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Codes of ethics have existed as long as human civilization to guide moral decision-making based on shared principles and values. Codes of conduct are a modern invention that focus more narrowly on regulating specific behaviors and ensuring compliance with rules through detailed provisions. While codes of ethics aim to promote ethical actions, codes of conduct take a more restrictive approach by emphasizing what should not be done rather than positive obligations.
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STEPS OF THE ETHICAL STEPS OF THE ETHICAL
DECISIONDECISION--MAKING PROCESSMAKING PROCESS
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International Center for Ethics in Business
SUMMARY OF THE STEPS OF THE
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1.
Gather the facts
2.
Define the ethical issues
3.
Identify the affected parties (stakeholders)
4.
Identify the consequences
5.
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6.
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7.
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Decide on the proper ethical action and be prepared to
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1 -
GATHER THE FACTS
Don’t jump to conclusions without the facts
Questions to ask: Who, what, where, when, how, and
why.
However, facts may be difficult to find because of the
uncertainty often found around ethical issues
Some facts are not available
Assemble as many facts as possible before proceeding
Clarify what assumptions
you are making!
2 –
DEFINE THE ETHICAL ISSUE(S)
Don’t jump to solutions without first identifying the ethical
issue(s)
in the situation.
Define the ethical basis for the issue you want to focus on.
There may be multiple
ethical issues –
focus on one
major
one at a time.
3 –
IDENTIFY THE AFFECTED PARTIES
Identify all of the stakeholders
Who are the primary
or direct stakeholders?
Who are the secondary
or indirect stakeholders?
Why are they stakeholders for the issue?
Perspective-taking
--
Try to see things through the eyes
of those individuals affected
4 –
IDENTIFY THE CONSEQUENCES
Think about potential positive
and negative
consequences for affected
parties by the decision (Focus on primary stakeholders to simplify
analysis until you become comfortable with the process).
What are the magnitude
of the consequences and the probability
that
the consequences will happen.
Short term vs. Long term consequences –
will decision be valid over
time.
Broader systemic
consequences –
tied to symbolic
and secrecy
Symbolic
consequences –
Each decision sends a message.
Secrecy
consequences –
What are the consequences if the decision
or action becomes public?
Did you consider relevant cognitive barriers/biases?
Consider what your decision
would be based only on consequences
–
then move on and see if it is similar given other considerations.
5 –
IDENTIFY THE RELEVANT PRINCIPLES,
RIGHTS, AND JUSTICE ISSUES
Obligations should be thought of in terms of principles and rights involved
A) What obligations are created because of particular ethical principles
you might use in the situation?
Examples: Do no harm; Do unto others as you would have them do
unto you; Do what you would have anyone in your shoes do in the
given context.
B) What obligations are created becaus.
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Introduction
Topics to be covered:
· Codes of Ethics and Codes of Conduct
· Principles of Ethics
· ASPA Code of Ethics
· Ethics Training
· Ethics Audits, Hotlines, Ombudsmen, and Ethics Boards
· More Methods to Encourage Ethical Behavior
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Ethics codes come in a variety of forms and titles. You may have heard of similar concepts called principles, codes of conduct, standards, tenets, rules, canons, regulations, etc. They can be aspirational or provide a very bright line definition.
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CODE OF CONDUCT
Code of conduct refers to a written set of rules that delineates the specific types of behavior that employees are expected to practice at work. This includes specifying norms for on-the-job behavior, particularly as they pertain to each job.
It is important to note that a code of ethics
and a code of conduct are not the same thing. A code of conduct is related to the code of ethics, but it is more detailed and specific. Both codes of ethics and codes of conduct are intended to supplement legal requirements and other directives that provide written guidance for how public administrators should practice ethical behavior.
Many scholars—including Cooper (2006), and Verschoor (2007)—agree that codes of ethics and codes of conduct can be useful to help instill an ethical environment in an organization. Such codes can help restore and maintain the public’s trust in government and can help establish government’s legitimacy. They also can provide public administrators with advice and direction on ethical dilemmas and can become a source of professiona.
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1.
Gather the facts
2.
Define the ethical issues
3.
Identify the affected parties (stakeholders)
4.
Identify the consequences
5.
Identify the obligations (principles, rights, justice)
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Consider your character and integrity
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Think creatively about potential actions
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Check your gut
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Decide on the proper ethical action and be prepared to
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1 -
GATHER THE FACTS
Don’t jump to conclusions without the facts
Questions to ask: Who, what, where, when, how, and
why.
However, facts may be difficult to find because of the
uncertainty often found around ethical issues
Some facts are not available
Assemble as many facts as possible before proceeding
Clarify what assumptions
you are making!
2 –
DEFINE THE ETHICAL ISSUE(S)
Don’t jump to solutions without first identifying the ethical
issue(s)
in the situation.
Define the ethical basis for the issue you want to focus on.
There may be multiple
ethical issues –
focus on one
major
one at a time.
3 –
IDENTIFY THE AFFECTED PARTIES
Identify all of the stakeholders
Who are the primary
or direct stakeholders?
Who are the secondary
or indirect stakeholders?
Why are they stakeholders for the issue?
Perspective-taking
--
Try to see things through the eyes
of those individuals affected
4 –
IDENTIFY THE CONSEQUENCES
Think about potential positive
and negative
consequences for affected
parties by the decision (Focus on primary stakeholders to simplify
analysis until you become comfortable with the process).
What are the magnitude
of the consequences and the probability
that
the consequences will happen.
Short term vs. Long term consequences –
will decision be valid over
time.
Broader systemic
consequences –
tied to symbolic
and secrecy
Symbolic
consequences –
Each decision sends a message.
Secrecy
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Did you consider relevant cognitive barriers/biases?
Consider what your decision
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–
then move on and see if it is similar given other considerations.
5 –
IDENTIFY THE RELEVANT PRINCIPLES,
RIGHTS, AND JUSTICE ISSUES
Obligations should be thought of in terms of principles and rights involved
A) What obligations are created because of particular ethical principles
you might use in the situation?
Examples: Do no harm; Do unto others as you would have them do
unto you; Do what you would have anyone in your shoes do in the
given context.
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Introduction
Topics to be covered:
· Codes of Ethics and Codes of Conduct
· Principles of Ethics
· ASPA Code of Ethics
· Ethics Training
· Ethics Audits, Hotlines, Ombudsmen, and Ethics Boards
· More Methods to Encourage Ethical Behavior
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Code of ethics refers to a written document that outlines an organization’s mission and values, explaining the ethical principles that the organization promotes based on its mission and values. It also details the standards of professional behavior that employees are expected to maintain, including how they should approach problems.
CODE OF CONDUCT
Code of conduct refers to a written set of rules that delineates the specific types of behavior that employees are expected to practice at work. This includes specifying norms for on-the-job behavior, particularly as they pertain to each job.
It is important to note that a code of ethics
and a code of conduct are not the same thing. A code of conduct is related to the code of ethics, but it is more detailed and specific. Both codes of ethics and codes of conduct are intended to supplement legal requirements and other directives that provide written guidance for how public administrators should practice ethical behavior.
Many scholars—including Cooper (2006), and Verschoor (2007)—agree that codes of ethics and codes of conduct can be useful to help instill an ethical environment in an organization. Such codes can help restore and maintain the public’s trust in government and can help establish government’s legitimacy. They also can provide public administrators with advice and direction on ethical dilemmas and can become a source of professiona.
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Codes
- 1. CODES OF ETHICS – “AS OLD AS THE WORLD” CODES OF CONDUCT – AN INVENTION OF MODERN TIMES Regulate the decision-making process Regulate activity (behaviour) Contain the principles, ethical values, and ideals that influence decision-making Provide appropriate behaviour models to be followed/ maintained in a specific position General/broad Specific/narrow Values and principles Compliance with requirements and rules Increase the probability that people will behave in a certain way Prevent certain types of conduct: conflicts of interest, gifts, abuse of power and so on Can orient public officials towards actions that have resulted in correct things for the right reasons Detailed and extensive provisions to protect employees and the reputation of public authorities Do not eliminate moral autonomy Focus on “do not do” rather than on positive obligations