rs. 1482) 67.8
Herbicide and insect-
resistant corn
8.1 (Rs. 550) 15.1
Herbicide and insect-
resistant cotton
13.4 (Rs. 912) 6.9
Herbicide-resistant
canola
1.4 (Rs. 95) 4.4
Source: Brookes and Barfoot (2011)
11 December 2017 40

41. Crop Change in
herbicide use
(million kg)
Change in
herbicide use on
HR crops (%)
Change in
Environmental
Impact (%)
HR soybean -40.9 -2.2 -16.0
HR corn -140.3 -9.2 -10.5
HR cotton -8.9 -4.0 -6.9
HR canola -14.0 -16.2 -23.2
Environmental impact of the change of herbicide use
in herbicide resistant crops globally from 1996 to 2009
Source: Brookes and Barfoot (2011)
11 December 2017 41

42. Comparison of impacts of typical herbicide regimes for conventional, compared with glyphosate-
resistant sugarbeet in the UK and Germany in terms of energy requirements (MJ), global arming
potential [kg carbon dioxide (CO2) equivalent], and ozone depletion [kg chlorofluorocarbon
(CFC) 11 equivalent] per functional unit. Source: Bennett et al., (2004)
11 December 2017 42

43. Scope of THRC’s
11 December 2017 43

44. Scope of THRC’s in abroad
Corn:-
1. Over-the-top application of liberty (glufosinate)
herbicide.
2. Post-emergence application of Roundup (glyphosate)
and some other glyphosate-type products directly to corn.
 This system should provide broad spectrum annual and
perennial weed control in corn.
Conti…..
11 December 2017 44

45. Liberty link soybean:
• Allow over-the-top application of Liberty (glufosinate)
herbicide.
Roundup ready soybean:
• It allows over-the-top application of Roundup Ultra
(glyphosate) and some other glyphosate containing
products to soybean from cracking to flowering.
• The programme allows broad-spectrum control of many
annual and perennial grasses and broadleaf weeds in
soybean crop.
Conti….11 December 2017 45

46. • Acetohydroxy acid synthase show multiple resistant can
use in crops for utilizing this characters.
• Gene encoding a chimeric protein of rat cytochrome
P4507A1 and yeast NADPH-cytochromeP450
oxidoreductase genes for glutathione reductase and
superoxide dismutase (SOD).
11 December 2017 46

47. Results of animal feeding studies with GRCs.
Crop Animal Result Reference
Maize Rat No effect Hammond et al., 2004
Maize Swine No effect Hyun et al., 2004
Maize Cattle No effect Erickson et al., 2003
Maize Dairy cattle No effect Donkin et al., 2003
Maize Poultry No effect Sidhu et al., 2000
Soybean Rat No effect Zhu et al., 2004
Soybean Mice No effect Brake and Evenson, 2004
Soybean Swine No effect Cromwell et al., 2002
Soybean Dairy cattle No effect Hammond et al., 1996
Soybean Poultry No effect Hammond et al., 1996
Canola Poultry No effect Taylor et al., 2004
Sugarbeet Sheep No effect Hartnell et al., 200511 December 2017 47

48. The only genetically modified cash crop under commercial
cultivation in India is cotton.
Bt Cotton:
• Bt cotton is grown over 11.6 million hectares. Production of cotton
is increased from 308-550 kg/ha from 2002 – 2014.
GM-mustard:
• Dhara Mustard Hybrid-11 or DMH-11 is a GM variety of
mustard developed by the Delhi University’s Centre for Genetic
Manipulation of Crop Plants.
• We can go for other crops after research like- Maize, Rice, Wheat,
Soybean, Tobacco etc.
Scope of THRC’s in India
11 December 2017 48

49. Effect of THRC’s on productivity of cotton in India
11 December 2017 49

50. Total Cotton production of India from 2002 to 2017
11 December 2017 50

51. Source: Hunter (2014)
Effect of T.H.R. cotton on Farmers of India
11 December 2017 51

52. Why Multinational companies more
entrusted in HRCs ?
I. Designing a new herbicide based on selectivity to each
crop has not been much successful in the past.
II. More economical than develop a new herbicide.
III. Take less time and more success in genetic engineering.
IV. Marketing HRCs is more profit-driven since the
concerned MNC will sell seed and herbicide both.
V. Less risky and economical.
VI. Marketing is less competitive because it remain
exclusive business of MNC, who develop it.
11 December 2017 52

53. Advantages of HRCs towards Weed control
1. Encourage the safe use of non selective herbicide.
2. To control parasitic weeds selectively
3. To control weeds closely related to crops.
4. Reduce consumption of herbicide.
5. More simplicity and flexibility in the time of application.
6. Efficient weeds control provide higher yield.
7. Reduce total cultivation cost due to less traffic, less spraying-
soybean brought down cost of conventional herbicides from US $ 40
to $ 60 per acre to $ 20 to $ 30 per acre (Indian Rs. 2000 to 5000).
8. Useful where pre emergence application is not possible due to rain.
9. Other toxic and residual herbicide can be banned after HRCs
adopted.
10. Use of herbicides that are more environment friendly- Glyphosate
and Gluphosinate are absorb by organic matter and decomposed
readily.
11 December 2017 53

54. Limitations of biotech crops (HRCs)
1. Adopting HRCs will leads to increase dependence on single
herbicide or family.
2. It influence the genetic purity of crops.
3. May cause gene pollution and chance to develop “super weeds”.
4. Crop seed or propagules left in the field results resistant
volunteer crops.
5. Safety of GMC food is also great concern among the people.
6. Contamination of food.
7. Long time use cause limit the bio-diversity.
8. Continuous use of same herbicide may develop resistant in
weeds
9. Abandonment of IWM in course of time.
10. Possible sift in weed spp./insect pest.11 December 2017 54

55. Conclusion
11 December 2017 55

56. Any Question ?
11 December 2017 56