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I N T E G R A L I
 Integrale Indefinito
Assegnata una funzione continua , ogni , tale che)(xf )(xF )()( xfxF  ( e quindi più in generale anche cxF )( ),
si dice integrale indefinito o primitiva di .)(xf
Si dimostra, poi, che si il legame tra l’integrale indefinito e quello definito è,
 
b
a
aFbFdxxf )()()(
 Proprietà degli integrali
 Linearità dell’integrale
 Integrale della somma di due funzioni
    
b
a
b
a
b
a
dxxgdxxfdxxgxf )()()()(
 Integrale del prodotto di una costante per una funzione
 
b
a
b
a
dxxfcdxxfc )()(
 Additività dell’integrale rispetto all’intervallo
Talvolta risulta più semplice suddividere l’intervallo di integrazione  ba, in più parti,
 bacdxxgdxxfdxxf
b
c
b
a
c
a
,)()()(   
 0)( 
a
a
dxxf )()()( badxxfdxxf
a
b
b
a
 
 Integrazione immediata
1
1
1








C
x
dxx Cxdx
x
 ln
1
Cdx 
xx
ee C
a
a
dxa  ln
x
x
Cxdxx  sincos Cxdxx  cossin
CxCxdx
x


 arccosarcsin
1
1
2
Cxdx
x

 arctan
1
1
2
Cxdx
x
 tan
cos
1
2
Cxdx
x
 cot
sin
1
2
Cxdxx  coslntan Cxdxx  sinlncot
Cxdxx  coshsinh Cxdxx  sinhcosh
Cxdx
x
 tanh
cosh
1
2
Cxdx
x
 coth
sinh
1
2
Cxdxx  coshlntanh Cxdxx  sinhlncoth
  CxxCxdx
x


 1lncoshsett
1
1 2
2
  CxxCxdx
x



2
2
1lnsinhsett
1
1
C
x
x
Cxdx
x









 1
1
ln
2
1
sett tanh
1
1
2
 Integrazione di funzioni composte
    1
1
)(
)()(
1




 



C
xf
dxxfxf Cxfdx
xf
xf


 )(ln
)(
)(
    Cxfdxxfxf  )(sin)()(cos    Cxfdxxfxf  )(cos)()(sin 
Cdxxf xfxf

)()(
e)(e C
a
dxxf
xf
xf
 ln
a
)(a
)(
)(
    Cxfdxxfxf  )(cosh)()(sinh    Cxfdxxfxf  )(sinh)()(cosh 
 
  Cxfdx
xf
xf



 )(arcsin
)(1
)(
2
 
  Cxfdx
xf
xf



 )(arccos
)(1
)(
2
 
  Cxfdx
xf
xf


 )(tanh
)(cosh
)(
2
 
  Cxfdx
xf
xf



 )(arctan
)(1
)(
2
 
  Cxfdx
xf
xf


 )(tan
)(cos
)(
2
 
  Cxfdx
xf
xf


 )(cot
)(sin
)(
2
 
  Cxfdx
xf
xf


 )(coth
)(sinh
)(
2
Cxfdxxfxf  )(cosln)()(tan
Cxfdxxfxf  )(sinln)()(cot Cxfdxxfxf  )(coshln)()(tanh
Cxfdxxfxf  )(sinhln)()(coth
 Casi particolari di Integrazione
Integrazione per semplici trasformazioni dell’integrando
 dx
1
xa 22
carcoscarcsin
1
1
1
1111
22
2
22
22







































 a
x
a
x
dx
a
x
x
a
x
dx
a
xa
dx
a
xa
a
dx
xa
a
a
 dx
xa 22
1
 
carctan
1
1
11
1
111
1
11
222
222
2
2































































 a
x
a
dx
a
x
x
a
xa
dx
a
xaa
dx
a
x
a
dx
xa
a
a
 dx
1
ax 22
csinhsett
1
1
1
1111
22
2
22
22































 a
x
dx
a
x
x
a
x
dx
a
xa
dx
a
ax
a
dx
ax
a
a
 dx
1
ax 22
ccoshsett
1
1
1
1111
22
2
22
22































 a
x
dx
a
x
x
a
x
dx
a
xa
dx
a
ax
a
dx
ax
a
a
 dx
xa 22
1
 
csett tanh
1
1
11
1
111
1
11
222
222
2
2































































 a
x
a
dx
a
x
x
a
xa
dx
a
xaa
dx
a
x
a
dx
xa
a
a
   dx
x
x
n
ln
      c
1
lnln
ln
1






 n
x
dx
x
x
x
n
n
   dx
x
x
n
ln
       1c
1
lnln
ln
1







 n
n
x
dx
x
x
x
n
n
   dxxx
n
cossin       c
1
sinsin
sin
1






 n
x
dx
x
x
x
n
n
   dxxx
n
sincos       c
1
coscos
cos
1







 n
x
dx
x
x
x
n
n


 dx
x
x
n
1
n 1
    c1
2
1
2
1
11)1(
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
11


























n
nn
n
n
n
x
n
x
n
dx
x
x
x
n
dx
x
nx
n




dx
x
x
n
n
2
1
1    
  carcsin
1)(
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1








n
n
n
n
n
n
x
n
dx
x
x
x
nx
n
dx
x
nx
n
Integrazione per decomposizione in somma
   dxx kh ck
2
hkh
2
  x
x
dxdxx



 dx
x
x
nm
kh   










  dx
x
dxdx
x
x
dx
x
x
dx
x
x
nm
1
m
hn-mk
1
m
h
nm
hn-mknmh
m
1
nm
mkhn-hnmh
m
1
nm
mkmh
m
1
  cnmln
m
hn-mk
m
hnm
nm
1
m
1
m
hn-mk
m
h
nm
m
m
1
m
hn-mk
m
h
2






  xxdx
x
x
x
xdx
x
x
c
n
m
arctan
mn
1n
m
1
n
m
1
mn
1
1
n
m
n
m
m
n
n
1
1
n
m
1
n
1
1
n
m
1
n
1
222
2
















































 xdx
x
x
x
dx
x
dx
x
dx
x
 

dx
x nm
1
2



 dx
x
x
nm
kh
2 c
n
m
arctan
mn
k
nmln
m2
h
nm
1
k
nm
m2
m2
h
nm
1
k
nm
h 2
2222
















    xxdx
x
dx
x
x
dx
x
dx
x
x
0q4p
qp
1
2
2


caso
dx
xx
   
     
        
 
 
 
c
pq4
p2
arctan
pq4
hpk2
qpln
2
hpq4
p2
pq4
p2
1
1
pq4
hpk2
qpln
2
h
0q4p
qp
1
2
hpk2
qpln
2
h
qp
1
p
h
2k
2
h
qp
p2
2
h
qp
h
k
2p-p2
2
h
qp
h
k
22
2
h
qp
h
k
h
qp
kh
c
pq4
p2
arctan
pq4
2pq4
p
pq4
2
pq4
p2
1
1
pq4
2
pq4
p2
1
pq4
2
pq4
pq4
2
1
pq4
p2
2
pq4
2
pq4p2
pq4
pq4
2
2
pq4p2
4
0
4
pq4
4
p
0
4
q4p
4
p2
4
q4p
2
p
2
q4p
2
p
2
q4p
2
p
2
q4pp
22
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
222222
22
22
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
22
22
2
222
2222222
2,1
22
2,1
































































































































































x
xxdx
x
x
x
xx
con
dx
xx
xx
dx
xx
dx
xx
x
dx
xx
x
dx
xx
x
dx
xx
x
dx
xx
x
x
dx
x
x
x
dx
x
dx
x
dx
x
dx
x
xx
xx
x
0q4p
qp
1
2
2


caso
dx
xx
 
 
      
 
c
pq4
p2
sett tanh
pq4
k2hp
qpln
2
hpq4
p2
pq4
p2
1
1
pq4
hpk2
qpln
2
h
0q4p
qp
1
2
hpk2
qpln
2
h
qp
1
p
h
2k
2
h
qp
p2
2
h
qp
h
k
2p-p2
2
h
qp
h
k
22
2
h
qp
h
k
h
qp
kh
c
q4p
p2
sett tanh
q4p
2q4p
p2
q4p
p2
1
1
q4p
2
1
q4p
p2
q4p
2
q4p
q4p
2
q4pp2
q4p
q4p
2
2
0
4
q4p
4
p2
4
q4p
2
p
2
q4p
2
p
2
q4p
2
p
2
q4pp
22
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
222222
22
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
22
2
2
22222
2,1
22
2,1


















































































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


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


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

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























































x
xxdx
x
x
x
xx
con
dx
xx
xx
dx
xx
dx
xx
x
dx
xx
x
dx
xx
x
dx
xx
x
dx
xx
x
x
dx
x
x
x
dx
x
dx
x
x
xx
x
0q4p
qp
kh
2
2




caso
dx
xx
x
 
c
2
p
1
2
hp
k
2
p
lnhc
12
2
p
2
hp
k
2
p
ln
2
h
2
p
1
p
h
2k
2
h
2
p
2
p
2
2
h
2
p
h
2k
pp2
2
h
2
p
h
k
22
2
h
2
p
h
k
h
0
4
p2
0
2
p
2
p
2
q4pp
12
2
22222
22
2
2,1











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





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
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
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
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



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





















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






























x
x
x
x
dx
x
dx
x
x
dx
x
x
dx
x
x
dx
x
x
x
x
x
Integrazione delle funzioni razionali
Quando abbiamo una funzione che sia il rapporto di due polinomi  xP , di grado m, e  xQ , di grado n, detta razionale, cioè
 
 



 



nm
bxbxbxb
axaxaxa
xQ
xP
n
n
n
n
m
m
m
m
,
...
...
01
1
1
01
1
1
Se si effettua la divisione tra polinomi ottenendo due polinomi: il quozientenm   xS e il resto ,naturalmente con il grado del
polinomio inferiore a quello di
 xR
 xR  xQ . Volendo calcolare l’integrale indefinito della funzione razionale, otteniamo
 
 
   
   dx
xQ
xR
dxxSdx
xQ
xP
 xS è un polinomi dunque la sua integrazione è immediata. Mentre l’integrazione indefinita delle funzioni razionali del tipo
 
 xQ
xR
sarà
affrontata con dei casi generali.
 
 
 dx
xQ
xR
dx
xx
x
 

qp
kh
2
0q4p2
caso
Il polinomio ammette radici reali e distinte xQ 1 e 2 , lo si scompone quindi:   21
2
qp   xxxx . In questa forma è
possibile trovare due costanti e tali che si ottiene,1A 2A
   
  21
122121
2
2
2
1
1
2
qp
kh
qp
kh


 











xx
AAxAA
xx
x
x
A
x
A
xx
x
per il principio di identità dei polinomi


  21 AA

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Formulario integrali proprietà e alcuni integrali particolari (mia)

  • 1. I N T E G R A L I  Integrale Indefinito Assegnata una funzione continua , ogni , tale che)(xf )(xF )()( xfxF  ( e quindi più in generale anche cxF )( ), si dice integrale indefinito o primitiva di .)(xf Si dimostra, poi, che si il legame tra l’integrale indefinito e quello definito è,   b a aFbFdxxf )()()(  Proprietà degli integrali  Linearità dell’integrale  Integrale della somma di due funzioni      b a b a b a dxxgdxxfdxxgxf )()()()(  Integrale del prodotto di una costante per una funzione   b a b a dxxfcdxxfc )()(  Additività dell’integrale rispetto all’intervallo Talvolta risulta più semplice suddividere l’intervallo di integrazione  ba, in più parti,  bacdxxgdxxfdxxf b c b a c a ,)()()(     0)(  a a dxxf )()()( badxxfdxxf a b b a  
  • 2.  Integrazione immediata 1 1 1         C x dxx Cxdx x  ln 1 Cdx  xx ee C a a dxa  ln x x Cxdxx  sincos Cxdxx  cossin CxCxdx x    arccosarcsin 1 1 2 Cxdx x   arctan 1 1 2 Cxdx x  tan cos 1 2 Cxdx x  cot sin 1 2 Cxdxx  coslntan Cxdxx  sinlncot Cxdxx  coshsinh Cxdxx  sinhcosh Cxdx x  tanh cosh 1 2 Cxdx x  coth sinh 1 2 Cxdxx  coshlntanh Cxdxx  sinhlncoth   CxxCxdx x    1lncoshsett 1 1 2 2   CxxCxdx x    2 2 1lnsinhsett 1 1 C x x Cxdx x           1 1 ln 2 1 sett tanh 1 1 2  Integrazione di funzioni composte     1 1 )( )()( 1          C xf dxxfxf Cxfdx xf xf    )(ln )( )(     Cxfdxxfxf  )(sin)()(cos    Cxfdxxfxf  )(cos)()(sin  Cdxxf xfxf  )()( e)(e C a dxxf xf xf  ln a )(a )( )(     Cxfdxxfxf  )(cosh)()(sinh    Cxfdxxfxf  )(sinh)()(cosh      Cxfdx xf xf     )(arcsin )(1 )( 2     Cxfdx xf xf     )(arccos )(1 )( 2     Cxfdx xf xf    )(tanh )(cosh )( 2     Cxfdx xf xf     )(arctan )(1 )( 2     Cxfdx xf xf    )(tan )(cos )( 2     Cxfdx xf xf    )(cot )(sin )( 2
  • 3.     Cxfdx xf xf    )(coth )(sinh )( 2 Cxfdxxfxf  )(cosln)()(tan Cxfdxxfxf  )(sinln)()(cot Cxfdxxfxf  )(coshln)()(tanh Cxfdxxfxf  )(sinhln)()(coth
  • 4.  Casi particolari di Integrazione Integrazione per semplici trasformazioni dell’integrando  dx 1 xa 22 carcoscarcsin 1 1 1 1111 22 2 22 22                                         a x a x dx a x x a x dx a xa dx a xa a dx xa a a  dx xa 22 1   carctan 1 1 11 1 111 1 11 222 222 2 2                                                                 a x a dx a x x a xa dx a xaa dx a x a dx xa a a  dx 1 ax 22 csinhsett 1 1 1 1111 22 2 22 22                                 a x dx a x x a x dx a xa dx a ax a dx ax a a  dx 1 ax 22 ccoshsett 1 1 1 1111 22 2 22 22                                 a x dx a x x a x dx a xa dx a ax a dx ax a a  dx xa 22 1   csett tanh 1 1 11 1 111 1 11 222 222 2 2                                                                 a x a dx a x x a xa dx a xaa dx a x a dx xa a a    dx x x n ln       c 1 lnln ln 1        n x dx x x x n n    dx x x n ln        1c 1 lnln ln 1         n n x dx x x x n n    dxxx n cossin       c 1 sinsin sin 1        n x dx x x x n n    dxxx n sincos       c 1 coscos cos 1         n x dx x x x n n    dx x x n 1 n 1     c1 2 1 2 1 11)1( 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 11                           n nn n n n x n x n dx x x x n dx x nx n     dx x x n n 2 1 1       carcsin 1)( 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1         n n n n n n x n dx x x x nx n dx x nx n
  • 5. Integrazione per decomposizione in somma    dxx kh ck 2 hkh 2   x x dxdxx     dx x x nm kh                dx x dxdx x x dx x x dx x x nm 1 m hn-mk 1 m h nm hn-mknmh m 1 nm mkhn-hnmh m 1 nm mkmh m 1   cnmln m hn-mk m hnm nm 1 m 1 m hn-mk m h nm m m 1 m hn-mk m h 2         xxdx x x x xdx x x c n m arctan mn 1n m 1 n m 1 mn 1 1 n m n m m n n 1 1 n m 1 n 1 1 n m 1 n 1 222 2                                                  xdx x x x dx x dx x dx x    dx x nm 1 2     dx x x nm kh 2 c n m arctan mn k nmln m2 h nm 1 k nm m2 m2 h nm 1 k nm h 2 2222                     xxdx x dx x x dx x dx x x
  • 6. 0q4p qp 1 2 2   caso dx xx                          c pq4 p2 arctan pq4 hpk2 qpln 2 hpq4 p2 pq4 p2 1 1 pq4 hpk2 qpln 2 h 0q4p qp 1 2 hpk2 qpln 2 h qp 1 p h 2k 2 h qp p2 2 h qp h k 2p-p2 2 h qp h k 22 2 h qp h k h qp kh c pq4 p2 arctan pq4 2pq4 p pq4 2 pq4 p2 1 1 pq4 2 pq4 p2 1 pq4 2 pq4 pq4 2 1 pq4 p2 2 pq4 2 pq4p2 pq4 pq4 2 2 pq4p2 4 0 4 pq4 4 p 0 4 q4p 4 p2 4 q4p 2 p 2 q4p 2 p 2 q4p 2 p 2 q4pp 22 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 222222 22 22 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 22 22 2 222 2222222 2,1 22 2,1                                                                                                                                                                 x xxdx x x x xx con dx xx xx dx xx dx xx x dx xx x dx xx x dx xx x dx xx x x dx x x x dx x dx x dx x dx x xx xx x 0q4p qp 1 2 2   caso dx xx
  • 7.              c pq4 p2 sett tanh pq4 k2hp qpln 2 hpq4 p2 pq4 p2 1 1 pq4 hpk2 qpln 2 h 0q4p qp 1 2 hpk2 qpln 2 h qp 1 p h 2k 2 h qp p2 2 h qp h k 2p-p2 2 h qp h k 22 2 h qp h k h qp kh c q4p p2 sett tanh q4p 2q4p p2 q4p p2 1 1 q4p 2 1 q4p p2 q4p 2 q4p q4p 2 q4pp2 q4p q4p 2 2 0 4 q4p 4 p2 4 q4p 2 p 2 q4p 2 p 2 q4p 2 p 2 q4pp 22 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 222222 22 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 22 2 2 22222 2,1 22 2,1                                                                                                                                                       x xxdx x x x xx con dx xx xx dx xx dx xx x dx xx x dx xx x dx xx x dx xx x x dx x x x dx x dx x x xx x 0q4p qp kh 2 2     caso dx xx x   c 2 p 1 2 hp k 2 p lnhc 12 2 p 2 hp k 2 p ln 2 h 2 p 1 p h 2k 2 h 2 p 2 p 2 2 h 2 p h 2k pp2 2 h 2 p h k 22 2 h 2 p h k h 0 4 p2 0 2 p 2 p 2 q4pp 12 2 22222 22 2 2,1                                                                                                                           x x x x dx x dx x x dx x x dx x x dx x x x x x Integrazione delle funzioni razionali Quando abbiamo una funzione che sia il rapporto di due polinomi  xP , di grado m, e  xQ , di grado n, detta razionale, cioè
  • 8.             nm bxbxbxb axaxaxa xQ xP n n n n m m m m , ... ... 01 1 1 01 1 1 Se si effettua la divisione tra polinomi ottenendo due polinomi: il quozientenm   xS e il resto ,naturalmente con il grado del polinomio inferiore a quello di  xR  xR  xQ . Volendo calcolare l’integrale indefinito della funzione razionale, otteniamo            dx xQ xR dxxSdx xQ xP  xS è un polinomi dunque la sua integrazione è immediata. Mentre l’integrazione indefinita delle funzioni razionali del tipo    xQ xR sarà affrontata con dei casi generali.      dx xQ xR dx xx x    qp kh 2 0q4p2 caso Il polinomio ammette radici reali e distinte xQ 1 e 2 , lo si scompone quindi:   21 2 qp   xxxx . In questa forma è possibile trovare due costanti e tali che si ottiene,1A 2A       21 122121 2 2 2 1 1 2 qp kh qp kh                xx AAxAA xx x x A x A xx x per il principio di identità dei polinomi     21 AA