4. TYPES OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Defined as those properties which completely
define its behavior under action of external load or
forces.
Those properties which associated with :
- Its ability to resist failure
- Its behavior under action of external forces
Knowledge of mechanical properties :
- Essential for engineers in selecting suitable
materials for various applications.
5. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
STRENGTH - Ability to withstand or support
external forces or load without rupture.
HARDNESS - Ability to resist deformation by
abrasion, indentation or penetration and
scratching by harder bodies.
DUCTILITY - Ability to undergo appreciable
plastic deformation before rupture.
BRITTLENESS - Ability to fracture when
deformed . Opposite to ductility
6. TOUGHNESS - Ability to absorb maximum
energy up to fracture. Must be strong & ductile to
be tough. Shows ability to withstand impact.
Value increase when temperature increases.
ELASTICITY - Ability to retain its original shape
& size after removal of load.
PLASTICITY - Ability to experience permanent
deformation without fracture when subjected to
external forces.
7. RESILIENCE - Ability to absorb energy when it
is elastically deformed.
MALLEABILITY - Ability to be deformed into
thin sheets by rolling or hammering without
fracture
MACHINABILITY - Ability to be cut or removed
by cutting tools in various ,machining operations.
8. WELDABILITY - Ability of 2 similar or
dissimilar metals to be joined by fusion& with or
without filler.
CASTABILITY - Ability to be formed into
different shapes & sizes from its liquid state.
9. MECHANICAL TEST OF METALS
All mechanical properties of metal- established by
conducting tests on various testing machines.
Types of mechanical test :
- Tensile test - Creep test
- Hardness test
- Impact test
- Compressive test
- Fatigue test
10. TENSILE TEST
Tensile test understand mechanical
behavior by stress-strain test.
3 ways of load application –tension,
shear, compression
Most common mechanical stress-
strain performed in tension
11. Performed to determined ;
- Elastic limit
- Yield point
- Ultimate tensile strength
- % of elongation & reduction
of area
13. STANDARD TENSILE SPECIMEN
Procedure :
Specimen held in holding grips of
apparatus
Load applied gradually at a constant
rate
Specimen will be elongated until
fracture
14. DATA RECORDED – LOAD vs.
ELONGATION :
Normalized to engineering stress &
engineering strain.
ENGINEERING STRESS :
15. ENGINEERING STRAIN :
PLOT A GRAPH – STRESS vs. STRAIN :
OA is a straight line
Stress & strain proportional (Hooke’s Law)
where E = modulus of elasticity
Slope corresponds to E
16. ENGINEERING STRESS vs. STRAIN :
Engineering stress is the applied
load divided by the original cross-
sectional area of a material. Also
known as nominal stress.
Engineering strain is the amount
that a material deforms per unit
length in a tensile test.
17. PLOT A GRAPH – STRESS vs. STRAIN :
Called elastic deformation
When applied load is released, specimen returns
to its original shape.
AB IS A SMALL CURVE :
A is a point where elastic deformation end and
plastic deformation begin.
- Phenomenon of yielding occurs.
- Called proportional limit.
- Initial departure from linearity
18. AB IS A SMALL CURVE :
To determine yielding point precisely.
- Construct straight line parallel to elastic portion
of σ-∊ curve at a specified strain offset (0.002)
- B is the intersection of parallel line with curve
- The stress defined as a yield strength, σy
σ-∊ behavior for some steels :
Elastic-plastic transition
- well defined
- occurs abruptly
19. Yield point phenomenon
- Upper yield point – plastic deformation
initiated. σ decrease.
- Lower yield point – deformation fluctuated at
constant σ
- Yield strength σy , average σ of lower yield
point
BC IS AN UPWARD CURVE
Stress increase to maximum limit (point C)
Called tensile strength , TS
20. Corresponds to maximum σ that can be
sustained by a structure in tension .
Necking begin to form- decrease of cross-
sectional area
CD IS A DOWNWARD CURVE
Specimen continues to elongate
Requires lesser load to continue
deformation. σ decrease.
D is a point of fracture or rupture
22. TRUE STRESS vs. STRAIN :
True stress is determined by
dividing the tensile load by the
instantaneous area.
True strain is the natural
logarithm of the ratio of the
instantaneous gauge length to the
original gauge length.
23. DUCTILITY
Measure degree of plastic
deformation that has been
sustained at fracture
Can be expressed as :
- % elongation
- % area reduction
25. BRITTLE MATERIAL
Has little or no plastic
deformation upon fracture
Has less than 5% elongation
26. HARDNESS TEST
Hardness test
Measure hardness by forcing an
indenter into materials surface.
Indenter – made of harder material
– usually in form of ball.
pyramid or cone
27. HARDNESS TEST
Early Hardness Test
- Done by comparing with 10
standard mineral
- Increasing hardness on Moh’s scale
1. talc 6. orthoclase
2. Gypsum 7. quartz
28. 3. Calcite 8. topaz
4. Fluorite 9. corundum
5. Apatite 10. diamond
IMPORTANT TEST
Brinell Hardness Test
Rockwell Hardness Test
Viekers Hardness Test
Knoop Hardness Test
29. BRINELL HARDNESS TEST
By Dr Johan August Brinell in
1900
Performed by pressing steel ball
into surface of test pieces using
appropriate force.
31. ROCKWELL HARDNESS TEST
Devised in the USA
The most common method:
Simple to perform
Require no special skills
Quick & direct reading
32. Performed when hardness is beyond
range of Brinell’s
load is smaller than Brinell’s
VIEKERS HARDNESS TEST
The most accurate test
- Has continuous scale of hardness (10
to 1000)
Indenter
33. - Diamond square based pyramid
with 136ᵒ angle between opposite faces.
Load
- Smaller than Rockwell & Brinell
- Between 1 and 1000 g
Suitable for:
- Small, thin selected specimen
region
34.
35. KNOOP HARDNESS TEST
Very much similar to Vickers
Indenter :
- Diamond pyramid with short depth and
diagonal in ratio in ratio of 7:1
Measure diagonal length under
microscope.
Knoop hardness number designated by HK
36.
37. Hardness scale for Knoop & Vickers
- Approximately equivalent
Both are referred as micro hardness testing
- Basis of reload & indenter size
Suitable for testing
- Brittle materials (ceramics)
- Extremely thin metal
- Exceptionally hard, very shallow
carburized or nitride surface
38. IMPACT TEST
Many machine parts are subjected to
sudden applied loads – impact loads
Important engineering wise to have :
- Material that can withstand impact
load without fracturing
39. A hard, strong may not be suitable
when subjected to sharp sudden load.
Capacity of metals to withstands impact
without fracture
- Impact resistance or impact strength
- Indication of toughness
40. Method of measuring toughness
- Impact- testing apparatus
Types of impact-testing apparatus
- Charpy
- Izod
46. Example : Damascus Steel
Produced from high carbon
(hypereutectic) steel -1.5% C bloom, or
cake (wootz – produced in India exported
to Damascus)
Characteristic surface pattern
(damascene) produced by microstructure
bands of Fe3C
47. – Band formations favored by some
carbide forming elements, e.g, V, Mn, Cr,
Nb, Mo
– Vanadium and other carbide-
forming impurities
existed in iron ores from South India