D P Karn-JMDPL College Presentation

Mankind owes the child the best itMankind owes the child the best it
has to give………….has to give………….
In the best interest of theIn the best interest of the
children…………children…………

Organized by:Organized by:
Department of Political Sciences, JMDPL Mahila College, Mdb.Department of Political Sciences, JMDPL Mahila College, Mdb.
Sponsored by:Sponsored by:
ICSSR, Eastern Region, KolkataICSSR, Eastern Region, Kolkata
Presentation by:Presentation by:
D P Karn,D P Karn, Human Rights EducatorHuman Rights Educator
Chairman, Centre for Development Studies (CDS),Chairman, Centre for Development Studies (CDS),
Vaishnavi Vihar Colony, R K College, Main Gate, Madhubani- 847211,Vaishnavi Vihar Colony, R K College, Main Gate, Madhubani- 847211,
Cell No.- 9122919708 / 8969899156,Cell No.- 9122919708 / 8969899156,
E-mail ID - dpkarn1@rediffmail.com / cds301215@gmail.com.E-mail ID - dpkarn1@rediffmail.com / cds301215@gmail.com.
He has over 14 years experience of human rights activism through itsHe has over 14 years experience of human rights activism through its
education. He has been with various Governmental, national, internationaleducation. He has been with various Governmental, national, international
and UN agencies as Consultant.and UN agencies as Consultant.
Seminar on Human Rights and AdolescentSeminar on Human Rights and Adolescent
EducationEducation

Welcome the graceful presenceWelcome the graceful presence
 Hon’ble Prof.(Dr.) Saket KushwahaHon’ble Prof.(Dr.) Saket Kushwaha
Vice Chancellor, LNM University, DarbhangaVice Chancellor, LNM University, Darbhanga
 Dr. Prem Kumar Prasad,Dr. Prem Kumar Prasad,
Principal, JMDPL Mahila College, MadhubaniPrincipal, JMDPL Mahila College, Madhubani
 Prof.(Dr.) Anil Kumar Jha, PG, Pol.Sc, LNMU, DarbhangaProf.(Dr.) Anil Kumar Jha, PG, Pol.Sc, LNMU, Darbhanga
 Prof.(Dr.) Ravindra Chaudhary,PG, Pol.Sc,Prof.(Dr.) Ravindra Chaudhary,PG, Pol.Sc,
LNMU,DarbhangaLNMU,Darbhanga
 Prof.(Dr.) S. D. Singh, Deptt. of Pol.Sc, R.K.College, Mdb.Prof.(Dr.) S. D. Singh, Deptt. of Pol.Sc, R.K.College, Mdb.
 Dr. Y. L. Das, Former Chairman, Research &Evaluation,Dr. Y. L. Das, Former Chairman, Research &Evaluation,
SRC-Deepayatan, PatnaSRC-Deepayatan, Patna
 Mr. Narendra Nath Tikadhar, Delegate, ICSSR,KolkataMr. Narendra Nath Tikadhar, Delegate, ICSSR,Kolkata

““In a rights-based society like ours, the right to qualityIn a rights-based society like ours, the right to quality
education for adolescents must be taken in a pursuit of humaneducation for adolescents must be taken in a pursuit of human
rights obligation and the state must fulfill it. Merely hypotheticalrights obligation and the state must fulfill it. Merely hypothetical
dreaming of providing free and compulsory elementarydreaming of providing free and compulsory elementary
education to all children as enshrined in our Directiveeducation to all children as enshrined in our Directive
Principals of State Policy and the enactment of the Right toPrincipals of State Policy and the enactment of the Right to
Education Act, 2009 will not suffice the cause.Education Act, 2009 will not suffice the cause.
If we can reach Mars, produce international managers, claimIf we can reach Mars, produce international managers, claim
India a developed economy and a rights-based society –India a developed economy and a rights-based society –
deprivation of children from education is a national shame.deprivation of children from education is a national shame.
Good governance policies for children and fostering theirGood governance policies for children and fostering their
development through different instruments is instantlydevelopment through different instruments is instantly
required.”required.”
D P KarnD P Karn
Human Rights and Adolescent EducationHuman Rights and Adolescent Education

The adolescentsThe adolescents
 Adolescence is defined as a phase of life characterizedAdolescence is defined as a phase of life characterized
by rapid physical growth and development, social andby rapid physical growth and development, social and
psychological changes, sexual maturity,psychological changes, sexual maturity,
experimentation, development of adult mental processesexperimentation, development of adult mental processes
and a move from the earlier childhood socio-economicand a move from the earlier childhood socio-economic
dependence towards relative independence.dependence towards relative independence.
 Adolescents account for 1/5Adolescents account for 1/5thth
of the world’s population. Iof the world’s population. I
 In India they account for 22.8% of the population.In India they account for 22.8% of the population.
 There are 230 million adolescents in India.There are 230 million adolescents in India.
 They are in the age group of 10 to 19 years.They are in the age group of 10 to 19 years.
 Adolescents have very special and distinct needs.Adolescents have very special and distinct needs.

Uncertain uniform age of adolescentsUncertain uniform age of adolescents
Different laws, policies and programs define the adolescents’Different laws, policies and programs define the adolescents’
age group differently.age group differently.
 Juvenile Justice Act, 2011 & Domestic Violence Act, 2005, the age isJuvenile Justice Act, 2011 & Domestic Violence Act, 2005, the age is
18.18.
 Labor Laws (14 years)Labor Laws (14 years)
 For the purposes of criminal responsibility, the age limit is 7 (notFor the purposes of criminal responsibility, the age limit is 7 (not
punishable) and above 7 years to 12 years punishable on the proof thatpunishable) and above 7 years to 12 years punishable on the proof that
the child understands the consequences of the act.the child understands the consequences of the act.
 For purposes of protection against kidnapping, abduction and relatedFor purposes of protection against kidnapping, abduction and related
offences, it’s 16 years for boys and 18 for girlsoffences, it’s 16 years for boys and 18 for girls
 Youth Policy (13-19 years)Youth Policy (13-19 years)
 ICDS (11-18 years)ICDS (11-18 years)
 RCH program (10-19 years)RCH program (10-19 years)
 UN agencies like WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA etc. consider of 10-19 yearsUN agencies like WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA etc. consider of 10-19 years

Human Rights (?)Human Rights (?)
"fundamental"fundamental rightsrights to which a person isto which a person is
inherently entitled simply because she orinherently entitled simply because she or
he is a human being." These are universalhe is a human being." These are universal
(applicable everywhere) and egalitarian(applicable everywhere) and egalitarian
(the same for everyone).(the same for everyone).

International Human Rights FrameworkInternational Human Rights Framework
Under international human rights law adolescents hold civil, cultural, economic, political andUnder international human rights law adolescents hold civil, cultural, economic, political and
social rights, Guaranteed by the UDHR, ICCPR, and ICESCR – and other core instruments.social rights, Guaranteed by the UDHR, ICCPR, and ICESCR – and other core instruments.
 States parties to the CRC are required to ensure that its provisions and principles are fullyStates parties to the CRC are required to ensure that its provisions and principles are fully
reflected and given legal effect in domestic legislation.reflected and given legal effect in domestic legislation.
 Policies are guided by four principles of 1. Non-discrimination 2. The best interests of thePolicies are guided by four principles of 1. Non-discrimination 2. The best interests of the
child 3. The right to life, survival and development 4. Children’s right to express theirchild 3. The right to life, survival and development 4. Children’s right to express their
views, and be heard, in all matters affecting them. views, and be heard, in all matters affecting them.
 The CRC advocates several rights of all children, including: 1. Rights to access health careThe CRC advocates several rights of all children, including: 1. Rights to access health care
and education; 2. to social security; 3. to birth registration; 4. to protection from: arrest andand education; 2. to social security; 3. to birth registration; 4. to protection from: arrest and
detention, except as a means of last resort; 5. to protection after separation from parents; 6.detention, except as a means of last resort; 5. to protection after separation from parents; 6.
and to special protection and assistance when deprived from a family environment.and to special protection and assistance when deprived from a family environment.
 All children also have a right to be protected from economic exploitation, hazardous labourAll children also have a right to be protected from economic exploitation, hazardous labour
and violence.and violence.

16 UN Conventions related to adolescents16 UN Conventions related to adolescents
 CRC (1989)CRC (1989)
 CEDAW (1981)CEDAW (1981)
 UNCED (1992)UNCED (1992)
 WSSD (1995)WSSD (1995)
 Alma Ata, (1977)Alma Ata, (1977)
 WCHR (1993)WCHR (1993)
 ICPD (1994)ICPD (1994)
 World Health Summit(1993)World Health Summit(1993)
 World Summit for Children (1990)World Summit for Children (1990)
 World Food Summit (1996), RomeWorld Food Summit (1996), Rome
 World Conference on Education for All (1990)World Conference on Education for All (1990)
 International Conference on Nutrition (1992)International Conference on Nutrition (1992)
 Assembly of World Education Forum, Dakar (2001)Assembly of World Education Forum, Dakar (2001)
 Fourth World Conference on Women (FWCW) (1995), BeijingFourth World Conference on Women (FWCW) (1995), Beijing
 Second United Nations Conference on Human Settlements (UNCHS) (1996), IstanbulSecond United Nations Conference on Human Settlements (UNCHS) (1996), Istanbul
 World Congress against the Commercial Sexual Exploitation of ChildrenWorld Congress against the Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children
(CSEC-1996), Stockholm(CSEC-1996), Stockholm

Constitutional Provisions (7) for Children in IndiaConstitutional Provisions (7) for Children in India
 Children enjoy equal rights as adults as perChildren enjoy equal rights as adults as per Article 14.Article 14.
 Article 15(3)Article 15(3) empowers the state to make special provisions forempowers the state to make special provisions for
children.children.
 Article 21(A)Article 21(A) directs the state to provide free and compulsorydirects the state to provide free and compulsory
education to all children within the ages of 6 and 14 years.education to all children within the ages of 6 and 14 years.
 Article 23Article 23 prohibits trafficking of Human beings and forcedprohibits trafficking of Human beings and forced
labor.labor.
 Article 24Article 24 prohibits of the employment of children below 14prohibits of the employment of children below 14
years.years.
 Article 39(f)Article 39(f) directs the state to ensure that children are givendirects the state to ensure that children are given
equal opportunities and facilities to develop in a healthy manner.equal opportunities and facilities to develop in a healthy manner.
 Article 51AArticle 51A clause (k) lays down a duty that parents orclause (k) lays down a duty that parents or
guardians provide opportunities for education to their child/wardguardians provide opportunities for education to their child/ward
between the age of 6 and 14.between the age of 6 and 14.

Important Union laws Guaranteeing Rights Children ( 17 Acts )Important Union laws Guaranteeing Rights Children ( 17 Acts )
 The Guardian and Wards Act, 1890The Guardian and Wards Act, 1890
 The Reformatory Schools Act, 1897The Reformatory Schools Act, 1897
 The Child Marriage Act,2006The Child Marriage Act,2006
 The Apprentices Act, 1961,The Apprentices Act, 1961,
 The Child Labour Act, 1933.The Child Labour Act, 1933.
 The Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act, 1956The Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act, 1956
 The Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act, 1956,The Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act, 1956,
 The ITPA,, 1956,The ITPA,, 1956,
 The Women’s and Children’s Institutions, Act, 1956The Women’s and Children’s Institutions, Act, 1956
 The Young Person’s Harmful Publication’s Act, 1956The Young Person’s Harmful Publication’s Act, 1956
 The Probation of Offender’s Act, 1958The Probation of Offender’s Act, 1958
 Orphanages and Other Charitable Homes (Supervision and Control) Act, 1960Orphanages and Other Charitable Homes (Supervision and Control) Act, 1960
 The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986,The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986,
 The Juvenile Justice Act, 2010.The Juvenile Justice Act, 2010.
 The Infant Milk Substitutes, Feeding bottles and Infant Foods (Regulation of Production,The Infant Milk Substitutes, Feeding bottles and Infant Foods (Regulation of Production,
Supply Distribution) Act, 1992Supply Distribution) Act, 1992
 The PCPNDT Act, 1994,The PCPNDT Act, 1994,
 The PWD Act, 1995 18.The factories Act, 1948,The PWD Act, 1995 18.The factories Act, 1948,
 The Commissions For Protection of Child Rights Act, 2005The Commissions For Protection of Child Rights Act, 2005

The Commission for the Protection of Child Rights Act,The Commission for the Protection of Child Rights Act,
20052005
It provides for the Constitution of a National and StateIt provides for the Constitution of a National and State
Commissions for protection of Child Rights in every StateCommissions for protection of Child Rights in every State
and Union Territory. The functions and powers of theand Union Territory. The functions and powers of the
National and State Commissions will be to:National and State Commissions will be to:
ss
 Examine and review the legal safeguards provided by orExamine and review the legal safeguards provided by or
under any law for the protection of child rights andunder any law for the protection of child rights and
recommend measures for their effective implementation;recommend measures for their effective implementation;
 Inquire into violations of child rights and recommend Inquire into violations of child rights and recommend
initiation of proceedings where necessary;  Spreadinitiation of proceedings where necessary;  Spread
awareness about child rights among various sections ofawareness about child rights among various sections of
society; society;  Help in establishment of Children's Courts forHelp in establishment of Children's Courts for
speedy trial of offences against children or of violation ofspeedy trial of offences against children or of violation of
Child Rights.Child Rights.

National Policies and Programs (7) for ChildrenNational Policies and Programs (7) for Children
India is implementing a number of child centric programs addressing theIndia is implementing a number of child centric programs addressing the
issues of child Survival, child development and child protection. Importantissues of child Survival, child development and child protection. Important
ones are:ones are:
 National Policy for Children, 1974National Policy for Children, 1974 is the first policy document concerning the needs andis the first policy document concerning the needs and
rights of children. It outlines services the state should provide for the complete developmentrights of children. It outlines services the state should provide for the complete development
of a child, before and after birth and throughout a child's period of growth for their fullof a child, before and after birth and throughout a child's period of growth for their full
physical, mental and social development.physical, mental and social development.
 National Policy on Education, 1986National Policy on Education, 1986 was called for "special emphasis on the removal ofwas called for "special emphasis on the removal of
disparities and to equalize educational opportunity," for Indian women, ST and the SCdisparities and to equalize educational opportunity," for Indian women, ST and the SC
communities. To achieve these, the policy called for scholarships, adult education,communities. To achieve these, the policy called for scholarships, adult education,
recruiting teachers from the SCs, incentives for poor families to send their children torecruiting teachers from the SCs, incentives for poor families to send their children to
school, development of new institutions and providing housing and services.school, development of new institutions and providing housing and services.
 National Policy on Child Labor, 1987National Policy on Child Labor, 1987 contains the action plan for tackling the problem ofcontains the action plan for tackling the problem of
child labor in high concentration areas through projects.child labor in high concentration areas through projects.
 National Nutrition policy, 1993National Nutrition policy, 1993, was introduced to combat the problem of under nutrition., was introduced to combat the problem of under nutrition.
 National Population Policy 2000:National Population Policy 2000: The national population policy 2000 aims at free andThe national population policy 2000 aims at free and
compulsory school education up to age 14 and other entitlements.compulsory school education up to age 14 and other entitlements.
 National Charter for children (NCC), 2003National Charter for children (NCC), 2003 states that the State and community shall take allstates that the State and community shall take all
steps to provide the necessary education and skills to adolescent children.steps to provide the necessary education and skills to adolescent children.
 National Plan Of Action For Children (NPA),National Plan Of Action For Children (NPA), NPA has a significant number of keyNPA has a significant number of key
areas of thrust relating to child protection: child marriage, development and protection ofareas of thrust relating to child protection: child marriage, development and protection of
the girl child, upholding the rights of children in difficult circumstances, securing for allthe girl child, upholding the rights of children in difficult circumstances, securing for all

Government’s Budget allocation to Social SectorGovernment’s Budget allocation to Social Sector
Programs in % of GDPPrograms in % of GDP
Year& sector 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15
Education 3.1 3.2 3.1
Health 1.2 1.3 1.2
OtherSocial Services 2.2 2.6 2.5

Situation Analysis of AdolescentsSituation Analysis of Adolescents
Bare FactsBare Facts
The data availability on adolescents in India is very sketchy. FromThe data availability on adolescents in India is very sketchy. From
various sources, we can conclude the following:various sources, we can conclude the following:
(i) Demography(i) Demography
 The 230 million adolescents make a major part of the reproductive ageThe 230 million adolescents make a major part of the reproductive age
group, hence deserve special attention.group, hence deserve special attention.
 The proportionate population of boys and girls is (17%) and (16%)The proportionate population of boys and girls is (17%) and (16%)
respectively.respectively.
 Sex Ratio: 933:1000Sex Ratio: 933:1000
 High MMR among females due to teenage motherhood.High MMR among females due to teenage motherhood.
 Distribution of population – 2012Distribution of population – 2012
Population details Total Population Total Adolescent Population
India 1,210,193,422 275924100
Bihar 103,804,637 23667457
Source: Census 2011

(ii) Health:(ii) Health:
 Malnutrition prevails among the adolescents, especiallyMalnutrition prevails among the adolescents, especially
girls.girls.
 Age-specific mortality is 3 andAge-specific mortality is 3 and 3.43.4 respectively for boys andrespectively for boys and
girls. (CSO, 1999)girls. (CSO, 1999)
 The % of adolescents married before 18 is in RajasthanThe % of adolescents married before 18 is in Rajasthan
(68.3%), Bihar (71%), Kerala (17%) and Punjab (11.6%)(68.3%), Bihar (71%), Kerala (17%) and Punjab (11.6%)
(NFHS 1998-99).(NFHS 1998-99).
 Fertility Rate: NFHS I (1992-93) says 36% of marriedFertility Rate: NFHS I (1992-93) says 36% of married
adolescents in the age group of 13 to 16 are alreadyadolescents in the age group of 13 to 16 are already
mothers or are pregnant with their first child as are 64% ofmothers or are pregnant with their first child as are 64% of
those in the 17 to 19 age group. (CSO, 1998)those in the 17 to 19 age group. (CSO, 1998)

EducationEducation
 Education and Literacy % by Census 1001: 76% for boys and 68% forEducation and Literacy % by Census 1001: 76% for boys and 68% for
girls.girls.
 GER for 1998-99 by age group (11-14 yrs) is 65.2 for boys and 49.8 forGER for 1998-99 by age group (11-14 yrs) is 65.2 for boys and 49.8 for
girls (Source: MOHRD)girls (Source: MOHRD)
 The dropout rates in classes I to X is around 70%. (Source: CSO,The dropout rates in classes I to X is around 70%. (Source: CSO,
Women and Men in India, 1998)Women and Men in India, 1998)
 40% students feel difficulty to concentrate on their studies and 37% fear40% students feel difficulty to concentrate on their studies and 37% fear
exam and failure.exam and failure.
 73% and 56% students felt it tough to talk to their parents and friends73% and 56% students felt it tough to talk to their parents and friends
respectively about their problems.respectively about their problems.
 There is almost a complete lack of career guidance to adolescents andThere is almost a complete lack of career guidance to adolescents and
their parents. (Career options)their parents. (Career options)
 90% of the adolescent population is perceived as ‘unemployables’ for90% of the adolescent population is perceived as ‘unemployables’ for
poor education,poor education,
Contd…..Contd…..

Education : No. of facilitiesEducation : No. of facilities
No. of
Institutions
(in Lakh) 1950-51 2005-06 2013-14 (P)
Primary I-V 2.10 7.73 7.91
Upper Primary
VI-VIII
0.14 2.88 4.01
Secondary IX-X NA 1.06 1.31
Senior Secondary
XI-XII
0.07 0.54 1.04
Source: India by
Figures 2015, MHA
Higher Education 0.01 0.21 0.49
Contd…….

Education: Gross Enrolment RatioEducation: Gross Enrolment Ratio
Table 1. GER % 1950-51 2005-06 2013-14
(P)
Primary 42.6 1099.4 99.3
s Upper Primary 12.7 71 87.4
Secondary NA 52.2 73.6
Table 2.
(GER) in 2013-14 (P) (%)
Primary Male Female SC ST
Upper Primary 98.1 100.6 111.5 1110.2
Secondary 84.9 90.3 94.8 86.1
Senior Secondary 73.5 73.7 76.1 67.1
Higher Education 49.1 49.1 48.8 34.4
GER in 2013-14 (P) (%)
Source: India by Figures
2015, MHA
22.3 19.8 15.1 11
Contd…….

Education: Indicators on teachersEducation: Indicators on teachers
Table 1.
Institutions and ratio
Inter Colleges High Schools Middle School Primary School
Number of teachers 1028723 1310349 1912585 2480414
Percentage of trained teachers 89 90 88 86
Number of female teachers per
hundred male teachers
65 61 72 86
Pupil – Teacher Ratio
Source: India by Figures 2015,
MHA
39 30 34 42
Table 2.
Institutions and ratio
Inter Colleges High Schools Middle School Primary School
Number of teachers 1028723 1310349 1912585 2480414
Pupil Teacher Ratio
Source: Statistics of School
Education 2009-10, Ministry of
human resources Development
(%) 1950-51 2005-06 2013-14 (P)
Primary 24 46 28
Upper Primary 20 34 30
Secondary NA 32 28
Senior
Secondary
21 34 40
Contd……

Education: Dropout RatesEducation: Dropout Rates
Table 1. Dropout Rates in 2015 (in %)
Level Year Boys Girls Total
Primary Education 1980-81 56.2 62.5 58.7
2013-14 (P) 21.2 18.3 19.8
Class I - X 1980-81 79.8 86.6 82.5
Source: India by Figures, 2015, MHA 2013-14 (P) 48.1 46.7 47.6
Table 2.
Dropout Rates , Level wise 2013-14 (P)
(Figures in parenthesis pertain to female) Level All SC ST
I-IV 19.8 (18.3) 16.6 (15.4) 31.3 (30.7)
1VII 36.3 (32.9) 36.8 (34.4) 48.2 (46.4)
Source: India by Figures 2015, MHA
Contd……
I-X 47.4 (46.7) 50.1 (48.0) 62.4 (61.4)

Education:Education: Schooling status of children in BiharSchooling status of children in Bihar
Children currently
attending school
(Age 6-17 years)
(%)
Children attended
before Drop out
(Age 6-17 years)
(%)
Persons 88.8 88.4 91.4 Persons 5.9 6.0 4.9
Male 89.6 89.3 91.2 Male 6.0 6.1 5.5
Female
Source: Annual Health
Survey, 2010-11, ORGI
88.0 87.4 92.5 Female 5.7 5.9 4.2
Contd…

Status of Higher Education (18-23 years)Status of Higher Education (18-23 years)
Source: India by Figures, 2015, MHASource: India by Figures, 2015, MHA
Total 1950-51
NA
2005-06
11.6
2013-14 (P)
21.1
Male NA 13.5 22.3
Female NA 9.4 19.8
SC NA 8.4 15.1
ST NA 6.6 11
Contd…

Gender Parity Index – All IndiaGender Parity Index – All India
Level of school
and ratio
2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2009-10
Primary
education
0.94 o.94 0.98 1
Secondary
education
Source: Ministry of Human
Resources Development
0.80 0.82 0.85 0.88
Contd….

Inequality IndicesInequality Indices
Inequality Indices Location 2004-05 2009-10 2011-12
Gini Co-efficient Rural 0.266 0.276 0.28
Urban 0.348 0.371 0.367
Income Quintile Ratio Rural 4.3 4.2 4.4
Source: India by Figures 2015, MHA Urban 4.2 6.7 6.6
Contd…

Vital Statistics 1:Vital Statistics 1:
Out of School children ( in absolute nos.)Out of School children ( in absolute nos.)
Source: DISE, *IMRB (Indian Market Research Bureau) SurveySource: DISE, *IMRB (Indian Market Research Bureau) Survey
2005-06 2009-10
1.3 million 8.1 Million (?)

(iv) Labour:(iv) Labour:
 There is considerable increase in the number of child labourThere is considerable increase in the number of child labour
between 1991 and 2001 in U P, Rajasthan, Jharkhand,between 1991 and 2001 in U P, Rajasthan, Jharkhand,
Chattisgarh, Bihar, W B and …….Chattisgarh, Bihar, W B and ……. The Census found anThe Census found an
increase in the number of child laborers from 11.28increase in the number of child laborers from 11.28
million in 1991 to 12.66 million in 2001million in 1991 to 12.66 million in 2001 ..
 As per census 2001, UP (15.22%) recorded the highest share ofAs per census 2001, UP (15.22%) recorded the highest share of
child labor, followed by A P (10.76%), Rajasthan (9.97%), Biharchild labor, followed by A P (10.76%), Rajasthan (9.97%), Bihar
(8.82%), MP (8.41%), and W B (6.77%).(8.82%), MP (8.41%), and W B (6.77%).
 Labor force participation rate in 1999-2000 was 403 for both perLabor force participation rate in 1999-2000 was 403 for both per
1000 population. (NSS, 501000 population. (NSS, 50thth
-55-55thth
Rounds)Rounds)
 Work Force Participation: As on 1998, 20% of the total applicantsWork Force Participation: As on 1998, 20% of the total applicants
were 19 years and under. Out of these, 22.2% were females. Thewere 19 years and under. Out of these, 22.2% were females. The
unemployment rates for the 15-19 age group in 1993-94 were 54.7unemployment rates for the 15-19 age group in 1993-94 were 54.7
% for males and 30.7% for females.% for males and 30.7% for females.

1. Major sectors of child labor1. Major sectors of child labor
Source: Census 2001Source: Census 2001
2. Worker Population Ratio - Work Participation of children2. Worker Population Ratio - Work Participation of children
Distribution of (per 1000) of persons by principal usual activity categoryDistribution of (per 1000) of persons by principal usual activity category
Source: Key indicators of Employment and unemployment in India, NSS July 2009- June 2010Source: Key indicators of Employment and unemployment in India, NSS July 2009- June 2010
Pan,Bidi and Cigarettes- 21% Construction- 17% Domestic Workers- 15%
Spinning / Weaving 11% Others 11% Brick-klins,Tiles 7%
Dhabas / Restaurants / Hotels-
6%
Auto work shop / Vehicle
Repair- 4%
Carpet-making 3%
NSS Age (in years) Male Female
2004-05 10-14 52 43
2009-10 10-14 26 18

The percentage of children aged 5-14 engaged in work inThe percentage of children aged 5-14 engaged in work in
BiharBihar
Source: Annual Health Survey 2010 –11Source: Annual Health Survey 2010 –11
Vital Statistics 2 :Vital Statistics 2 :
Child Labor in absolute numbers in IndiaChild Labor in absolute numbers in India
Source: Population Census, Office of Registrar General of indiaSource: Population Census, Office of Registrar General of india
Children age 5-14 years engaged
in work (%)
Total Rural Urban
Person 3.6 3.7 3.1
Male 4.0 4.0 3.8
Female 3.1 3.2 2.3
1991 2001
11.28 million 12.66 million (!!!???)

(iv) Children in conflict with law:(iv) Children in conflict with law:
 Crimes against adolescents:Crimes against adolescents: IIn 2011, the crimes againstn 2011, the crimes against
children reported a 24% increase over 2010.children reported a 24% increase over 2010. Bihar accounted forBihar accounted for
6.7% cases. Violence against women and girls is a growing6.7% cases. Violence against women and girls is a growing
phenomena. Adolescent girls are more disadvantaged byphenomena. Adolescent girls are more disadvantaged by
physical, mental and psychological violence at home and outside,physical, mental and psychological violence at home and outside,
ranging from eve teasing and abduction to rape, incest,ranging from eve teasing and abduction to rape, incest,
prostitution, battering, sexual harassment at the work place, acidprostitution, battering, sexual harassment at the work place, acid
attacks etc.attacks etc.
 Crimes by adolescents:Crimes by adolescents: Rate of juvenile crime increased fromRate of juvenile crime increased from
0.9% in 1999 to 2.1% in 2008. About0.9% in 1999 to 2.1% in 2008. About 62.4% of Juvenile crimes62.4% of Juvenile crimes
are committed by children who have never gone to schoolare committed by children who have never gone to school or haveor have
had education till only primary level.had education till only primary level.
 Deviancy and high risk behavior like drug abuse, pre-maritalDeviancy and high risk behavior like drug abuse, pre-marital
sexual activity and antisocial behavior.sexual activity and antisocial behavior. In 1993-94, 4.54% of drugIn 1993-94, 4.54% of drug

 Crimes against children in absolute numbers- All India 2012Crimes against children in absolute numbers- All India 2012
Source: Annual Health Survey 2010 –11Source: Annual Health Survey 2010 –11
 Disposal of crimes against children by Police and courts -Disposal of crimes against children by Police and courts -
20122012
Year 2009 2010 2011 % variation in 2011
over 2010
Total crime 24201 26694 33098 24
National average charge sheeting rate for all the crimes against children 82.5%
‘Buying of girls for prostitution’ 100%
‘Rape’ 97.3%
IPC Crimes 78.8%
SLL Crimes 93%
Total conviction rate at national level 34.6%
National conviction rate for infanticide other than murder 46.9%
Murder 45.5%

Vital Statistics 3Vital Statistics 3
Total conviction rate for all the crimesTotal conviction rate for all the crimes
against children at national level is justagainst children at national level is just
34.6% !34.6% !

All evils lie in the deprivation of ourAll evils lie in the deprivation of our
children from educationchildren from education
 Education is meant for all round development of individuals. It forms theEducation is meant for all round development of individuals. It forms the
basis for lifelong learning and inspires confidence to face challenges.basis for lifelong learning and inspires confidence to face challenges.
Through education people become, more self reliant, informed andThrough education people become, more self reliant, informed and
responsible citizens, who are capable of exercising wise choices, andresponsible citizens, who are capable of exercising wise choices, and
finding their voices in politics. It is also a fundamental requirement in afinding their voices in politics. It is also a fundamental requirement in a
democracy.democracy.
 Being out of school, boys enter the world of work and start worrying aboutBeing out of school, boys enter the world of work and start worrying about
earning. Girls suffer the double burden of entering the world of work and areearning. Girls suffer the double burden of entering the world of work and are
also confronted with matrimony and childbearing. In the absence ofalso confronted with matrimony and childbearing. In the absence of
educational programs that address their employment and self-developmenteducational programs that address their employment and self-development
needs, both adolescent boys and girls especially those out of school haveneeds, both adolescent boys and girls especially those out of school have
little opportunity to grow into self-confident, aware and healthy persons. Thelittle opportunity to grow into self-confident, aware and healthy persons. The
formal school system has little to offer to the dropouts and out-of-schoolformal school system has little to offer to the dropouts and out-of-school
adolescents.adolescents.
 There is presently nowhere that their real life education needs are met i.e.There is presently nowhere that their real life education needs are met i.e.
understanding and critically reflecting on their lives, exploring opportunitiesunderstanding and critically reflecting on their lives, exploring opportunities
for employment/self employment, skill training, confidence building etc.for employment/self employment, skill training, confidence building etc.

What we can do for the dropout adolescentsWhat we can do for the dropout adolescents
The following is a suggestive list of possible activities to provide diverseThe following is a suggestive list of possible activities to provide diverse
educational opportunities to adolescents:educational opportunities to adolescents:
# Redressal mechanism
1 Residential camps and residential institutions for adolescent Girls
2 Village melas on health, maths, environment, science and technology, women, etc.
3 Community action projects managed by youth e.g. watershed management, afforestation,
etc.
4 Village/mobile libraries run by youth
5 Kala Jathas and travelling theatres based on folk performing arts
6 Open learning courses
7 Integrating formal education with action and work
8 ‘Real-life’ education for out-of-school adolescents
9 Career and vocational guidance in schools
10 Counseling, etc

ConclusionConclusion
Brainstorming data that despite ratifying 16 UN Conferences /Brainstorming data that despite ratifying 16 UN Conferences /
Conventions, 7 Indian Constitutional Provisions and 19 Union Laws------Conventions, 7 Indian Constitutional Provisions and 19 Union Laws------
we still havewe still have 8.1 million dropout adolescents (52.76%) in Std8.1 million dropout adolescents (52.76%) in Std
IX-XIX-X,, gender disparity of 0.12,gender disparity of 0.12, 12.66 million child labor12.66 million child labor ,, labor forcelabor force
participation rate of 403/1000 population, work force participation underparticipation rate of 403/1000 population, work force participation under
19 years of 20%, unemployment rates for 15-19 age group of 54.7 %,19 years of 20%, unemployment rates for 15-19 age group of 54.7 %,
crimes against children reported 24% increase in 2011 over 2010crimes against children reported 24% increase in 2011 over 2010,,
juvenile crime increased from 0.9% in 1999 to 2.1% in 2008,juvenile crime increased from 0.9% in 1999 to 2.1% in 2008, 62.4% of62.4% of
Juvenile crimes are committed by children who have neverJuvenile crimes are committed by children who have never
gone to schoolgone to school ,, 4.54% of drug users are in the age group of 12-174.54% of drug users are in the age group of 12-17
years, 17.5% cases remain pending for charge sheeting for crimeyears, 17.5% cases remain pending for charge sheeting for crime
against children,against children, 65.4% cases remain to be convicted for crime against65.4% cases remain to be convicted for crime against
childrenchildren, national conviction rate for infanticide other than murder is, national conviction rate for infanticide other than murder is
46.9% and national conviction rate for murder is only 45.5%.46.9% and national conviction rate for murder is only 45.5%.
Situation is horrific.Situation is horrific.

Human Development IndexHuman Development Index
Education is a foremost determinant of human development and now weEducation is a foremost determinant of human development and now we
can aptly judge now why India is far behind in the values of Humancan aptly judge now why India is far behind in the values of Human
Development Index.Development Index.
Source:-Human Development Report,2014, UNDP, NSSO, Ministry of Statistics & PI, Niti AyogSource:-Human Development Report,2014, UNDP, NSSO, Ministry of Statistics & PI, Niti Ayog
These data confirm that all evils lie in the deprivation of our children fromThese data confirm that all evils lie in the deprivation of our children from
education. The discussed data firmly suggests that human rights perspective ofeducation. The discussed data firmly suggests that human rights perspective of
adolescents in India is in pathetic condition andadolescents in India is in pathetic condition and “ In a rights-based society like“ In a rights-based society like
ours, the right to (quality) education for adolescents must be taken in a pursuitours, the right to (quality) education for adolescents must be taken in a pursuit
of human rights obligation and the state must fulfill it. Merely hypotheticalof human rights obligation and the state must fulfill it. Merely hypothetical
dreaming of providing free and compulsory elementary education to all childrendreaming of providing free and compulsory elementary education to all children
as enshrined in our Directive Principals of State Policy and the enactment of theas enshrined in our Directive Principals of State Policy and the enactment of the
Right to Education Act, 2009 will not suffice the cause. If we can reach Mars,Right to Education Act, 2009 will not suffice the cause. If we can reach Mars,
produce international managers, claim India a developed economy and a rights-produce international managers, claim India a developed economy and a rights-
based society – deprivation of children from education is a national shame.based society – deprivation of children from education is a national shame.
Good governance policies for children and fostering their development throughGood governance policies for children and fostering their development through
different instruments is instantly required.”different instruments is instantly required.”
HDI Unit 2000 2010 2013
HDI Value 0.431 0.483 0.586

Way AheadWay Ahead
There is an urgent need to invest in adolescents. ByThere is an urgent need to invest in adolescents. By
addressing their needs we would not only beaddressing their needs we would not only be
contributing to the socio-economic development of thecontributing to the socio-economic development of the
country but also to other societal concerns like socialcountry but also to other societal concerns like social
harmony, gender justice, population stabilization andharmony, gender justice, population stabilization and
improving the quality of life of our people.SSA andimproving the quality of life of our people.SSA and
Right to RTE have contributed to a new vibrancy,Right to RTE have contributed to a new vibrancy,
meaning and urgency in the country’s efforts tomeaning and urgency in the country’s efforts to
universalize elementary education. However, the issueuniversalize elementary education. However, the issue
of drop outs continues as a major issue in all levels ofof drop outs continues as a major issue in all levels of
education. Urgent and more focused measures areeducation. Urgent and more focused measures are
required to address and tackle these enduring issues inrequired to address and tackle these enduring issues in
the education sector of the country to meet the humanthe education sector of the country to meet the human
rights obligations of the adolescents.rights obligations of the adolescents.

ReferencesReferences
1. ORGI, India1. ORGI, India
2. MHRD, GoI2. MHRD, GoI
3. IMRB Survey3. IMRB Survey
4. India in Figures, 20154. India in Figures, 2015
5. Census of India, 20015. Census of India, 2001
6. Census of India, 20116. Census of India, 2011
7. Children in India, 20127. Children in India, 2012
8. Central Statistical Organization8. Central Statistical Organization
9. Annual Health Survey, 2010 –119. Annual Health Survey, 2010 –11
10. UN Conferences/Conventions,10. UN Conferences/Conventions,
11. Report of the Working Group on Adolescents for the Tenth Five Year11. Report of the Working Group on Adolescents for the Tenth Five Year
Plan– Planning Commission - GoIPlan– Planning Commission - GoI

Thank you!Thank you!
D P KarnD P Karn

D P Karn-JMDPL College Presentation

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