3. FACE MASK
AIRWAY
SUPRAGLOTTIC DEVICES
ENDOTRACHEAL TUBE
LARYNGOSCOPE
ADJUNCTS
NASAL AIRWAY
OROPHARYNGEAL AIRWAY
Laryngeal Mask
I GEL
Baska
Mask
4. Enable gas administration without introducing any apparatus into patients
mouth.
MADE OF
FACE MASK
Black rubber
Clear plastic
5. PARTS
BODY(DOME) : if transparent can see the secretions or
exhaled moisture or blood
CONNECTOR: has 22 mm ID
SEAL(RIM) : Part that comes in contact with the face
Cushion type
Infalted with
air
Flap type
6. TYPES
ANATOMIC FACEMASK: Connell/BOC mask
Black rubber(cant see blood/ secretions/ moisture)
Good seal
AMBU TRANSPARENT MASK:
Good seal, thumb rest is present
RENDELL BAKER SOUCEK MASK
For pediatric cases as it has minimal dead space
Triangular body
ENDOSCOPIC MASK
Has port for fibroscope to be inserted
7. TECHNIQUES
1)ONE HAND METHOD:
Thumb & index finger over body of mask
Other 3 fingers form E
Middle & ring finger on mandibular ridge
Little finger under angle of jaw
8. 2)TWO HAND METHOD/ ESMARCH-HEIBERG MANEUVER,
Both hands used,
Both thumb on either side of body of mask
index fingers are placed under the angles of the jaw.
The mandible is lifted and the head extended
3) CLAW HAND TECHNIQUE :for pediatric
short ophthalmology procedures
10. ADVANTAGE
Cost effective
Less chance of sore throat
Less depth of anaesthesia is needed
DISADVANTAGE
• Risk of
desaturation
• Difficulty to
maintain an airway
• Fresh gas flow
needed
• Work of breathing
in spontaneously
breathing patient
12. CLEANING
Better to use disposable
If reusing ,rinse, soak & scrub it
Gas sterilisation
Pasteurisation
Liquid chemical agents
13. AIRWAY
Under anaesthesia, muscles of floor of mouth & pharynx relax,it increases the
chance of fall back of tongue and epiglottis ,obstructing the airway
The purpose of an AIRWAY is to lift the tongue & epiglottis away from posterior
pharyngeal wall
Prevent airway occlusion
It includes
Nasal airway Oropharyngeal airway
15. Also known as NASAL TRUMPET
PARTS :bevel end
:flange: to prevent deep passing
16. SIZE
Measure the distance from
Lateral edge of nostril to tragus of ear.
if
Too large
Stimulate
laryngeal reflexes
If too small
Obstruction of
airway not relieved
17. HOW TO USE
Lubricate the entire length,
,airway held with bevel against the septum—
insert perpendicular in line with nasal passage and gently advance posteriorly
Bevel end reach below base of tongue, above epiglottis
18. USES
During or after pharyngeal surgery
To facilitate suctioning
Guide for nasogastric tube
To dilate passage for nasotracheal intubation
ADVANTAGE
Better tolerated
Can use in oral pathology or loose tooth
Can be used even when mouth cant be open properly
19. TYPES
LINDER
Has large flange
No bevel at distal end
BINASAL
has 2 nasal airway
connected via adapter
used in babies
CUFFED
Inserted through
nose to pharynx
Cuff inflated
20. COMPLICATIONS
Airway obstruction: if its tip press epiglottis or tongue against posterior
pharyngeal wall(PPW)
Trauma to nose or PPW
Tissue edema
CONTRAINDICATION
Anticoagulation history
Base of skull #
Deformity or pathology or sepsis of nose or nasopharynx
21. CLEANING
Rinse with cold water, then placed in solution of water and detergent
Pasteurisation,
chemical disinfection,
plasma sterilisation
23. PARTS
FLANGE: seen outside
prevent deeper movement
BITE PORTION: straight ,
Its between teeth & lips
CURVED PART:allow free passage of air
to pharynx
24. SIZE
Hold it next to patients mouth
Size measured from midpoint of incisor
to angle of mandible
If too small: will kink & obstruct
If too large :traumatise the larynx
25. INSERTION
Using left hand separate teeth by scissoring
Insert airway with concave side facing upper lip
When junction of bite & curved section is near Incisor
rotate it 180 degree and slip it behind the tongue
26. USES
Maintain open airway
Prevent biting & occluding oral tracheal tube
Protect tongue from biting
Enable easy oropharngeal suction
provide pathway to insert device to pharynx
27. TYPES
GUEDEL
Large flange
Color coded bite block
Smooth bevelled tip
BERMAN
With central support
&
Channel along each
sides allowing a
suction catheter or
ETT to pass through
PATIL SYRACUSE
ENDOSCOPIC AIRWAY
Made of aluminium
Has a central groove &
lateral channels
Enabling fibooptic
intubations
28. COMPLICATIONS
Airway obstruction :if tip press epiglottis/tongue against PPW
Pharyngeal perforation
Laryngeal spasm
Edema to tongue, neck,
Dental damage
29. Group of airway devices that can be inserted into pharynx to allow
ventilation, oxygenation, administration of anaesthetic gases without the
need of endotracheal intubations
30. LMA
1ST generation
simple airway devices
Low pressure pharyngeal seal
It include
Flexible LMA
Classic LMA
2nd generation
High pressure seal
Increased protection from aspiration
Proseal LMA
I gel
31. LMA CLASSIC
Supraglottic device
Parts
2 vertical bars(aperture bar):where the tube enters the mask
:prevent epiglottis obstructing the tube
Shaft/curved tube
Cup/spoon shaped mask with inner rim is inflatable
Airway connector of 15mm diameter
Pilot balloon with valve to inflate the cuff
32. MATERIAL: made of silicone
SIZE:
Too small:leak +
Too large :comes out
LMA SIZE PATIENT WEIGHT
1 INFANTS UPTO 5kg
1.5 5-10 kg
2 10-20 kg
2.5 20-30kg
3 30-50 kg
4 50-70kg
5 70-100kg
6 >100kg
33. INSERTION
patient positioned in sniffing position
----hold the LMA in R hand at junction
of shaft and cuff with thumb and index finger
----with aperture facing forward—tube lies
parallel to floor
Open the mouth as a scissoring,insert the mask
Mask press against the hard palate with index finger
& further advance using index finger only
-
34. Once properly placed
Mask rest on floor of hypopharynx
Sides faces pyriform fossa
Upper border of cuff behind base of tongue
OTHER TECHNIQUES
If failed,reposition the head and try
180 TECHNIQUE: insert with laryngeal aperture
points cephalad & rotate it 180 degree as it
Enter hypopharnx
Partly inflation technique
35. ADVANTAGES OF LMA
1. Ease of insertion
2. Smooth awakening
3. Low operating room pollution
4. Can lessen the complications
5. Protection from barotrauma
6. Cost effective
DISADVANTAGES OF LMA
Cant use in
Full stomach/pregnancy
No use in glottis /subglottic obstruction
Aspiration
risk
36. COMPLICATIONS
1. Gastric content aspirations
2. Gastric distensions
3. Foreign body aspirations
4. Airway obstruction due to malpositioned mask/ epiglottis backfolding
5. Trauma to
Epiglottis
Posterior pharyngeal wall
Uvula
Soft palate
Tonsil
37. CLEANING
Clean with warm water and dilute sodium bicarbonate (dissolve the secretions)
Rinse with tap water and dried
Inflation valve should not be exposed to any chemical solution
Water should not enter the cuff
Can be autoclaved to 135 degree Celsius or 235 degree Fahrenheit
38. 2.LMA PROSEAL
STRUCTURE
Has additional drainage tube
wire reinforced,shorter ,smaller airway
accessory vent to prevent secretion pooling
additional 2nd dorsal cuff
Shorter lifespan than classic LMA
USES
For short procedure
In times of difficult face mask procedures
In difficult /failed intubation
In patients with tracheal stenosis
Aid bronchoscopy
40. 3.LMA UNIQUE
single use LMA
Made of PVC
ADV DISADV
Less costly more stiffer
Better in ward use less compliance
41. 4.LMA FLEXIBLE
Reinforced LMA/RLMA/FLMA
STRUCTURE: flexible ,wire reinforced tube
tube is longer & narrower
USE: surgery of head and neck
ADV:can bent without kinking
DISADV:
More difficult to insert(use stylet /magill)
Obstruction due to biting
Not suitable for MRI
42. 5)LMA FASTRACH
Intubating LMA/ILMA/ILM
STRUCTURE:
short, curved ,stainless steel shaft
Single epiglottis elevator bar
Vshaped guiding ramp to direct tracheal tube to glottis
Curved tip for atraumatic insertion
Available in 3,4,5 sizes
ADV:anticipated or unexpected difficult airway
DISADV:
May get dislodged easily
Not suitable for MRI
43. 6)LMA CTRACH
STRUCTURE:
2 fiberoptic channels,one to transmit the light
Other to transmit the image
Monitor attached to see image
ADV: real time image of larynx is visible
DISADV:
poor image quality
Difficult to use in limited mouth opening cases
CLEANING
can be autoclaved
44. OTHER SUPRAGLOTTIC
DEVICES
1.SOFT SEAL LARYNGEAL MASK:
Clear, disposable, made of PVC
No epiglottic bar
Blue line on convex surface
2.AMBU LARYNGEAL MASK
Cuffed, single use, made of PVC
Built in curve so replicate the anatomy
No epiglottic bars
45. 3.LARYNGEAL TUBE AIRWAY
Silicon, reusable,
2 cuffs..when inflated
With single inflation line can inflate both cuffs
ADV: Easy to insert in restricted mouth opening
Proximal cuff :in hypopharynx
Distal cuff:in upper esophagus
46. 4.INTUBATING LARYNGEAL AIRWAY(ILA)
reusable device( can be autoclaved)
made of silicone,
curved tube, dark blue bowl
keyhole shaped outlet
47. 5)I –GEL
Soft gellike cuffless SGA, elliptical shaped
Provide noninflatable anatomical seal
Has elliptical buccal cavity stabilizer with
Has a bite block
Sizes:1, 1.5, 2. 2.5, 3, 4, 5
ADV:
minimal tissue compression
Latex free
Circular airway lumen
Lumen for gastric tube
insertion
48. 6)BASKA MASK
Non inflatable membranous cuff, inflated with PPV produces a seal
has an elbow connector for suctioning
has an opening that sits in upper esophagus
bite block
Seen in 4 sizes
49.
50. Device to secure patients airway via nose/oral route
MATERIAL
Red rubber PVC
Can reuse less expensive
Get clogged compatable with tissue
Can kink
Not transparent
Rarely can have
silicone
tubes,expensive
51. Characteristics of material choosen
Low cost
Lack of tissue toxicity
Transparent
Non inflammable
Easy to sterilise and durable
Smooth non wettable surface to prevent pooling of secretion
Sufficient strength
Latex free
Lack of reaction with anaesthetic gases & lubricants
52.
53. Has
Patient end: with Machine end: receives
connector
a) BEVEL:obliquely cut,it faces the left
forms acute angle with longtitudinal
axis of tracheal tube
b)MURPHY EYE:hole opposite to bevel,
provide alternate flow path for gas
if bevel is occluded
if murphy eye is absent : magill tube
54. CUFF: Inflatable sleeve near patient end.
Inflated by pilot balloon & inflating tube
ADV of cuffed tube
perfect sealing of trachea,thus decrease
Chance of aspiration
Avoid gastric distension duringPPV
Allows efficient ventilation
55. 2types of tubes based on cuff
A) HIGH VOLUME LOW PRESSURE
Has large resting volume& diameter
area of contact is larger
ADV:
minimal pressure on tracheal
wall
DISADV
Increased chance of fluid leakage
More difficult to insert
Cuff is likely to torn
Increased incidence of sore throat
56. B)LOW VOLUME HIGH PRESSURE CUFF
require high intracuff pressure to achieve a seal with the trachea
has small are of contact with the trachea
ADV
Better protection
against aspiration
Less sore throat
DISADV
Ischemic damage to tracheal
wall if left insitu for longer
period
57. TUBE SIZE:
Standard set by ASTM/ISO
designated by ID in mm
Size should be marked b/w cuff & take of point of
inflation tube
Size choosen for male:7.5/8/8.5
for female:7/7.5
for pediatric patients
use uncuffed tube
calculated based on age and weight of the child
<6Yr:(age in yrs/3)+3.75
>6Yr:(age in yr/4)+4.5
3month:3mm
3-9months:3.5mm
AGE TUBE SIZE ID in
mm
Prematue <_3
Neonate 2.5-3.5
1-6mon 4-4.5
6-12mon 4.5-5
1-4yr 4.5-5.5
4-6yr 5.5-6.5
7-10yr 6.5-7
10-14yr 7-7.5
58. TUBE LENGTH
As ID length also
TUBE MARKINGS
1.Word’ORAL’/ NASAL
2.Size in ID in mm
3.OD if size <6
4.Name of manufacturer
5.graduated markings showing distance
from patient end in cm
6.single/reuse
7.Radioopaque at patient end or in entire length
59. INSERTION
POSITION :patient is in SNIFFING THE MORNING AIR /CHEVALIER JACKSON
POSITION
Flexion at cervical spine
Extension at atlanto occipital joint
So that oral, pharyngeal &laryngeal axis is
alligned, thus it optimise the vocal cord
visualisation
60. INSERTION
After laryngoscopy,
proper size tube is passed from right corner of the mouth
Through the vocal cord, until the transverse black line in the tube has passed the
Vocal cords
Confirm the intratracheal placement of the tube
Signs
Visualise tube passing through the cord
Capnography
Feel and compliance of the reservoir bag
Chest wall rise
Auscultation of the chest wall
Movement of mist in tube
Then cuff is inflated :pressure of 18-25mm Hg(25-34 cm H2O)
61. Intubation
trauma for lip, tonsil,
tongue, nose, pharynx,
trachea
Vocal Cord avulsion,
arytenoid dislocation
BP HR ICT
IOP
Bronchosperm
Airway perforation
Esophageal intubation
Failed intubation
Complication of ETT
ETT in place
Disconnect
Airway
obstruction
At extubation
Laryngeal
edema
aspiration
After
extubation
Sorethroat
Laryngeal
edema
Nerve injury
Ulcer
Vocal cord
palsy
Tracheal
stenosis
62. Indication of tracheal intubation
To secure and maintain airway
To protect against aspiration of
gastric content
Provide positive pressure
ventilation
During respiratory obstruction
Contraindication of tracheal
intubation( increased risk in)
Severe airway trauma
Laryngeal edema
Arch of aorta aneurysm
Cervical spine injury
63.
64. 3)COLES
TUBE
In neonates,
uncuffed
has tapering point end, then has shoulder like part which is broader
Disadvantage
- it can traumatise the larynx
Can’t insert through nose.
65. 4)RAE TUBE (RING ADAIR ELWYN) /
PREFORMED TUBE
Has preformed bend
For head and face surgery
Advantages –less chance of accidental extubation, can give wider surgical field
Disadvantages- difficult suction
Two types
South Polar
• Bend at acute angle
• Rest on Patient’s chin
• Connector on chest
• Use: cleft lip, palate, nasal surgery
North Polar
• Cephalic curve
• Connector on forehead
• Use: lower face, mandible, floor of
mouth surgery
66. 5FLEXOMETALLIC OR ARMOURED TUBE
Metal or Nylon spiral within the wall
ADVANTAGE
Flexible
Non-kinking
Can pass over fibro optic bronchoscope
DISADVANTAGE
No Murphy eye
Difficult to insert
Not reusable
USE
In tracheostomy
Submental intubation
67. 6)MICROLARYNGEAL TUBE
High volume, low pressure cuff
Size- 4,5,6 (ID in mm)
USE- For Microlaryngeal Surgery
ADVANTAGE
Small bore
Used in narrow airway
Better visibility
Can use in intubation via LMA
DISADVANTAGE
Not laser resistant
Occlusion chance is high
69. It’s a device to visualise the interior of larynx
including VC to aid endotracheal intubation
HANDLE
Has battery
for light
source
FITTING
Connection point
between handle & blade
Hook on
fitting type
Pin fits
through
holes
BLADE
70. BLADE OF LARYNGOSCOPE
BASE:part attaching to handle
HEEL:proximal end of base
SPATULA:compress tongue
&soft tissue
FLANGE:Parallel to tongue,
deviates the tongue
TIP:elevate the glottis
has the light source
71. MACINTOSH BLADE
Mc used
Spatula has greater curve
Cross section of spatula &flange
makes reverse Z
Blunt tip
Interchangable blade
MILLER BLADE
• Straight
• Used commonly in
pediatric patients
• Used in patients with
• Floppy epiglottis
• Micrognathia
• Prominent incisor
• Short neck
72. SIZE OF TUBE
SIZE USED IN
0 NEONATE
1 SMALL CHILD
2 CHILD
3 ADULT
4 LARGE ADULT
5 EXTRA LARGE ADULT
73. INSERTION
Position the patient head in sniffing position
Hold laryngoscope in left hand
Introduce through R side of mouth
Advance behind the base of the tongue,
elavate it until epiglottis is seen
Lift epiglottis to see vocal cord
Insert the tube
If difficulty to see cord
o Use stylet
o BURP manuever: backward upward rightward pressure on thyroid cartilage
o Use flexi tip laryngoscope
o Blindly introduce
74. COMPLICATIONS
Injury to lip,tonge,hard & soft palate,epiglottis,
Damage to teeth, gums
Injury to cervical cord
Foreign body swallow / aspiration
Burns
Laryngospasm
Vagal stimulation
75. 1) McCoy
: macintosh blade with adjustable tip
Adjusted by lever in handle
Uses:in difficult intubation
76. 2)BULLARD LARYNGOSCOPE
Its indirect rigid fibrooptic laryngoscope
Used in
Restricted mouth opening
Limited neck movements
Here endotracheal tube is preloaded in the wire & introduce along with it
77. 3)POLIO BLADE
For obese cases
Has obtuse angle
4)OXIPORT BLADE
Has port for oxygen delivery
78. 5)BIZZARRI GIUFFRIDA BLADE
Macintosch with flange is removed
Adv:damage to upper teeth is reduced
Used in:
Limited mouth opening,
Prominent incisor
Receding mandible
Short & thick neck
Anterior larynx
79. 6)VIDEO LARYNGOSCOPE
ADV:
able to visualise the anatomy
Monitor the intubating process
Less neck movement required
DISADV:cant use in outside health care facility
80. 7)FLEXIBLE FIBEROPTIC ENDOSCOPE
Also known as fiberscope
PARTS
LIGHT
SOURCE
HANDLE
Houses the battery
Its held in hand
Has eyepeice, focussing
ring,working channel port,tip
control lever
INSERTION CORD
Part inserted into patient
It has image conducting bundle,
Light conducting bundle
Working channel for
suction/medication
administartion
81. INSERTION
Can be inserted orally/nasally
Preferred in awake intubation
Used to
Place and evaluate placement of tracheal tubes
Check tube patency
Evaluate the airway
Locate & remove secretions
ADV:
Reliable for difficult airway management
Intubate those with unstable cervical spine
High risk dental damage
82. DISADV:
More expensive
Difficult to maintain
Require more time and skill
Cant directly manipulate airway structures
COMPLICATIONS
Gastric distension,
Tension pneumothorax
Subcutaneous emphysema
83. AIRWAY MANAGEMENT
ADJUNCTS
1)STYLETS
It fit in a tracheal tube,change the shape of the tube facilitating the insertion
Disadv:
trauma to airway & oesophagus
Can damage the tube
84. 2)BOUGIES
Eschmann tracheal introducer
Distal end is angled 30 degree,makes it easier to pass
Once bougie is in trachea, advance the tracheal tube over the bougie
Once ETT Is in, withdraw the bougie
DISADV
Trauma can occur to airway
Source of contamination
85. 3)MAGILL FORCEPS
USES
Direct tracheal tube to larynx
Direct gastric tube to esophagus
COMPLICATIONS
Cuff of tube may be damaged
Damage to airway mucosa