2. Glenohumeral Joint Hypomobility
Management
•
PROTECTION PHASE (ACUTE)
• *Control pain, edema, muscle guarding
• may use immobilization, such as a sling (temporary)
• -intermittent PROM / AAROM within pain-free ranges
• *Maintain soft tissue, joint integrity, and mobility
• PROM all planes, progress to AAROM
• Pendulum Exercises (Codman’s)- uses gravity to distract the
humeral head from the fossa (no use of weight at this phase)
• gentle muscle setting
• *Maintain Integrity and Function of Associated Areas
• -keep unaffected joints mobile (neck, elbow, wrist/hand, etc)
3. • Pendulum (Codman’s) Exercises
It is important that the patient uses the momentum from
rocking back and forth.
• No active shoulder motion! For gentle distraction (acute
weight Using a light weight causes grade III (stretching)
Motion can be side to side, clockwise, or
4. • Multiple-Angle Muscle Setting
Multi-angle muscle setting without resistance then
resisted isometrics In later phases the patient can
resistance once further healing has occurred.
5. Glenohumeral Joint Hypomobility
Management
• CONTROLLED MOTION PHASE (SUBACUTE)
• *Control pain, edema
• -PROM, progressing to AAROM (i.e. ‘wand’, ‘table top’ exercises)
• -may continue Codman’s
• *Progressively increase joint and soft tissue mobility
• -patient can be taught self-mobilization (caudal glide, anterior glide, and/or
posterior glide)
• -manual stretching by PT/PTA
• -self-stretching exercises
• *Inhibit muscle spasm and correct faulty mechanics
• -avoid “hiking the shoulder”
• -strengthen RTC to prevent impingement
• *Improve muscle performance (correct faulty spine posture if needed)
6. • Gentle joint oscillation techniques to help decrease
the muscle spasm (grade I or II).
• Sustained caudal glide joint techniques to
reposition the humeral head in the glenoid fossa.
• Protected weight bearing, such as leaning hands
against a wall or on a table, to stimulate co-
contraction of the rotator cuff and scapular
stabilizing muscles. If tolerated, gentle rocking
forward/backward and side to side requires the
muscles to begin controlling motion. Because
weight bearing causes joint compression, the
benefits of intermittent compression stimulates
synovial fluid motion. Techniques are progressed
within the tolerance of the joint
• External rotation exercises to help to depress the
humeral head.
7. Wand Exercises
• The involved extremity in this picture is the
left UE (upper extremity)Placing a towel roll
under the distal humerus decreases stress
on the anterior joint capsule by decreasing
extension at the GH (glenohumeral) joint
The motion involved in both pictures is
external (lateral) rotation.
8. Glenohumeral Joint Hypomobility
Management
• RETURN TO FUNCTION PHASE (CHRONIC STAGE)
• *Progressively Increase Flexibility and Strength
• -progressive stretching and strengthening as the tissue
tolerates
• -emphasis is on correct mechanics, safe progression, and
home exercise strategies
• -if capsular tissue is still restricting motion at this point
consult with the PT (POC may need modification, i.e. PT may
need to do joint mobilizations if they haven’t been already)
• -prepare for work or recreational activities (i.e. work
hardening)-occasionally a patient may need to undergo
manipulation under anesthesia to regain motion
10. upper Extremity Plyometrics
• Pictures depict a progression
through a plyometric scenario
Begin with patient supported
in a stable position, then
progress to standing in one
plane, followed by diagonal
patterns through short and
then full ranges of motion
Weight of the ball should
start off light and can later
become heavier as strength
progresses
11. Acromioclavicular and Sternoclavicular Joints
Related Pathologies and Etiology of Symptoms
• Overuse Syndromes
The causes may be from repeated stressful movement of the joint with
the arm at waist level, such as with grinding, packing assembly, and
construction work.
Subluxations or Dislocations.
Subluxations or dislocations of either joint are usually caused by falling
against the shoulder or against an outstretched arm
12. Common Impairments
• Pain localized to the involved joint or ligament
• Painful arc with shoulder elevation
• Pain with shoulder horizontal adduction or abduction
• Hypermobility in the joints if trauma or overuse is involved
• Hypomobility in the joints if sustained posture or immobility is
involved.
13. • Common Functional Limitations/Disabilities
• Limited ability to sustain repeated loaded movements related to
forward/backward motions of the arm, such as with grinding,
packing, assembly, and construction work.
• Inability to reach overhead without pain. Inability to serve effectively
at tennis or spike a volleyball.
14. • Nonoperative Management of AC or SC Joint Strain or Hypermobility
• Rest the joint by putting the arm in a sling to support the weight of
the arm.
• Cross-fiber massage to the capsule or ligaments.
• Maintain ROM to the shoulder and grade II traction and glides to the
glenohumeral joint to prevent glenohumeral restriction.
• Instructions in self-application of cross-fiber massage if joint
symptoms occur after excessive activity
• Nonoperative Management of AC or SC Joint Hypomobility
• Joint mobilization techniques are used to increase joint mobility
15. GH Joint Management—Postmanipulation
Under Anesthesia
• The arm is kept elevated overhead in abduction and external rotation
during the inflammatory reaction stage; treatment principles progress as
with any joint lesion.
• Therapeutic exercises are initiated the same day while the patient is still
in the recovery room, with emphasis on internal and external rotation in
the 90 (or higher) abducted position.
• Joint mobilization procedures are used, particularly a caudal glide, to
prevent readherence of the inferior capsular fold.
• When sleeping, the patient may be required to position the arm
abducted for up to 3 weeks after manipulation
16. Glenohumeral Arthroplasty
• Total Shoulder Replacement Arthroplasty (TSR)= both glenoid
and humeral surfaces are replaced
• Hemireplacement Arthroplasty (hemiarthroplasty)= one surface is
replaced
• Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty is another type, typically used
when rotator cuff integrity is compromised.
• Different ‘designs’ are used for these surgeries, may include:
unconstrained, semi-constrained, and reverse ball and socket
*each design has it’s own limitations and precautions
(***close communication with PT is crucial to be compliant with the
surgeon’s recommendations and to get the best outcomes)
- Surgeon may give therapy a set of guidelines to follow, but the
PTA should never progress a patient without consulting PT first.
17. Glenohumeral Arthroplasty
• If the rotator cuff was torn and
also needed to be repaired,
rehab will be slower and more
caution must be used
Intraoperative ROM: surgeon
“tests” the ROM of the
shoulder before suturing back
up, therapy goals are based
on these findings
(communication is very
important!)
18. indications for Surgery
• The primary indication is persistent and incapacitating pain (at rest or
with activity) secondary to GH joint destruction.
• Secondary indications include loss of shoulder mobility or stability
and upper extremity strength leading to inability to perform
functional tasks with the involved upper extremity.
19. Procedures
• The designs of current-day total shoulder replacement (TSR),
composed of a high-density polyethylene glenoid component (usually
all plastic) and a modular humeral component made of an inert
metal, closely approximate the biomechanical characteristics of the
human shoulder.
• Fixation of the prosthetic components is achieved with a press fit, bio-
ingrowth, or cement. The type of fixation selected by the surgeon
depends on the component (glenoid or humeral), the underlying
pathology, and the quality of the bone stock
20. Glenohumeral Arthroplasty
Postoperative Management
• Correct faulty posture to prevent impingement (may see
forward head / shoulder posturing)
• MAXIMUM PROTECTIONS PHASE (MAY be 4-6 weeks)
• Patient education regarding precautions and Control Pain
• Maintain mobility of adjacent joints
• Gradually restore shoulder mobility (follow guidelines for
when PROM, AAROM, etc are allowed and to what
degrees)
• Minimize muscle guarding and atrophy
21. Glenohumeral Arthroplasty
Postoperative Management
• MODERATE PROTECTION / CONTROLLED MOTION PHASE
(MAY begin around 4-6 weeks post-op and last weeks +/-)
• *emphasis is on gaining active control, dynamic stability, and
strength while continuing to increase ROM
• - PT determines when patient is ready for this phase
• PT may order use of heat before tx to increase tissue stretch
with ROM and may end with cryotherapy to decrease any
inflammation and/or pain (no heat when patient is acute post-
op)
• Gradual progression through PROM, AAROM, AROM as well as
muscle setting and isometrics, progressing to light resistance
when allowed (keep resistance exercises below 90 deg
shoulder elevation)
22. Precautions
• When progressing a therapy program, avoid exacerbation of symptoms- if
symptoms do increase, decrease the intensity of the activity or withhold the
activity altogether for now (may be able to re-address at a later time). Consult
PT!
23. Glenohumeral Arthroplasty
Postoperative Management
• RETURN TO FUNCTIONAL ACTIVITY PHASE
(MAY begin around weeks and can last several months)
• *Pain-free strengthening for dynamic stability and
functional use of the UE- PT/ MD determines when
patient is ready for this phase, generally : full PROM
(based on intraoperative ranges), AROM in the scapular
plane to at least deg. without substitutions, RTC 4/5 MMT
• Patient may have to modify or eliminate certain
functional and recreational activities indefinitely
• gradual progression through end-range self stretching,
PRE’s, weight bearing through the UE, dynamic stability,
etc.
24. Shoulder Impingement
• Primary Impingement:
Wearing of the RTC against
the acromion during
shoulder elevation
• *Supraspinatus Tendonitis
• Secondary Impingement:
• Results when there are
faulty mechanics due to
hypermobility or instability
of the GH head
25. • Faulty Posture Forward head,
increased thoracic kyphosis,
forward tilt of the scapula, IR of the
humerus Causes Muscle
Imbalances
• -tight pectoralis minor, levator
scapulae, scalenes, IRs-weak
serratus anterior or trapezius
muscles, Ers
• *Impingement occurs during UE
elevation
26. • Painful Arc Commonly seen
with impingement syndromes
Can be due to compression
tendons and/or subacromial
within the subacromial space
elevation of the humerus
27. • Supraspinatus tendinitis. With supraspinatus tendinitis, the lesion is usually near
the musculotendinous junction, resulting in a painful arc with overhead reaching.
• Pain occurs with the impingement test (forced humeral elevation in the plane of
the scapula while the scapula is passively stabilized so the greater tuberosity
impacts against the acromion.
• Infraspinatus tendinitis. With infraspinatus tendinitis, the lesion is usually near
the musculotendinous junction, resulting in a painful arc with overhead or
forward motions. It may present as a deceleration (eccentric) injury due to
overload during repetitive or forceful throwing activities.
• Bicipital tendinitis. With bicipital tendinitis, the lesion involves the long tendon in
the bicipital groove beneath or just distal to the transverse humeral ligament.
Swelling in the bony groove is restrictive and compounds and perpetuates the
problem. Pain occurs with resistance to the forearm in a supinated position while
the shoulder is flexing (Speed’s sign) and on palpation of the bicipital groove.
• Bursitis (subdeltoid or subacromial). When acute, the symptoms of bursitis are
the same as those seen with supraspinatus tendinitis. Once the inflammation is
under control, there are no symptoms with resistance.
28. Common Impairments with Rotator Cuff
Disease and Impingement Syndromes
• Some, all, or none of the following may be present.
• Pain at the musculotendinous junction of the involved muscle with palpation, with
resisted muscle contraction, and when stretched
• Positive impingement sign (forced internal rotation at 90 of flexion) and painful arc
• Impaired posture: thoracic kyphosis, forward head, and forward (anterior) tipped scapula
with decreased thoracic mobility
• Muscle imbalances: hypomobile pectoralis major and minor, levator scapulae, and
internal rotators of the GH joint; weak serratus anterior and lateral rotators
• Hypomobile posterior GH joint capsule
• Faulty kinematics with humeral elevation: decreased posterior tipping of scapula related
to weak serratus anterior; scapular elevation and overuse of upper trapezius; and
uncoordinated scapulohumeral rhythm
• With a complete rotator cuff tear, inability to abduct the humerus against gravity When
acute, pain referred to the C5 and C6 reference zones
29. Rotator Cuff Overuse and Fatigue
•
If the rotator cuff musculature or long head of the biceps fatigue from
overuse, they no longer provide the dynamic stabilizing, compressive,
and translational forces that support the joint and control the normal
joint mechanics. This is thought to be a precipitating factor in
secondary impingement syndromes when there is capsular laxity and
increased need for muscular stability.
30. • Common Functional Limitations/Disabilities
• When acute, pain may interfere with sleep, particularly when rolling
onto the involved shoulder.
• Pain with overhead reaching, pushing, or pulling.
• Difficulty lifting loads.
• Inability to sustain repetitive shoulder activities (such as reaching,
lifting, throwing, pushing, pulling, or swinging the arm).
• Difficulty with dressing, particularly putting a shirt on over the head.
31. Management: Painful Shoulder Syndromes
• Management: Protection Phase
• Control Inflammation and Promote Healing Modalities and low-intensity cross-
fiber massage are applied to the site of the lesion. While applying the modalities,
position the extremity to maximally expose the involved region.
Support the arm in a sling for rest.
• Patient Education
• Maintain Integrity and Mobility of the Soft Tissues
Passive, active-assistive, or self-assisted ROM is initiated in pain-free ranges.
• Multiple-angle muscle setting and protected stabilization exercises are initiated
• Control Pain and Maintain Joint Integrity
• Management: Controlled Motion Phase
• Once the acute symptoms are under control, the main emphasis becomes use of
the involved region with progressive, nondestructive movement and proper
mechanics while the tissues heal.
32. Modify Joint Tracking and Mobility
• Mobilization with movement (MWM) may be useful for
modifying joint tracking and reinforcing full movement
• Posterolateral glide with active elevation
• Self-Treatment. A mobilization belt provides the posterolateral glide
while the patient actively elevates the affected limb against
progressive resistance to end range.
33. Develop Balance in Length and Strength of
Shoulder Girdle Muscles
• Stretch shortened muscles
• Strengthen and train the scapular stabilizers
Scapular stabilizers typically include the serratus anterior and lower trapezius for posterior tipping
and upward rotation and the middle trapezius and rhomboids for scapular retraction. It is
important that the patient learns to avoid scapular elevation when raising the arm.
• Strengthen and train the rotator cuff muscles, especially the shoulder lateral rotators
• Develop Muscular Stabilization and Endurance
34.
35.
36. Subacromial Decompression Surgery
• Subacromial decompression also is referred to as anterior
acromioplasty or decompression acromioplasty.
• Acromioplasty, which alters the shape of the acromion, is typically,
but not always, one component of subacromial decompression.
37. • Subacromial Decompression
Surgery
Most decompression surgeries are
arthroscopically May include:
*Bursectomy (subacromial)
*Release of the coricoacromial
*Acromioplasty (resection)
*Removal of any osteophytes
• Rehab may be quicker if the RTC is
procedure is arthroscopic
38. • Rotator Cuff Arthroscopic Repair
Keep in Mind:-PROM (and later
only through “safe” (MD ordered)
pain-free
• -Later in rehab, do not allow
elevation if the patient is hiking
• -It is crucial to follow PT / MD
guidelines for ROM and allowed
prevent damaging the surgical
39. • Rotator Cuff ‘open’ Repair
Keep in Mind:
• -Overall rehab and
through the stages / phases
longer vs arthroscopic repair
• -Greater caution during
indicated for these patients
• -Follow ROM / activities
do not progress unless PT /
approves
40. Shoulder Instabilities
• GLENOHUMERAL joint hypermobility can be atraumatic or traumatic.
• Atraumatic hypermobility occur as a result of connective tissue laxity
or from microtrauma related to repetitive activities.
• Traumatic instability caused by a single or sequence of high forces
event that compromised the integrity of stabilizing structure.
• Unidirectional instability
Anterior instability
Posterior instability
• Multidirectional instability
41.
42. • Traumatic Anterior Shoulder Dislocation
• Anterior dislocation most frequently occurs when there is a blow to the humerus while it is in a position
of external rotation and abduction.
• Traumatic anterior dislocation is usually associated with complete rupture of the rotator cuff
• Neurological or vascular injuries may occur during dislocations. The axillary nerve is most commonly
injured, but the brachial plexus or one of the peripheral nerves could be stretched or compressed.
• Traumatic Posterior Shoulder Dislocation
• Traumatic posterior shoulder dislocation is less common.
• The mechanism of injury is usually a force applied to the humerus that combines flexion, adduction, and
internal rotation, such as falling on an outstretched arm.
• Recurrent Dislocations
With significant ligamentous and capsular laxity, recurrent subluxations or dislocations may occur with any
movement that reproduces the humerus positions and forces that caused the original instability
43. Common Functional Limitations/Disabilities
• With rotator cuff rupture, inability to reach or lift objects to the level of
horizontal, thus interfering with all activities using humeral elevation
• Possibility of recurrence when replicating the dislocating action With anterior
dislocation, restricted ability in sports activities, such as pitching, swimming,
serving (tennis, volleyball), spiking (volleyball)
• Restricted ability, particularly when overhead or horizontal abduction movements
are required while dressing, such as putting on a shirt or jacket, and with self-
grooming, such as combing the back of the hair
• Discomfort or pain when sleeping on the involved side in some cases
• With posterior dislocation, restricted ability in sports activities, such as follow-
through in pitching and golf; restricted ability in pushing activities, such as
pushing open a heavy door or pushing one’s self up out of a chair or out of a
swimming pool
44. Management:
• Activity restriction is recommended for 6 to 8 weeks
• The position of dislocation must be avoided when exercising, dressing, or doing
other daily activities
• Promote Tissue Health
• Increase Shoulder Mobility:Mobilization techniques are initiated using all
appropriate glides except the anterior glide. The anterior glide is contraindicated
even though external rotation is necessary for functional elevation of the
humerus.
• The posterior joint structures are passively stretched with horizontal adduction
self-stretching techniques.
• Increase Stability and Strength of Rotator Cuff and Scapular Muscles
45. • Closed Reduction of Anterior Dislocation
• Closed Reduction of Posterior Dislocation
• Shoulder Instabilities: Surgery and Postoperative Management
Indications for Surgery
The following are common indications for surgical stabilization of the GH joint.
■ Recurrent episodes of GH joint dislocation or subluxation that impair functional
activities
■ Unidirectional or multidirectional instability during active shoulder movements
that causes apprehension about placing the arm in positions of potential
dislocation, leading to compromised use of the arm for functional activities
■ Instability-related impingement (secondary impingement syndrome) of the
shoulder
■ Significant inherent joint laxity resulting in recurrent involuntary dislocation
■ High probability of subsequent episodes of recurrence of dislocation after an
acute traumatic dislocation in young patients involved in high-risk (overhead),
work-related, or sport activities
■ Dislocations associated with significant cuff tears or displaced tuberosity or
glenoid rim fractures
46. Shoulder-Bankart Lesion Repair
• Anterior shoulder dislocation usually
results from a blow to the humerus when
in abduction and ER causing damage to
the anterior GH joint capsule and likely
tearing the RTC
• this repair involves an open or arthroscopic repair
of a Bankart lesion, which is the detachment of the
capsulolabral complex from the anterior rim of the
glenoid commonly associated with traumatic
anterior dislocation
• May also have a Hill-Sachs lesion
(compression of the posterolateral edge
of the humerus
• Avoid strain to the anterior shoulder
during early rehab (very limited ER &
Extension)
47. • Shoulder SLAP Lesion /
Repair
• Involves tearing of the
Labrum, Extending Anterior
• Can have a tear of the long
Biceps
• During repair the surgeon
need to perform anterior
there is instability
48. Special Tests for Shoulder Instability
•
* Anterior
apprehension Test
for anterior
instability
• *Inferior
apprehension Test
for inferior instability
• * Impingement Test*
• + Sulcus Sign for
inferior instability
