2. Index
Anatomy of Hip Joint
Fracture femur neck
Aetiology
Mechanism of Injury
Classification
Clinical features
Investigations
Treatment
Complications
Conclusions
3. What is a femoral neck
fracture?
A fracture through the intra articular part of the femoral neck is
usually referred to by the term femoral neck fracture.
Another term is intracapsular proximal femoral fracture. About
80% of these fractures are displaced.
Hip fractures comprise 20% of the operative workload of an
orthopedic trauma unit.
Intracapsular femoral neck fractures account for 50% of all hip
fractures
The lifetime risk
women 40% to 50%
men 13% to 22%
Age
occur most frequently in elderly female patients
They are uncommon in patients younger than 60 years
5. ANATOMY OF NECK OF
FEMUR
Neck connects head with
shaft and is about 3.7 cm
long.
It makes angle with the shaft
130+/- 7 degree( less in
female due to their wider
pelvis).It facilitate movements
of hip joint.
It is strengthened by calcar
femorale (bony thickening
along its concavity).
6. ANATOMY OF NECK OF
FEMUR
2 borders and 2 surfaces
Upper border –concave and horizontal meets the shaft
at greater trochanter.
Lower border – straight and oblique meet the shaft at
lesser trochanter.
Anterior surface- flat .meet shaft at intertrochanteric
line . Entirely intra capsular.
Posterior surface- convex from above downwards and
concave from side to side.meets shaft at
intertrochanteric crest.it is crossed by horizontal groove
for tendon of obturator externus.
7. Anatomical factors
The structure of the head and neck of femur is
developed for the transmission of body weight efficiently,
with minimum bone mass, by appropriate distribution of
the bony trabeculae in the neck.
The tension trabeculae and compression trabeculae
along with the strong calcar femorale on the medial
cortex of the neck of the femur form an efficient system
to withstand load bearing and torsion under normal
stresses of locomotion and weight bearing.
In old age, osteoporosis of the region occurs. The
incidence of fracture neck of femur is higher in old age.
9. Anatomy of Hip Joint
The hip is a synovial joint with wide range of rotational motion
and stability
Stability is conferred by its ball and deep socket configuration,
acetabular labrum, a strong joint capsule, articular cartilage,
and surrounding muscle
12. Blood supply Of NOF
Crock described the arteries of
the proximal end of the femur in
three groups
(a) an extracapsular arterial ring
located at the base of the femoral
neck;
(b) ascending cervical branches
of the extracapsular arterial ring
on the surface of the femoral
neck (known as retinacular
arteries)
(c) the arteries of the ligamentum
teres
13. Blood supply Of NOF
a) The extracapsular arterial ring is formed posteriorly
by a large branch of the medial femoral circumflex
artery and anteriorly by branches of the lateral femoral
circumflex artery .The superior and inferior gluteal
arteries also have minor contributions to this ring
b) The ascending cervical arteries can be divided into
four groups (anterior, medial, posterior, and lateral)
based on their relationship to the femoral neck.lateral
group provides most of the blood supply to the femoral
head and neck.
15. Blood supply Of NOF
c) The artery of the
ligamentum teres is a
branch of the obturator or
the medial femoral
circumflex artery only small
& variable amount of
femoral head is nourished
by artery of ligamentum
teres.
17. Developmental anatomy
Proximal femur has single physis at birth
Separates into two distinct centers of ossification
capital ephiphysis
trochantric apophysis
Ossification of femoral ephiphysis between 4 to 6 months
Ossific nucleus of greater trochanter appears at 4 years
18. Developmental anatomy
Lesser trochanter at 10 years
Trochanteric physis growth arrest at 16-18 years
Proximal femoral physis at 18 years
Neck shaft angle is 135 degree at birth, 145
degree at 1 to 3 years
Gradually matures to 130 degrees at skeletal
maturity
Femoral anteversion is 30 degrees at birth and
ranges to 10.4 degrees at skeletal maturity
20. MECHANISM OF INJURY
Low-energy trauma (most common in older
patients)
- Direct: A fall onto the greater trochanter
(valgus impaction) or forced external rotation of the
lower extremity impinges an osteoporotic neck onto
the posterior lip of the acetabulum (resulting in
posterior comminution).
- Indirect: Muscle forces overwhelm the
strength of the femoral neck
21. MECHANISM OF INJURY
High-energy trauma- accounts for femoral
neck fractures in both younger and older
patients, such as motor-vehicle accident or
fall from a significant height.
Cyclical loading-stress fractures: These
are seen in athletes, military recruits, ballet
dancers; patients with osteoporosis and
osteopenia are at particular risk.
25. CLASSIFICATION
PAUWEL
This is based on the angle of fracture from the
horizontal
Type I: 30 degrees
Type II: 50 degrees
Type III: 70 degrees
26. CLASSIFICATION
As the fracture progresses from type 1 to type 3, the obliquity of
the fracture fracture line increases, thus the shear force at the
fracture site increases
27. CLASSIFICATION
GARDEN
This is based on the degree of valgus displacement
Type I: Incomplete/valgus impacted
Type II:Complete and nondisplaced on AP and lateral
views
Type III:Complete with partial displacement; trabecular
pattern of the femoral head does not line up with that of
the acetabulum
Type IV:Completely displaced; trabecular pattern of the
head assumes a parallel orientation with that of the
acetabulum
28.
29.
30.
31. OrthopaedicTrauma Association
(OTA) Classification
B1 group fracture is nondisplaced to
minimally displaced subcapital fracture
B2 group includes transcervical fractures
through the middle or base of the neck
B3 group includes all displaced
nonimpacted subcapital fractures
32.
33. PAEDIATRIC NECK FEMUR #
(PROXIMAL FEMUR)
DELBET’S CLASSIFICATION
TYPE 1: TRANSEPIPHYSEAL
1A : HEAD WITHIN ACETABULUM
I B : HEAD OUTSIDE ACETABULUM
TYPE 2 : TRANSCERVICAL
TYPE 3 : CERVICOTRONCHANTERIC
TYPE 4: PERTROCHANTERIC
34.
35. Diagnosis
History
Most patients will have a history of a simple, low-
energy fall
2% to 3% of cases, there is no history of trauma
25% to 30% of older patients there is cognitive
impairment and there may be an unreliable history
An acute medical event or deterioration of a
preexisting condition may have contributed to the
fall causing the hip fracture, and this possibility
should always be considered
36.
37. PATHO-ANATOMY
Most fracture are displaced with distal fragment
Externally rotated,
Adducted, and
Proximal migrated.
THIS IS MAINLY DUE TO GLUTEUS MAXIMUS, SHORT
EXT. ROTATORS AND ADDUCTORS
Displacement are less marked than intertrochanteric
fracture because the capsule of hip joint is attached to distal
fragment
38. Pain is evident on range of hip motion, with
possible pain on axial compression and
tenderness to palpation of the groin.
Tenderness over Scarpa`s triangle
Active SLR not possible
39.
40. DIAGNOSIS
Situations in which femoral neck fracture may be missed-
Stress fractures- elderly patient with unexplained pain in the
hip should be considered to have stress fracture until proven
otherwise.
Undisplaced fracture-impacted fracture may be difficult to
visualise on plain x-ray.
Painless fracture-a bed ridden patient may develop a silent
fracture.
Multiple fractures-patient with a femoral shaft fracture may
also have a hip fracture which is easily missed unless the
pelvis is x rayed.
41. RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION
An anteroposterior (AP) view of the pelvis
both hip in 15 internal rotation and a cross-
table lateral view of the involved proximal
femur are indicated
Technetium bone scan or preferably magnetic
resonance imaging may be of clinical utility in
delineating nondisplaced or occult fractures
that are not apparent on plain radiographs.
43. Modified Rolled Lateral Hip
The patient is positioned
as shown above with a
slightly raised knee (15-20
degrees) and a smaller
cephalic tube angle (15-20
degrees).
44.
45. Shenton's Line
Shenton's line is a line formed by the inferior
aspect of the superior pubic ramus and the medial
aspect of the upper femur. Shenton's line should
describe a smooth curve. If there is any sharp
angulation of Shenton's line the patient could have
a neck of femur fracture. An abnormal Shenton's
line can be the most obvious indicator of a
patient's fractured neck of femur demonstrated on
an AP pelvis /hip image.
46.
47. COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
Because of its superior resolution, cross-
sectional capabilities, and amenability to
image reconstruction in the coronal and
saggittal planes,
Useful for assessing fracture comminution
preoperatively and in determining the extent
of union (or lack there of) postoperatively.
48. MRI
In cases of doubtful diagnosis
MRI may be useful additional
modality.
Can also show soft tissue
problems associated with hip
pain in absence of fracture.
Limitations
Relative lack of widespread
availability
Its higher costs
Exclusion of patients with
cardiac pacemakers
49. Nuclear Medicine
In past technititium bone scan was used in
situations when plane radiography not able to
show fracture.
Usually show positive result in fracture neck
femur.
False negative results in osteopenic bone if
carried out within 48-72 hrs of injury.
Sensitive but not specific
CT scan is more accurate
50. TREATMENT
Goals of treatment are
to minimize patient discomfort,
restore hip function,
allow rapid mobilization by obtaining early
anatomic reduction and stable internal fixation
or prosthetic replacement.
51. METHODS OF FIXATION
CANNULATED SCREW FIXATION
DYNAMIC HIP SCREW
HEMIARTHROPLASTY
TOTAL HIP ARTHROPLASTY
52. DECISION MAKING
Undisplaced Fractures :
CC Screw fixation
Displaced Fractures :
ORIF with CC Screws , Dynamic Hip
Screw , Hemiarthroplasty
Age
Less than 65 years : preserve head with
ORIF
More than 65 years : Hemiarthroplasty.
53. TREATMENT
In children
Close reduction and Hip spica.
If not reduced then ORIF with Moore`s pins.
Adults
Impacted or garden type 1 & 2
Non-operative Treatment- bed rest for elderly
person whose medical condition carries an
excessively high risk of mortality from anesthesia
and surgery
54. Operative Treatment-
include the following
- Internal fixation with
multiple cancellous
cannulated screws.(preffered
treatment)
- Sliding hip screw
55.
56. Advantages of DHS-
1) biomechanical strength
greater than multiple cancellous
screws.
2) minimization of risk of
subsequent subtrochanteric
fracture secondary to a stress riser
effect.
3) placement of
compression across the fracture at
the time of reduction
57. Disadvantages-
1) stabilization include a larger surgical
exposure
2) potential to create rotational
malalignment of the femoral head at the time of
screw insertion.
58. age more than 60 years
normal hip Hemiarthroplasty
HEMIARTHROPLASTY
1.Austin moore prosthesis
2.Thompson prosthesis
3.Bipolar
59. Indications for hemiarthroplasty
Comminuted, displaced femoral neck fracture
in the elderly
Pathologic fracture
Poor medical condition
Poorer ambulatory status before fracture
Neurologic condition (dementia, ataxia,
hemiplegia, parkinsonism)
63. Advantages of Hemiarthroplasty over open
reduction and internal fixation :
1) It may allow faster full weight bearing
2) It eliminates nonunion, osteonecrosis,
failure of fixation risks .
Disadvantages:
1) It is a more extensive procedure with
greater blood loss
2) A risk of acetabular erosion exists in active
individuals
64.
65. Total hip replacement
Indications
1.Pre existing acetabular disease
osteoarthritis,
rheumatoid arthritis,
severe osteoporosis
pathologic conditions with
acetabular involvement such as
Paget's disease
2.Displaced fracture in old age
>60yrs
3.Avasular necrosis of femoral head
4.Neglected fracture
69. NON UNION
Absence of cambium layer of periosteum.
fracture heals through endosteal callus
Diminished blood flow
Synovial fluid washes away the hematoma
formation
Shearing and distraction forces
70. TREATMENT OF NON
UNION
YOUNG AGE:
1.Mc-murray’s osteotomy
2.Pauwel’s Y osteotomy
3.Valgus osteotomy
OLD AGE:
1.Prosthetic replacement