Foreign policy is defined as the interaction of a state in the international system according to systematic and defined principles. A state's foreign policy is influenced by both internal factors such as its size, geography, and political system, as well as external factors like the international system and alliances. There are three main models of foreign policy decision making: the rational model which calculates costs and benefits of options; the organizational process model which relies on standard procedures; and the government bargaining model where policy results from negotiations between government agencies. Domestically, a state's foreign policy is influenced by interest groups, the military-industrial complex, public opinion, and the legislature.

2. DEFINITION OF FOREIGN POLICY
The state involve themselves in international rations
with systematic as well as defined principles. The
process, the dealing or the interaction of a state in
world system is called foreign policy.

3. FORCES THAT MOTIVATE FOREIGN POLICY
 NATIONALISM ( Superiority, jingoism, xenophobia)
 IDEOLOGY ( theories of religion, politics, social and economic- capitalism and communism)
 NATIONAL INTERESTS ( Diplomatic and covert actions)

4. FACTOR INFLUENCING FOREIGN POLICY
 SIZE
 GEOGRAPHY
 NATIONAL CAPACITIES
 POLITICAL SYSTEM
 SOCIAL STRUCTURE
 PUBLIC MOOD
 LEADERSHIP
Internal
Factors

5. FACTOR INFLUENCING FOREIGN POLICY
 STRUCTURE OF INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM
 REGIONAL STRUCTURE
 INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION
ALLIANCES
WORLD PUBLIC OPINION
External
Factors

6. MODEL OF DECISION MAKING IN FOREIGN POLICY
RATIONAL MODEL
ORGANIZATIONAL PROCESS MODEL
 GOVERNMENT BARGAINING MODEL

7. DEFINITION RATIONAL MODEL
“A model in which decision makers calculate the costs and benefits of each possible
course of action, then choose the one with the highest benefits and lowest
costs”.(Joshua.P.123)
The process of rational model is as under given below.
•Clarify your goals in the situation
•Order them by importance
•List the alternatives for achieving your goals
•Investigate the consequences of each alternative
•Choose the alternative that best achieves your goals

8. DEFINITION ORGANIZATIONAL PROCESS MODEL
“A decision making model in which policy makers or lower level officials rely largely on
standardized responses or standard operation procedures”. (Joshua.P.124)
•The process of organizational process model is as under given below.
•Goals are not identified
•Alternative actions are not searched
•Sops are drafted
•Handled by low level decision makers
•General principles are applied

9. DEFINITION GOVERNMENT BARGAINING MODEL
“ A model that sees foreign policy decisions as flowing from bargaining process
among various government agencies that have somewhat divergent interests in
the outcome”. (Joshua.P.124)
•The process of government bargaining model is as under given below.
•Result from bargaining process
•It reflects the interest of states

10. DOMESTIC INFLUENCE ON FOREIGN POLICY
 DIPLOMATS
 INTEREST GROUPS
 MILITARY INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX
 PUBLIC OPINION
 LEGISLATURE

11. DIPLOMATS
Foreign service/ ambassies, consulates
 Political appointees ( who come and go with changes in
government leaders)
 Career diplomats ( who came up through the ranks of the
foreign service)

12. INTEREST GROUP
Interest groups are coalitions of people who share a common interest in the outcome of some
political issue
 Lobbying ( is the process of talking with legislatures or officials to influence their decisions
on some set of issues.
 Ethnic groups ( Emerge b/c the rest of the population generally doesn’t care about such issues
one way or the other.
 Bigwigs ( according to Marxist theories, the key domestic influence on foreign policy in
capitalist countries are rich owners of big business)

13. MILITARY – INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX
A military-industrial complex refers to a huge interlocking network of governmental agencies,
industrial corporations, and research institutes, working together to promote and benefit from
military spending. (Joshua.p.135)
 Corporations ( Produce goods for military profit from government contracts)
 Revolving Door ( Government official responsible for military procurement decisions and
then return to their companies again a practice called Revolving Door)
 Military industries ( also influence public opinion through advertising that ties their products
to patriotic themes.

14. PUBLIC OPINION
Public Opinion in International Relations, the range of views on foreign policy issues held by the
citizens of state. (Joshua.p.136)
 Propaganda

15. LEGISLATURE
Legislature is the law making organ of the state
 Passing Budget
 Regulating bureaucratic rules
 creating trade law
 control immigration policy
 agreement must be signed or approved by legislature