Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) refers to voluntary, discretionary actions that employees take to go above and beyond their formal job requirements to contribute to the well-being and effectiveness of their organization. These behaviors are not part of an employee's job description, but they can have a significant impact on the overall success and performance of the organization.Organizational citizenship is an employee’s willingness to go above and beyond in the workplace. Employees perform positive actions that benefit their coworkers and the business even though they are not included in the basic job description. Organizational citizenship is demonstrated largely by several behaviors in the workplace Organizational citizenship behaviors include employee behaviors that exhibit the principles ofEmployers are always looking for workers who exhibit these qualities to join their business operations. At the same time, it also benefits managers already within the organization to encourage their employees to exhibit the characteristics of OCB. Experiencing more meaningfulness at work also makes employees more vigorous. Engaging in organizational citizenship also helps those whose roles in an organization may be ambiguous as it helps them finding meaning in what they do. Employees who engage in more OCB during the day felt their work was more meaningful They also had greater job satisfaction. Engaging in organizational citizenship behavior allows workers to have more control over the situation while also helping others.Organizational citizenship behaviour is that it is voluntary and carried out by the individual. The voluntary factor is what makes the behaviors so valuable, meaning that it is hard to duplicate these behaviors naturally since requiring employees to carry them out would make the behaviors less powerful. An employee who chooses to act a certain way will always do better than one who is forced to. There are multiple ways that an employer can improve the chances of having an employee that is willing to go above and beyond while demonstrating organizational citizenship behaviors. Any statement of company values should somehow incorporate the five components of OCB to encourage a healthy corporate culture. What makes OCBs valuable to any organization is that they should occur naturally. Employees should never be forced but should have the freedom to be altruistic. By setting a good example, leaders within companies can show employees the types of behavior that are positive and fruitful. Encouraging teamwork can have a positive effect on collaboration and will help achieve stated goals and objectives. What are Organizational Skills? Organizational skills are the abilities that let you stay focused on different tasks, and use your time, energy, strength, mental capacity, physical space, etc. effectively and efficiently in order to achieve the desired outcome. Organizational skills help individuals work more efficiently.

1. Organizational citizenship behavior
OCB
What is organizational citizenship behavior?
Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) refers to voluntary, discretionary
actions that employees take to go above and beyond their formal job requirements
to contribute to the well-being and effectiveness of their organization. These
behaviors are not part of an employee's job description, but they can have a
significant impact on the overall success and performance of the
organization.Organizational citizenship is an employee’s willingness to go above
and beyond in the workplace. Employees perform positive actions that benefit their
coworkers and the business even though they are not included in the basic job
description. Organizational citizenship is demonstrated largely by several
behaviors in the workplace
Organizational citizenship behaviors include employee behaviors that exhibit the
principles ofEmployers are always looking for workers who exhibit these qualities
to join their business operations. At the same time, it also benefits managers
already within the organization to encourage their employees to exhibit the
characteristics of OCB. Experiencing more meaningfulness at work also makes
employees more vigorous. Engaging in organizational citizenship also helps those

2. whose roles in an organization may be ambiguous as it helps them finding meaning
in what they do. Employees who engage in more OCB during the day felt their work
was more meaningful. They also had greater job satisfaction. Engaging in
organizational citizenship behavior allows workers to have more control over the
situation while also helping others.Organizational citizenship behaviour is that it is
voluntary and carried out by the individual. The voluntary factor is what makes the
behaviors so valuable, meaning that it is hard to duplicate these behaviors
naturally since requiring employees to carry them out would make the behaviors
less powerful. An employee who chooses to act a certain way will always do better
than one who is forced to. There are multiple ways that an employer can improve
the chances of having an employee that is willing to go above and beyond while
demonstrating organizational citizenship behaviors. Any statement of company
values should somehow incorporate the five components of OCB to encourage a
healthy corporate culture. What makes OCBs valuable to any organization is that
they should occur naturally. Employees should never be forced but should have the
freedom to be altruistic.
By setting a good example, leaders within companies can show employees the types
of behavior that are positive and fruitful. Encouraging teamwork can have a
positive effect on collaboration and will help achieve stated goals and objectives.
What are Organizational Skills?
Organizational skills are the abilities that let you stay focused on different tasks, and
use your time, energy, strength, mental capacity, physical space, etc. effectively and
efficiently in order to achieve the desired outcome. Organizational skills help
individuals work more efficiently, prioritize tasks effectively, and manage their
time and resources more effectively, which can lead to increased productivity. If
you’re a well-organized person, you will remain well-organized regardless of the
job you’ll be doing. It's one of the soft skills you'll bring with you to any position.
And it's featured as an important employability skill for any employer.
Organizational skills enable individuals to break down complex projects into
manageable tasks, prioritize them, and plan effectively, which can lead to improved
problem-solving skills it can help reduce stress by allowing individuals to better
manage their workload and time, reducing the feeling of being overwhelmed and
improving overall work satisfaction. It guides us to balance work and personal
responsibilities more effectively, reduce stress and improve work-life balance.
Organizational skills are essential for success in many areas of life, and investing in
developing and improving these skills can have significant benefits for individuals'
personal and professional lives.
Employers look at organizational skills as a top priority during the hiring
process. It is a fact that employees with excellent organizational skills can

3. see the bigger picture and this helps them in successful planning, making
strategic decisions, managing teams, prioritizing tasks and effectively
delegating to achieve the goals and objectives of the company and save
money, time and effort.
Organizational skills are an essential set of skills that is necessary for
multitasking. It avoids clutter and procrastination and helps to create
structure and order and aids in the smooth running of the business by
effective handling of unforeseen delays and issuesThose who are able to make
the most of their planning skills end up having a good foresight of the market, the
trends or the performance of a product. And those who have great organization
skills are able to manage their time and maximize their work done. This can lead
to increased effectiveness and improved outcomes in work and personal
projects.
Types of organizational skills-
Internal organizational skill – Internal organization skill encompasses
keeping calm in adverse conditions and also being prepared with a proper schedule
and planning list for every situation. It means keeping your space clean and
clutter-free so that it encourages the smooth running of the business.
Some examples of internal organizational skills include
Goal setting,Communication,Decision
making,Problem-solving,Adaptability,Self-motivation
External organizational skill – In organization deadlines and timelines are
essential and the workers must stick to it to achieve results. Large projects have to
be broken down into smaller ones to complete them. Employers want employees
who are adept at an organizational skill so that they can make a proper schedule,
prioritize tasks, and delegate them to the right people so that their work schedule is
manageable. This is external organizational skills that will help to stay on track
and sustain a work-life balance in the workplace.
Some examples of external organizational skills include
Prioritization, Documentation, Workflow management, and Teamwork.
Organizational skills for Students

4. Students with good organizational skills can create and maintain systems to keep
track of information or materials. A young child can, with a reminder, put school
materials in a designated place. An adolescent can organize and locate sports
equipment.Modeling good organizational skills, individuals can inspire others to
develop similar habits and behaviors. Model good organizational habits and
behaviors yourself. This includes keeping your workspace tidy, staying on top of
your schedule and deadlines, and using effective time-management techniques. This
can lead to a more productive, efficient, and organized workplace or home
environment, and ultimately help individuals to achieve their goals and lead a more
fulfilling life.
Here are some ways you can help Students learn organization skills.
1. Teach multiple ways to prioritize.
The popular method of prioritization is the urgent vs. important matrix. This
involves categorizing tasks into four quadrants based on their urgency and
importance and prioritizing tasks accordingly. For example, tasks that are
urgent and important should be prioritized over tasks that are important but
not urgent his method involves prioritizing tasks based on their potential
impact and the effort required to complete them. Tasks with high impact and
low effort should be prioritized over tasks with
2. Teach how to divide and conquer.

5. Breaking down a large task into smaller, more manageable parts: When
faced with a complex task, individuals can break it down into smaller, more
manageable parts. This can help to reduce feelings of overwhelm and make
the task more achievable. Divide and conquer is a problem-solving strategy
that involves breaking down a large, complex task into smaller, more
manageable parts, and tackling each part individually. This strategy is often
used in project management, software development, and other fields that
involve complex problem-solving.
3. Teach Label a place for study materials.

6. By labeling a place for study materials, individuals can stay organized, save
time, and improve their study efficiency. Labeling a place for study materials
is an important organizational skill that can help individuals to keep their
study materials organized and easily accessible. It helps them easily find the
study materials they need, avoid wasting time searching for materials, and
stay focused and productive during their study sessions. This skill can also
help individuals to keep their study area clean and tidy, reduce stress and
overwhelm, and improve their overall study efficiency.
What are the components of organizational citizenship behavior?
Selflessness –
Selflessness is when we act to promote someone else's welfare, even at a risk or cost
to ourselves. Letting a loved one eat the last piece of cake when you really want it,
giving your sweater to a partner when it's cold even if you just have a t-shirt on,
caregiving for a relative with a chronic condition, donating blood or a major organ
to your sibling. Selfless concern for the well-being of others, often at one's own
expense. It involves putting the needs and interests of others before one's own and
acting in ways that benefit others without expecting anything in return.
Courteousness-
It involves treating others with kindness, consideration, and dignity, regardless of
their background or status. Using polite language and manners, such as saying
"please" and "thank you”. Respecting others' time by being punctual and not
keeping them waiting.Listening attentively when others are speaking and not
interrupting them. Acknowledging others' contributions and showing appreciation

7. for their efforts. Apologizing and making amends when mistakes or
misunderstandings occur.Showing empathy and understanding towards others'
feelings and perspectives. Avoiding confrontational or aggressive behavior, and
resolving conflicts in a calm and respectful manner.
Sportsmanship-
Sportsmanship is an understanding of and commitment to fair play, ethical
behavior and integrity, and general goodwill toward an opponent. It is an
affirmation that an athlete is disciplined enough to have perspective, maintain
poise and do what is best for his or her teammates. Good sportsmanship may seem
hard to define, but its hallmarks include being able to win without gloating,
respecting one's opponents, and being able to lose gracefully.
Conscientiousness-
Conscientiousness is the personality trait of being careful, or diligent.
Conscientiousness implies a desire to do a task well, and to take obligations to
others seriously. Conscientious people tend to be efficient and organized as opposed
to easy-going and disorderly. Being conscientious means being industrious and
orderly, and aiming to do a job well. It is the most reliable predictor that you'll perform
better, earn a higher salary, and be more healthy than less dutiful co-workers, as
long as you guard against perfectionism
Civic virtue—
Civic virtue is important because it contributes to the well-being and functioning of
society as a whole. By participating in and contributing to their community,
individuals can help to build a sense of trust and cooperation among community
members, strengthen democratic institutions, and promote social and economic
development. Civic virtue can also provide individuals with a sense of purpose and
meaning, as well as a feeling of belonging to a larger community.
Examples of organizational citizenship behavior
● Helping colleagues with tasks or problems outside of one's job duties.
● Offering constructive feedback and suggestions to improve the organization.
● Volunteering for extra tasks or responsibilities.
● Supporting and promoting the values and mission of the organization.
● Participating in training or professional development programs.
● Maintaining a positive attitude and helping to create a positive work
environment.
● Following rules and regulations beyond the minimum required.
● Showing a willingness to adapt to change and to learn new skills.
● Speaking positively about the organization to others, such as customers or
potential employees.

8. ● Going out of one's way to ensure customer satisfaction, even if it is not part
of one's job description.
What is an effective functional organisational structure?
A functional organisational structure is a common type of business structure that
organizes a company into different departments based on areas of expertise,
grouping employees by specialty, skill or related roles.A functional organisational
structure is a structure used to organize workers. They are grouped based on their
specific skills and knowledge. It vertically structures each department with roles
from the president to finance and sales departments, to customer service, to
employees assigned to one product or service. Functional organizations contain
specialised units that report to a single authority, usually called top management.
When employees who have similar skills and experiences are grouped together, it
makes production more efficient and of a higher quality. Roles and tasks do not
change very much so there is little time spent learning, and accountability is clear.
Since the hierarchy is simple, employees know the one manager they are to answer
to, instead of multiple people.

9. Each functional unit handles one aspect of the product or service
provided like
● Division of labor:
Employees are grouped together based on their functional area, which allows for
clear and specialized roles and responsibilities.
● Hierarchical structure:
Each department is headed by a functional manager who reports to a higher-level
executive, creating a clear chain of command.
● Standardised work processes:
Employees within a department typically follow standardised procedures or
workflows to ensure consistency and quality of work.
● Limited cross-functional communication:
Because employees are grouped together based on their function, there may be
limited communication and collaboration across different departments.
● High level of expertise:
Because employees within each department are specialized in their area of
expertise, they are typically highly skilled and knowledgeable in their field
They are referred to as "silos" because the function independently and have their
own vertical management structure. Workers within each functional department
communicate with each other exclusively, and then department heads communicate
with each other. This structure works well in a stable environment that has
continuous operations. The goal of a functional structure is to put together every
informational and human resource necessary for one activity in a single place. The
functional organizational structure helps organizations run their business and earn
a profit.This streamlines communication and reduces confusion among employees.
Employees can feel confident about what they're doing because it is standardized.
They are more likely to feel loyalty to their department and the organization as a
whole. This increases morale and work ethic, as there is more job security. There is

10. a clear path of growth for employees which provides motivation, and they are more
likely to be corporative with people in their department. A functional
organizational structure provides a perfect environment for learning for new
employees (especially new college graduates) to be taught the real-world
application of theoretical information.