mANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY

1. UNIT-V
MANUFACTURING OF
PLASTIC COMPONENTS

2. INTRODUCTION
Plastics are belonged to the family of organic
materials.
Organic materials are those materials obtained
directly from carbon and chemically
combined with oxygen, hydrogen and other
non-metallic compounds.
These organic materials are classified into two
types.

3. They are
1. Natural organic materials:
The wood, coal, petroleum and natural rubber are
under the categories of natural organic.
2. Synthetic organic materials
The plastics, synthetic rubbers, ceramics glass are
under the categories of synthetic organic.
Technically, these organic materials are called as
Polymers.

4. TYPES OF PLASTICS:
All plastics are broadly classified into two main
groups
1. Thermosetting plastics
2. Thermo plastics

5. Thermosetting Plastics:
The plastics which are hardened by heat
effecting a non-reversible chemical change are
called thermo-setting.
Thermo setting plastics do not soften on
reheating and cannot be reworked.
Thermosetting molecules are formed by
condensation polymerization.
The molecules of such type of plastics have
three dimensional network and very strong
binding force between molecules.

6. The raw materials for thermosetting plastics is in
the form of liquid or solid.
These types of plastics are polymerized when
moulded or formed.
It consumes more time for formation.
The various types of thermosetting resin are
discussed below.
1. Phenol formal dehyde:
It is also named as bakelite.
It is made by the reaction of phenol with
formaldehyde.

7. It is generally produced in dark colour and it
has high strength, stability, and rigidity.
It can be easily cast or laminated.
Uses: Plugs, knobs, pulleys, bottle caps, tooling
and forming dies.
2. Polyester resin:
It has low moisture, good electrical resistance
and variety of colours.
It is used in paper mat, TV parts and car bodies.
The main drawback of the polyester is high cost.

8. 3. Melamines:
It has excellent electrical and heat resistance.
It has good stability and low moisture
absorption.
The melamines are available under various
names of melmac, catlin, melantine and
plaskon.
It is widely used for moulded parts.
Uses: Telephone sets, circuit breakers, switch
panels and lighting fixtures.

9. 4.Phenol furfural:
flowability
and sets
at low moulding
quickly at correct
It has good
temperatures
temperature.
The phenol furfural has good resistance to
moisture and electricity.
Examples: Brake linings, electrical parts and
instrumental cabinets.
Uses: It is used as a binder in resinoid abrasive
wheels, laminating varnishes and adhesives.

10. 5.Epoxy resins:
The most popular variety of epoxy resins is
araldite.
It has a good chemical and electrical
resistances.
It is mostly available in the form of liquid.
They also have good resistance to wear and
impact.
They are quite expensive.
Uses: Tools and dies, jigs and fixtures, housing for
electrical parts and enamels.

11. 6. Silicones:
Silicones have high resistance to
temperature upto 260º C and
execellent dielectric strength at
high
posses
high
temperatures.
In liquid form, they are used as water
repellants.
They can be compressed and reinforced.
Uses: It is used in coatings, laminates, foam
products and induction heating apparatus.
In rubber form it is used in gaskets for providing
high heat resistance.

12. 7. Urea formaldehyde (Amino resin):
It is obtained by the condensation of urea and
aqueous formaldehyde.
It cannot be cast.
But, it can withstand temperature up to 77º C
only.
It is widely used as an adhesive and binding
material.
Uses: It is used in toilet seats, table ware, buttons,
clock cases, electric switches and plugs.

13. 8.Alkyds:
It is also known as oil-modified polyesters.
Alkyds are used in synthetic enamels and
lacquers.
It is used in solid form where high electrical and
heat resistances are required.
Example: Automobile ignition parts.
9. Polyurethanes:
It is mainly used for cushions in transportation
seats for insulation and electronic equipment as a
packing material.

14. Thermoplastics:
The thermoplastics have separate long and
large size molecules arranged side by side.
It does not have any cross linking in their
molecular structure.
Some of the thermo plastic structure is
amorphous in nature other than that all are
crystalline structure in nature.
It is formed by addition polymerization process.
When thermo plastics are heated, it becomes
very soft and rehardens on cooling.

15. During heating, the linear bonding links
between molecules breakup and molecules are
seperated.
Relinking takes place on cooling and retains
their hardness.
It is easily remoulded or extruded to any shape.
These plastics do not have a definite melting
temperature.
The various thermo plastics are discussed below.
It is classified into:
1. Cellulose derivatives
2. Synthetic resins.

16. 1. Cellulose Derivatives:
(i) Cellulose nitrate:
It is obtained by treating the cellulose with a
mixture of nitric and sulphuric acid.
It has high toughness, good resistance to
moisture and highly inflammable.
Uses: Spectacle frames, toilet articles, pen bodies
and table tennis balls.

17. (ii) Cellulose acetate:
It is obtained by treating the cellulose with
acetic acid.
It can be injected and compressed in the
mould for obtaining better stability and high
mechanical strength.
It is lighter than cellulose and tendency to
absorb moisture.
Uses: Photographic films, buttons, radio panels,
toys and extruded sheets, tubes and rods.

18. (iii) Ethyl cellulose:
The ethyl cellulose is the lightest of all cellulose
derivatives.
It has good electrical properties, chemical
resistance, surface hardness and strength.
Uses: Jigs, fixtures, forming dies, hose nozzles and
moulded articles.

19. (iv) Cellulose acetate-butyrate:
It is obtained by treating cellulose with acetic
acid and butoric acid.
It has good stability against light and heat and
moisture absorption tendency.
It can also be injection moulded and extruded.
Uses: Radio cabinets, pipes and tubing, steering
wheels, insulating tapes, handles and coatings.

20. (v) Cellophane:
It is available in extruded form.
It has attractive appearance and good
resistance to moisture, fire and solvents.
Uses: Curtains, drapers wrapping and packaging.
(vi) Cellulose propionate:
It has low tendency for moisture absorption
and can easily be moulded.
The cellulose propionate can withstand
temperature upto 93º C.
Uses: Fountain-pens, telephones and flash light
cases.

21. 2. Synthetic Resins:
(i) Polyethylenes:
It has very high resistance to acids, alkalizes
and solvents can be made flexible, tough and
good insulators.
It has low water absorption.
The polyethylenes are softened at 93º C.
Uses: Fabrics, trays, pipes and tubing chemical
containers and corrosion resistant coatings.

22. (ii) Polystyrenes:
It has dimensional stabilities and strain
resistances.
It is easily mouldable and has a tendency to
crack under load.
The polystyrenes are easily joined by
cementing.
It can be produced in any form and colours.
Uses: Battery boxes, radio parts, tableware, toys
and high frequency insulation parts.

23. (iii) Acrylic resins:
It has high transparency tendency.
It can be made in any colour with dielectric
properties, resistance to moisture, good strength
and excellent light transmitting power.
It can also be cast, injection moulded, extruded
and stretch formed into sheets.
Uses: Tubes, plates, coatings and adhesives,
laminates, display cases, lenses, valves and helmets.

24. (iv) Vinyles:
Its trade name is PVC.
Vinyl plastics are made in the form of flexible
or rigid.
It has good electrical and weather resistance.
The vinyls are water resistance and produced in
various colours.
Uses: Tarpalin, water roofing, raincoats, tubes and
insulation.

25. (v) Polytetra fluoroethylene:
Its trade name is Teflon.
It has maximum chemical
withstand temperatures upto 288º C,
resistance, can
and
cannot be dissolved in any solvent.
It has high electrical resistance, low friction
and very low adhesion to other substances.
It is available in forms such as rods, sheets and
tubes.
Uses: Gaskets, greaseless bearing, electrical
insulators and chemical containers.

26. (vi) Polyamide:
It is popularly known by its trade name Nylon.
It has high strength, toughness and elasticity.
It can be moulded and extruded into rods.
The powder metallurgy methods can also be
used for this type of plastics.
It is a good insulator and has good wear
resistance.
Uses: Yarn for cloth, bearings and coupling, gears,
wire insulation and combs.

27. (vii) Methyl methacrylate:
It trade name is Lucite and plexiglass.
It can be formed easily at temperatures around
120º C.
It is marked by its clear colour and high light
transmission capability.
Uses: Aircraft parts, transparent bowls, contact
lenses and various surgical instruments.

28. 1. INJECTION MOULDING:
Working principle:
 The injection moulding is used to achieve
high speed moulding of thermoplastics.
 The working principle of this process is that
the molten thermoplastic is injected into a
mould under high pressure.
 For achieving high pressure, the plunger
system is used.

29. Operation:
 The moulding material is loaded into a
hopper from which it is transferred to a
heating section by a feeding device where the
temperature is raised to from 150o C to
370oC.
 The material melts and is forced by an
injection ram or by plunger through a nozzle
and sprue in a closed mould which forms the
part.
 There are two types of injection moulding
and it is given below.

30. (i) Ram or plunger type injection moulding:
 The ram and plunger type injection moulding
has two units.
(a) Injection unit, and
(b) Clamping unit.
So, it may be split in order to eject the finished
component.
 Initially, the polymer is filled in a hopper.
 Then, it goes to the heating section where the
polymer is melted and the pressure is increased.
 The heated material is injected by the ram
under pressure.

31.  So, the heated material is forced to fill in
the mould cavity through the nozzle to get
the required shape of the plastics.
 Here, the mould is water – cooled type.

32. (ii) Screw type injection moulding:
 In this type also, are two units to split and eject
the finished component such as
(a) Injection unit, and
(b) Clamping unit .
 The injection unit has hopper, screw, and
heating section.
 In clamping section, it has mould.
 In a screw type moulding machine, the pellets
are initially fed into the hopper.
 The resins are pushed along with the heated
reciprocating screw.

33.  The screw is moved forward to force the
plastic material into the mould.
 The screw itself is moving backwards and
allowing the accumulation of enough material
to fill the mould.
 The rotation of the screw provides the
plasticizing action by shearing and frictional
effects.
 The axial motion of the screw provides the
filling action.

35.  The jet moulding process is used to find the
problems occurred in injection moulding process.
 The reaction moulding is the recent development
in injection moulding.
 In reaction moulding, the low viscosity monomers
are used in the mould.
 A chemical reaction takes place between resins at
low temperature and a polymer is created.
 In jet moulding, the plastic is preheated about 93oC
in the cylinder surrounding the nozzle.
 The reaction moulding is suitable for the
production of polyurethane moulding.
 The injection capacity of injection moulding
ranges from 12,000 mm3 to 2.2 X
machines
106mm3.

36. Advantages of injection moulding:
 High production capacity and less material
losses are possible.
 The cost is low and it needs less finishing
operation.
 It is used for making complex threads and
thin walled parts.
 Accuracy becomes ±0.025mm.
 Wide ranges of shapes can be moulded.

37. Applications:
 It is used in making parts of complex threads.
 Intricate shapes such as thin walled parts can be
produced.
 Typical parts such as cups, containers, tool
handles, toys, knobs and plumbing fittings can
be produced.
 Electrical and communication components such
as telephone receivers can be produced.
Limitations:
 Equipment of cylinder and die should be non –
corrosive.
 The reliable temperature controls are essential.

38. Compression Moulding:
Working principle:
The compression moulding is widely used for
thermosetting polymers and it is also used to
thermoplastic polymers.
It involves a pre-measured quantity of plastic in
the form of particles or briquettes which is placed
in a heated mould and compressed at suitable
pressure and temperature.
The charge is placed in the heated mould cavity
and mould is closed.

39. The desired
compression press thereby resulting
compression is given by
an
immediate contact of the polymer charge with all
parts of the mould.
Both the pressure and heat ensure the flow of
resin, filling of all parts and corners of the cavity.
For thermosetting systems, the pressure is
maintained till the linking is obtained to an
optimum level.
Finally, the mould is opened and ejected from
the cavity.

41. The mould is cooled below the transition
temperature before the mould is opened while
making thermoplastics.
This is the cyclic process.
The time interval covering the mould is known
as cycle time.
A slight excess material is placed in the mould
and squeezed out between mating surfaces of the
mould.
The use of perfumes against moulding powder
gives low compression ratio and breathing is
helpful in eliminating voids and improves the
quality of the mould.

42. The moulding temperature of thermosetting
materials ranges from 150oC to 180oC.
The time required to harden the mould piece
ranges from 1 to 15 minutes.
The compression moulding has four basic types.
(i) Flash type
(ii) Landed positive type
(iii) Positive type
(iv) Semi positive type.
The compression moulding is the equivalent of
closed – die forging.

43. Hydraulic presses are usually employed to
provide the pressure which may ranges from
20 to 30 Mpa or even higher upto 80 Mpa.
The main objective of compression moulding is
to bring the plastic virtually to a molten state.
When the plastic is completely trapped between
the male and female dies, it is called as positive
mould.

44. S.No. Type of Compression
mould
Uses
1. Flash type This is the widely
used method for
making plastics.
2. Landed positive type It is used for high
impact material
3. Positive type It is used for high
impact material and
deep draw.
4. Semi positive type For deep drawing this
method is used

45. Applications:
It is used to make dishes, handles, container
taps and fittings.
Electrical and electronic components,
washing machine agitators and housings are
made by this process.

46. 2. TRANSFER MOULDING:
Working principle:
 Transfer moulding is a modification of
compression moulding in which the material
is first placed in separate chamber called
transfer pot.
 Then the material is pushed in sprue
through the orifice and into the mould cavity
by the action of a punch.

48.  The pressure is used in transfer moulding is
from 50 to 100 % higher than the
compression moulding and the mould is kept
at a high temperature so that the heat
transmission is easier when compared to
compression moulding.
 Transfer moulding cycles are shorter than
compression moulding and moulding is done
at high temperature and pressure.
 The material to be moulded is often pre –
heated by radio - frequency methods.

49.  Where it is desired to improve toughness and
strength, the reinforcing fillers may be used.
 Transfer moulding is generally employed for
thick sections and also useful for incorporating
metal parts in the moulding.
 The pre-melted polymer charge flows easily
into interior parts with inserts.
 It is not possible in compression moulding.

50. Transfer moulding design:
The following points are to be considered
while designing transfer moulding
1. Flow of materials should be easy.
2. Ejecting of mould should be easy.
3. Heating of all the parts should be uniform.

51. Advantages:
 Before completely filling the plastic in the
mould cavity, little pressure is maintained
inside the mould which will create full liquid
pressure inside the cavity.
 When the plastic flows through the orifice into
the cavity, the temperature will increase.
 Cold presses can be used.
 The viscosity of flow material reduces.

52. Applications:
 It is used for batch production.
 Short runs of mould metal during moulding.
 Shape of mould can be readjusted

53. BONDING OF THERMOPLASTICS:
 It is done by the application of pressure and
heat.
 It consists of layers, such as paper, cellulose,
glass fiber etc.
 Synthetic resins are used as binders.
 The thermoplastics are bounded by the
process of lamination.

54.  The lamination process is classified into two
categories:
(i)High pressure laminates
(ii)Low pressure laminates.
 In high – pressure laminates, the pressure
applied is upto 7 Mpa and temperature of
about 1500C.
 In low pressure laminates, the pressure
requirement is very less when compared to
high pressure laminates.
 Materials such as asbestos, cotton, fibres are
fabricated by this process.

56.  The low- pressure laminations are also called
“Reinforced Plastics”.
 Figure shows the lamination process in which
the paper and glass are immersed in the
resin solution using rollers and then resin
mixed plastics are dried in the drying oven.
 The dried plastics are cut in the cutting
section.
 After cutting, it will be pressed by the press.

57.  The stages involved in lamination are:
1. Saturation of the base with resin solution.
2. Wet drying
3. Size cutting
4. Pressing
 The laminated plastics are used in electrical
and electronic components and also for
mechanical devices.
 In furniture industry, the decorative
laminations are used.

58.  The reinforced plastics have the
characteristics of:
1. Elastic stability, and
2. Less weight
 The reinforced plastics are used in:
1. Making thin sheets
2. Making aircraft panels
3. Making horns
4. Making storage bins.

59. 3. BLOW MOULDING:
Working principle:
 In this process, a hot extruded tube of
plastic called parison is placed between two
parts of open moulds.
 The two valves of the mould move towards
each other so that the mould closes over the
tube.

60. The bottom end of parison is sealed.
The compressed air is used to blow the
molten plastic into the mould and the tube
gets pinched off and also welded at the bottom
by closing the moulds.
The air pressure is about 0.7 to 10 kg/cm2.
This air pressure will force the tube against
the walls of the mould.
Finally, the component is cooled and the
mould opens to release the components.

61. The blow moulding method ranges from simple
manual operation to complicated automatic
ones.

62. The various types of blow moulding process
are:
1. Injection blow moulding
2. Extrusion blow moulding
3. Multi larger blow moulding
The figure shows the injection blow moulding.
In multiplayer blow moulding, multi layer
structure are used.
Typical examples for multiplayer blow moulding
are plastic packing for food and beverage.

63. Applications:
1. It is used in making plastic bottles and toys.
2.The hollow containers are produced by this
process.
3.The multiplayer blow moulding is used in
cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries.

64. Rotational moulding
Working Principle:
Rotational moulding process is used to make
thin walled hollow parts.
In this method, a measured quantity of
polymer powder is placed in a thin-walled
metal mould.
The mould is closed and it is rotated about
two mutually perpendicular axes as it is
heated.

65. The rotation will cause the powder to sinter
against the mould walls.
After heating and sintering, the mould is
cooled while it is still rotating.
The cooling of mould is done by using water
and air.
Then the rotation is stopped when the
moulded component is removed.
In this rotational moulding, thin walled metal
mould is made of two pieces and is rotated in
perpendicular axis.

67. A measured quantity of powdered plastic
material is placed inside the mould.
Then, the mould is heated and rotated.
This action tumbles the powder against the
mould where the heating fuses the powder
without melting it.
Most thermoplastics and some thermosets can
be formed into large hollow parts by
rotational moulding.
In some parts, chemical agents are added to
the powder and cross-linking after the part is
formed in the mould by continuos heating.

68. Rotational moulding can also produce parts with
complex hollow shapes with wall thickness of
0.4 mm minimum.
Large size parts are 1.8m x 1.8m x 3.6m can
also be formed by this process.
The surface finish of the mould is same as that
of surface finish of walls.
The temperature-time relationship during the
oven cycle is very important.

69. Applications:
1. It is used to produce toys in P.V.C.
2. It is used to make large containers of
polyethylene.
3. It is used to make petrol tanks for motocars
from polyethylene and nylon.
4. Metallic or plastic inserts are moulded by
this process.
5. The buckets, housings, boat hulls and
trashcans are made by this process.
6. It is used to produce tanks of various sizes,
boat hulls and footballs.

70. Film Blowing
Working Principle:
 Crystalline sharp melting polymers such as nylon or
PET are very much suited for the film productions
by melt casting techniques.
 Initially, the heated plastic powder is extruded by using
extrude machines called extruder.
 In this extruding process, the thin film is produced.
 After extruding the thin film, it is stretched by pulling
rollers through the chilled drum in the reeling wheel.
 The thin film is cooled in the chilled drum and the
rollers are used to pull the film from chilled drum.
 The reeling wheel is used to make the film roll.

72. Extrusion Process
Working Principle:
 The process consists of feeding the powdered plastic
from the hopper into the heated chamber.
 A rotating screw carries the material forward and
forces it out through the heated orifice of the die.
 The required shape is obtained through the die.
 The mould is suitably cooled by water or air – blast
and carried away by a running belt.
 The raw material is in the form of pellets, granules
and powder.
 The thermosetting plastics are not suitable for
extrusion.
 For the extrusion of plastics, a single screw machine
has completely replaced the ram type machine.

74. The screw has three distinct sections.
(i) Feed section connects the material from
hopper into the central region of the barrel.
(ii) Melt section in which plastic starts to
melt.
(iii)Pumping section in which additional
shearing and melting occur.
In this, the material is fed from the hopper and the
screw is rotated in a barrel.
The screw imparts both axial and rotary
motions.
The restricting effect of the die will build up a
pressure until it is in a plastic state and can be
extruded.

75. Applications :
 It is used to make tubes, sheets, films,
pipes, ropes and other profiles.
 Complete shapes with constant cross
sections can be extruded with relatively
inexpensive tooling.

76. Vacuum Forming Process
(Thermoforming)
Working Principle:
It is a process in which a heated plastic sheet
is changed to a desired shape by causing it
to flow against the mould surface by
reducing the air pressure between one side of
the sheet and the mould surface.
Figure shows the vacuum forming process in
which the plastic sheet is heated in a heater
and the sheet is fixed in a clamp in the first
stage.

77. In the second stage, the heated sheet is placed
on the die where the air between the sheet and
mould is removed.
In the third stage, increasing intensity draws
the sheet against the surface of the mould
where it cools and solidifies.
The vacuum forming process is also called
“Thermoforming”.
If large surface area moulds are used, it will be
difficult to stretch the plastic into the mould.
In this case, the mechanical assist is given to
stretch the plastic into the mould.

79. The main advantages of this process are low
cost and quick process of making the sheet.
In this, the air pressure acts as a cushion and
temperature of the air delays the sheet
cooling.
A wide variety of plastic products are made
by this thermoforming.

80. Applications :
 It is very much useful for making trays,
drink cups, refrigeration door lines.
 It is used for making panels for shower
stalls and advertising signs.