2. Learning objectives:
• Understand the structure of a paragraph
• Understand the different types of sentences that constitute a
paragraph
• Know the various techniques required to construct a paragraph
• Get familiar with a feature of good paragraph
• Learn how to write description on various objects and topics
• Learn how to construct paragraphs effectively.
3. Structure of a paragraph
• A paragraph can be divided into three major parts:
Topic Sentence/ Introducer
Supporting Details/ developers
The Concluding sentence/ terminator
Topic
sentence
Developer
Terminator
4. • Topic sentence guides the readers and lets them know about what it
is all about(Main Idea).
Structural Interpretive:
It describes the shape of the argument It offers a conclusion or reaction or feeling
There are three main reasons for the inflation
rate in Indian economy at present.
There are various causes for underemployment
in urban areas.
Many communicable diseases of man are known
to be caused by micro-organisms. Some of these
micro-organisms are….
Almost 49 per cent of the children fail to
complete primary level education. In a recent
study in 11 districts of Rajasthan, it was found
that…
An introducer (Topic sentence) generally lays the foundation for the rest of the arguments to follow.
5. The sentences that aim at fulfilling the promise made by introducers are called “developers”
substantiate augment Authenticate the claim
Terminators : Sentences that wind up the discussion in a manner that is satisfying to reader and
satisfies the reader in psychological way.
6. Canada is one of the best countries in the world to live in. First, Canada has an excellent
health care system. All Canadians have access to medical services at a reasonable price.
Second, Canada has a high standard of education. Students are taught by well‐trained
teachers and are encouraged to continue studying at university. Finally, Canada's cities are
clean and efficiently managed. Canadian cities have many parks and lots of space for people to
live. As a result, Canada is a desirable place to live.
Topic sentence Developers
Terminator
7. Take away-1
• Read the following sentences and identify the introducers, developers, and terminators
1. Further, it is also important for a manger to be punctual and methodical.
2. Man is born free but he finds himself in chain everywhere.
3. To sum up, suffice it is to say that corruption has corroded our country.
4. Although there are many ways to achieve success, none of them leads to happiness.
5. But it is not possible for us to forget the sacrifice for others.
6. Poetry developed as an art form much later than drama that has its roots in religious
conventions.
7. Therefore, all we can do is just sit silently and prey.
8. Surprisingly enough, the police kept aloof throughout the incident.
9. Meanwhile, his business has started taking a downward slide.
10. Of course, there is no point in overlooking the advantages of a democratic governance.
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8. Construction of a paragraph
Narrative description Comparison and contrast
Cause and effectSustained analogy
Quotations and paraphrasing Enumeration
definition testimony
episodesFacts, figures, instances and examples
Connecting
devices
9. Features of a paragraph
Unity
coherence
Expansion
and
emphasis
Analytical paragraph
facts figures
information
Draws interferences on the basis
of these
Argumentative paragraph
Argues against the view that
is generally established Forceful and
emphatic tone
10. Read the following paragraph, try to make out where it tends to lose the
unity of thought and expression; and rewrite it making it more effective
• A life without ambition is like a train without an engine. Just as it is the
engine that drives the rain, it is human beings 'ambition that drives their
lives. By all means, ambition occupies a central position in human efforts.
Some theorists refuse to believe that ambition has crucial significance in
human life. They feel that if we want to be happy, we must have no
ambition whatsoever. They often quote the Geeta that urges us to
concentrate on work without bothering about the result. Of course, the
Geeta is the most authentic work on spirituality, teaching us invaluable
things. But it is not possible in life just to just do our work and forget about
the result of the work that we keep doing. Who would like to do a job that
doesn’t give them money or status or satisfaction? We are humans and we
need something to keep us moving. It is really not possible to agree to the
suggestion of the theorists who give no credit to ambition in human life.
11. Take away-2
• Improve the paragraph given below making it more coherent:
One of the most challenging issues of urban living is to find suitable gifts for
suitable people on suitable occasions. Suitable occasions exist in plenty and
suitable people too are quite in multitude. I don’t mean to say that suitable
gifts are in any dearth. How can they be? They are far too in abundance. In
the world of consumerism, they cannot be expected to be in any dearth! The
only thing in dearth is your ability to choose the suitable gift that suits your
pocket too. That sems to be found wanting. On the last days of the month
when mostly it looks like a flat toothpaste. The situation requires you to
squeeze it with all your might for you to manage to look presentable to
others with polished teeth and a plastic smile on your face. All this for you to
be able say suitable words to suitable people on suitable occasions with
suitable gifts in your hand.
12. Take away-3
• Construct an analytical paragraph on terrorism with the help of the
outline provided below:
Terrorism, an expressions of violent dissent –dissatisfied group –seeks
its course through coercion –creating a sense of fear – reckless killings
– hijacking and blowing of aircraft –Government’s indulgence –cross-
boarder terrorism –weakens the country.
