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Paediatric leukemia
1. m/c childhood malignancy
31 % of all cancer in children <15 Yr of age
Incidence 4.5 cases per 100,000 children
Dr Chandan Barnwal MD
(Pediatrics)
2. Define and classify leukemia
Understand the etio-pathogenesis and it`s
Clinical manifestations
Able to list down the laboratory
investigations required for diagnosis
Understand the basic management of
leukemia
Dr Chandan Barnwal MD
(Pediatrics)
3. Group of malignant disease
in which
genetic abnormalities in a hematopoietic cell
give rise to an
unregulated & clonal proliferations of cells.
Dr Chandan Barnwal MD
(Pediatrics)
6. 1. ALL:- m/c i.e. 77% of all childhood leukemia
:- 2 types:- B-ALL & T-ALL
2. AML:- 11%
3. CML:- 2-3%
4. JMML:-1-2%
Sales
ALL
AML
CML
JMML
Dr Chandan Barnwal MD
(Pediatrics)
7. Etiology remains unclear in majority of cases
Most cases are d/t post conceptional somatic
mutations
Pathogenesis:-
Genetic aberrations (mostly acquired)
Translocation / Inversion
Disrupt genes encoding for factors needed
for
Normal differentiation of Hematopoietic
cell
Dr Chandan Barnwal MD
(Pediatrics)
8. Continue…
e.g.
t(8;21) or and i(6)
Chimeric gene
New protein
Block in differentiation
Proliferation of undifferentiated
blast
BUT
Replication rate is slower than
normal blast
Dr Chandan Barnwal MD
(Pediatrics)
12. 1st disseminated cancer shown to be curable
epidemiology:-
Incidence:- 2400 per year in children <15
years
peak age b/w 2-3 YOL
Male > female
Dr Chandan Barnwal MD
(Pediatrics)
13. 1. FAB classification
2. WHO classification:-
based on immuno-phenotype
now most acceptable classification
Dr Chandan Barnwal MD
(Pediatrics)
14. ALL- L1, ALL-L2, ALL-L3
ALL-L1:-
1. m/c i.e. 80-85%
2. Small cell with scanty cytoplasm
3. Small and inconspicous nucleoi
4. Variable cytoplasmic vacuolation
5. Variable basophilic cytoplasm
Dr Chandan Barnwal MD
(Pediatrics)
15. Continue..
ALL-L2:-
1. Large cell with variable cytoplasm
2. One or more nucleoli
3. Variable basophilic cytoplasm
4. Variable cytoplasmic vacoulation
Dr Chandan Barnwal MD
(Pediatrics)
16. Continue…
ALL-L3:-
1. Large cell with moderately abundant
cytoplasm
2. One or more and often prominent nucleoli
3. Prominent cytoplasmic vacuolation
4. Intense basophilic cytoplasm
Dr Chandan Barnwal MD
(Pediatrics)
17. Precursor B-cell, T-cell, Mature B-cell
Precursor B- cell:-
1. m/c i.e. 80-85 %
2. CD10, CD19, CD20, CD18, CD79a, HLA-DR
are positive
3. CD10 is k/a common ALL antigen
4. if CD10 positive:-favourable prognosis
Dr Chandan Barnwal MD
(Pediatrics)
18. Continue…
T cell ALL:-
1. 15 %
2. CD3, CD7, CD2 or CD5 are positive
3. mainly in older age children
4. a/w mediastinal mass, CNS involvement
Dr Chandan Barnwal MD
(Pediatrics)
19. Continue…
Mature B cell- ALL
1. 1-2%
2. CD19, CD20, CD21 & sIg are positive
3. Correlates with L3 leukemia
4. needs intensified regimens
Dr Chandan Barnwal MD
(Pediatrics)
21. Continue…
As disease progresses
1. Signs & symptoms of B/M failure:-
Pallor
Fatigue
Exercise intolerance
Bruising, Epistaxis
Fever- may be caused by secondary infection
Bone pain but tenderness may not be elicited
Dr Chandan Barnwal MD
(Pediatrics)
22. Continue…
2. Signs of organ infiltration:-
a> Hepato-splenomegaly
b> Lymphadenopathy
c> CNS involvement-
Cranial neuropathies,
Headache,
Seizure,
Papilloedema
Retinal hemorrhage
,
Dr Chandan Barnwal MD
(Pediatrics)
23. d> Respiratory distress:-
d/t anemia or airway compression
by
ant mediastinal mass e.g.
Thymus
Mediastinal LN
Dr Chandan Barnwal MD
(Pediatrics)
24. 11 % of all childhood leukemia
More in adolescence
36 % in 15-19 years old
Incidence of all types of AML are uniform
except
Acute Pro-Myelocytic leukemia is more
common in some regions
Dr Chandan Barnwal MD
(Pediatrics)
25. Cellular classification:-
> 25 % blast cell in B/M
with
Early differentiation states of the
myeloid-monocyte-megakaryocyte series of
blood cells
WHO classification:-
Recent classification system
Consider morphology,
chromosome
abnormalities,
gene mutations
Dr Chandan Barnwal MD
(Pediatrics)
26. WHO classification:-
1. AML with recurrent genetic abnormalities:-
a> Good prognosis:- t(2;21), t(15;17), i(10)
b> Bad prognosis:- t(6;9), d(11q23)
2. AML with myelodysplasia related changes:-
Bad prognosis
3. AML not otherwise specified:-
Dr Chandan Barnwal MD
(Pediatrics)
27. Continue..
4. Therapy related myeloid neoplasm:-
Bad prognosis
5. Myeloid sarcoma:-
Bad prognosis
6. Myeloid proliferations related to Down
syndrome:-
Good prognosis
7. Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell
neoplasm:-
Dr Chandan Barnwal MD
(Pediatrics)
28. FAB classification:-
M0:- Undifferentiated AML
M1:- AML with minimal differentiation
M2:- AML with maturation
m/c
t(8;21)
good prognosis
M3:- Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia
t(15;17)
good prognosis
Faggets- bundle of Aeur rod
Dr Chandan Barnwal MD
(Pediatrics)
29. Continue…
M4:- Acute Myelomonocytic Leukemia
2nd m/c
inversion of chromosome 16
good prognosis
M5:- Acute Monoblastic Leukemia
t(9;11)
M6:- Acute Erythroblastic Leukemia
M7:- Acute Megakaryoblastic Leukemia
a/w Down syndrome
Dr Chandan Barnwal MD
(Pediatrics)
30. C/F of AML:-
Signs & symptoms of B/M failure similar to ALL
+
1. Blueberry muffin:-
Bluish-Purplish subcutaneous nodule
specially AML-M4, M5
Dr Chandan Barnwal MD
(Pediatrics)
31. Continue..
2. DIC:-
Specially Acute Promyelocytic leukemia
3. Chloroma:-
Extramedullary manifestations of AML
Diagnosed by Tissue biopsy
k/a Granulocytic sarcoma
Dr Chandan Barnwal MD
(Pediatrics)
32. Continue…
4. Higher incidence of infection
5. Lymphadenopathy & Hepatosplenomegaly is
not common
6. More CNS infiltration:-
mostly in M4 & M5
Dr Chandan Barnwal MD
(Pediatrics)
33. 2-3 % of childhood leukemia
Philadelphia chromosome is charasteristic
C/F:-
Non-specific:-
fever,
fatigue,
weight loss,
Anorexia
spleenomegaly:- pain abdomen
Dr Chandan Barnwal MD
(Pediatrics)
34. Cotinue…
Initial Chronic phase (Blast<10%) of 3-4 years
Followed by Accelerated phase (Blast 10-19%)
Followed by Blast crisis phase (Blast >20%)
C/F of Blast phase = AML,
rapidly involves CNS in Blast phase
Dr Chandan Barnwal MD
(Pediatrics)
35. Continue..
Investigations:-
Leucocytosis with Myeloid cell
at
all stage of differentiation
Mild anemia
Thrombocytosis
Diagnosis confirmed by Philadelphia
chromosome
Dr Chandan Barnwal MD
(Pediatrics)
36. Treatment:-
Imatinib:-
Inhibits BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase
Respone in >70% patient of adult
Safety and efficacy = adults
Dasatinib:-
2nd gen of Imatinib
Better response
Hydroxyurea:-
If life threatening C/F
Make leucocyte count normal
HSCT
Dr Chandan Barnwal MD
(Pediatrics)
37. Formerly k/a Juvenile CML
Philadelphia chromosome is absent
Child <2 years of age
Mutation in RAS oncogene pathway
Risk factors:-
NF-1,
Noonan syndrome
Dr Chandan Barnwal MD
(Pediatrics)
43. 15-20 times increased risk
Risk of ALL & AML = General population BUT
for first 3 years of life- AML > ALL
Prognosis:-
ALL:- inferior to general population
AML:- better than general population
Methotrexate is very effective
Dr Chandan Barnwal MD
(Pediatrics)
44. Transient leukemia
Usually resolve within 1st 3 month of life
10% of newborn with Down syndrome
Features:-
Leucocytosis
Anemia & Thrombocytopenia
Blast cell at PBS
Hepato-Spleenomegaly
Dr Chandan Barnwal MD
(Pediatrics)
45. Continue…
Management:-
Temporary Blood Transfusion
No chemotherapy unless life threatening
events
Close follow up
20-30% develop acute leukemia by 3 years
of life
Dr Chandan Barnwal MD
(Pediatrics)