It consists of your skin, hair, nails and glands. These organs and structures are your first line of defense against bacteria and help protect you from injury and sunlight. Your integumentary system works with other systems in your body to keep it in balance

1. Anatomy & Physiology I
The Integumentary
System
Instructor: Mary Holman

2. Levels of Organization
Subatomic particles
Atom
Molecule
Macromolecule
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism
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Fig. 1.3

3. Integumentary
system
Skeletal
system
Muscular
system
Nervous
system
Digestive
system
Endocrine
system
Cardiovascular
system
Lymphatic
system
Respiratory
system
Urinary
system
Reproductive
system
Fig. 1.19
The Eleven Organ Systems
A&P I
A&P II

4. Definitions
Tissue - groups or layers of cells with a
common purpose
Organ - two or more different tissues
grouped to perform a special function
Organ System - a group of organs
coordinated to carry out a specialized
function

5. Integumentary System
Term used to denote the
• SKIN
and its accessory structures
• Nails
• Hair
• Skin glands

6. Functions of the Integumentary System
• Protection
• Sensation
• Permits movement and growth
• Endocrine - Vitamin D production
• Excretion - Regulation of sweat
• Immunity - First line of defense
• Temperature regulation

7. Page 196
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Skeletal System
Vitamin D activated
by the skin helps
provide calcium for
bone matrix.
Muscular System
Involuntary muscle
contractions
(shivering)
work with the skin
to control body
temperature. Muscles
act on facial skin to
create expressions.
Nervous System
Sensory receptors
provide information
about the outside
world to the nervous
system. Nerves
control the activity
of sweat glands.
Endocrine System
Hormones help to
increase skin blood
flow during exercise.
Other hormones
stimulate either the
synthesis or the
decomposition of
subcutaneous fat.
Cardiovascular System
Skin blood vessels
play a role in
regulating body
temperature.
Lymphatic System
The skin, acting as
a barrier, provides an
important first line
of defense for the
immune system.
Digestive System
Excess calories may
be stored as
subcutaneous fat.
Vitamin D activated by
the skin stimulates
dietary calcium
absorption.
Respiratory System
Stimulation of skin
receptors may alter
respiratory rate.
Urinary System
The kidneys help
compensate for water
and electrolytes lost
in sweat.
Reproductive System
Sensory receptors
play an important
role in sexual activity
and in the suckling
reflex.
Interconnections between the Integumentary and the other 10 Body Systems
The skin provides
protection, contains
sensory organs, and
helps control body
temperature

8. Skin
• Thin, relatively flat organ
• Classified as a membrane - the
cutaneous membrane
• Two main layers
Epidermis - outer, thinner
Dermis - inner, thicker
• The two layers are separated by
a basement membrane

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© Dr. Jeremy Burgess/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.
70x

10. Fig. 6.1
Adipose tissue
Stratified
squamous
epithelium
Dense irregular
connective
tissue
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© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
30x
Dermal
papilla

11. Epidermis
• Composed entirely of stratified
squamous epithelium
• Lacks blood vessels
• Composed of four, or in the palm
and sole, five distinct layers
• The outermost layer of cells
harden and die in a process
called keratinization

12. Epidermal Layers
• Stratum corneum
– outermost layer, composed of layers of dead, non-
nucleated, keratinized cells
• Stratum lucidum
– on soles and palms only, appears clear
• Stratum granulosum
-- 3 to 5 layers of flattened, granular cells
• Stratum spinosum
-- many layers of nucleated cells, becoming flattened,
developing keratin fibers
• Stratum basale
–- deepest layer, single layer of cuboidal or columnar
cells that are growing and dividing
alive
dead

13. Fig. 6.3a
Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale
Basement
membrane
Dermis
Dermal papilla
(a)
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Epidermal Layers

14. Fig. 6.3b
Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale
Basement
membrane
Dermis
Dermal papilla
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© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
120x
Epidermis Stained and Viewed with Light Microscope

15. Melanocytes
• Specialized cells in the stratum
basale of the epidermis with
long processes that extend
into the stratum spinosum
• Produce the dark pigment
melanin which provides skin
color
• Melanin production is stimulated
by ultraviolet radiation

16. Fig. 6.4b
Epidermis
Dermis
Cellular
extension
of melanocyte
Pigment
granules
Golgi
apparatus
Melanocyte
nucleus
Basement
membrane
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Melanocyte

17. Fig. 6.4a
Pigment
granule
Nucleus
Cell
membrane
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© M. Schliwa/Visuals Unlimited
10,600x
Melanocyte

18. Fig. 6A
(a) (b) (c)
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a,b: © Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc.; c: © SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc
Skin Cancers
Squamous cell
carcinoma
Basal cell
carcinoma
Malignant
melanoma

19. Dermis
• Made up of two layers
Papillary Area has projections up into the
epidermal layer, provides nutrients to the
epidermis via its abundant blood vessels
Reticular Area - denser, deeper, main
area of the dermis, mat of irregularly arranged
fibers resistant to stretching
• Nerve endings, hair follicles, smooth muscles,
glands, and lymphatic vessels all reside in the
dermis.

20. Langer’s Cleavage Lines

21. Fig. 6.2a
Sweat
Epidermis
Dermis
Hair shaft
Sweat gland pore
Capillary
Stratum corneum
Stratum basale
Dermal papilla
Arrector pili muscle
Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscle
Basement membrane
Sebaceous gland
Hair follicle
Sweat gland
Nerve cell process
Adipose tissue
Blood vessels
Muscle layer
Sweat gland duct
Subcutaneous
layer
Tactile (Meissner’s) corpuscle
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Skin and Subcutaneous Layer

22. Fig. 6.7a
(a)
Hair shaft
Pore
Hair root
(keratinized
cells)
Arrector pili
muscle
Sebaceous
gland
Hair follicle
Region of
cell division
Hair papilla
Eccrine
sweat gland
Dermal blood vessels
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Hair
Follicle

23. Fig. 6.7b
Hair
follicle
Hair root
Region of
cell division
Adipose
tissue
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© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
175x
Hair Follicle

24. Fig. 6.8
Keratinized cells
of hair shaft
Keratinized
squamous cells
of epidermis
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© CNRI/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc
875x
Hair Shaft

25. Fig. 6.6
Nail bed Nail plate
Lunula
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26. Fig. 6.10
Dermal
papilla
Sebaceous
gland
Duct
Hair shaft
Hair
follicle
Eccrine
sweat
gland
Apocrine
sweat
gland
Pore
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Eccrine
And
Apocrine
Sweat
Glands

27. Fig. 6.9
Hair
Sebaceous
gland
Hair follicle
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© Per H. Kjeldsen
300x

28. Fig. 6.11
Duct of eccrine
sweat gland
Pore
Sebaceous
gland
Eccrine sweat
gland
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© Dr. John D. Cunningham/Visuals Unlimited
30x

29. Hairless Skin of Fingertip
50x
Pocket Atlas of Cytology, Histology and Microscopic Anatomy Wolfgang Kuhnel
Sweat Duct Pores

30. Fig. 6.12a
too high
Normal body
temperature
37°C (98.6°F)
Control center
Hypothalamus
detects the deviation
from the set point and
signals effector organs.
Stimulus
Body temperature rises
above normal.
Effectors
Dermal blood vessels
dilate and sweat glands
secrete.
Response
Body heat is
lost to surroundings,
temperature drops toward
normal.
Receptors
Thermoreceptors
send signals to the
control center.
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Homeostatic Control of Body Temperature

31. Fig. 6.12b
If body temperature
continues to drop,
control center signals
muscles to contract
involuntarily.
too low
Normal body
temperature
37°C (98.6°F)
Control center
Hypothalamus
detects the deviation
from the set point and
signals effector organs.
Effectors
Dermal blood
vessels constrict
and sweat glands
remain inactive.
Effectors
Muscle
activity
generates
body heat.
Response
Body heat is conserved,
temperature rises toward normal.
Stimulus
Body temperature
drops below normal.
Receptors
Thermoreceptors
send signals to the
control center.
Homeostatic Control of Body Temperature

32. Vitamin D
• Functions as a hormone for the incorporation of
ingested calcium into the bones
• Skin exposed to the ultraviolet rays of the sun
converts pro-Vitamin D to Vitamin D3
• Vitamin D3 is then modified in the liver & kidney
to Vitamin D
• In northern latitudes, many months of the year sun
exposure is inadequate for the necessary
amount of Vitamin D to be manufactured and
supplements containing Vitamin D3 are
necessary

33. Epidermal Wound Healing
From: Tortora & Grabowsky, Principles of Anatomy & Physiology 9th Ed. Pg.153

34. Fig. 6.13
(f)
(a) (b)
(f) (g)
(c) (d) (e)
Scar
tissue
Fibroblasts
Scar
tissue
Blood cells
Site of injury
Scab
Blood
clot
Scab
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Wound
Healing

35. Deep Wound Healing
From: Tortora & Grabowsky, Principles of Anatomy & Physiology 9th Ed. Pg.153

36. Fig. 6.14
Anterior
trunk
18%
Posterior
trunk
18%
Anterior upper
extremities 9%
Posterior upper
extremities 9%
Posterior lower
extremities 18%
Perineum 1%
Anterior and
posterior upper
extremities
18%
Anterior and
posterior lower
extremities
36%
100%
Anterior and
posterior trunk
36%
Anterior and posterior head and neck
9%
Anterior head
and neck 41/2% Posterior head
and neck 41/2%
Anterior lower
extremities 18%
9% 9% 9% 9%
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41/2%
41/2% 41/2% 41/2% 41/2%
41/2%
Rule of Nines