8.
Irritational fibroma, Traumatic fibroma, Focal fibrous
hyperplasia, Fibrous nodule
Most common benign soft tissue neoplasm of oral
cavity
Mostly reactive focal fibrous hyperplasia secondary
to trauma
FIBROMA
9.
4th to 6th decades
M:F = 1:2
Can occur anywhere in the mouth but common sites
are:
Buccal mucosa, along the bite line
Gingiva
Labial mucosa
Tongue
Size: from few mm to several cms. Mostly > 1.5cms
FIBROMA
Clinical features
10.
Well defined, asymptomatic; slow growing lesion
Smooth-surfaced nodule; similar in colour to
surrounding mucosa
Sometimes white in colour: hyperkeratosis from
continued irritation
Sometimes inflammed
Superficial ulceration + pain may be present
Sessile or pedunculated
FIBROMA
Clinical presentation
11.
12.
13.
Nodular mass of fibrous connective tissue covered with
stratified squamous epithelium
Non-encapsulated lesion; fibrous tissue blends into the
surrounding connective tissue
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Dense and collagenized; scattered inflammation
Collagen fibres are arranged in radiating, circular or
haphazard pattern
EPITHELIUM
Atrophy;flat rete ridges or thin and elongated rete
ridges
Sometimes hyperkeratosis (clinically white)
FIBROMA
Histopathology
17.
Calcifying or ossifying fibroid epulis; peripheral
fibroma with calcifications
Relatively common gingival growth
Reactive rather than neoplastic
Mineralised product: origin from cells of periosteum
or periodontal ligament
PERIPHERAL OSSIFYING FIBROMA
18.
Common in children and young adults; 10-19 yrs
M:F = 1:2 to 2:3
Occurs exclusively in the gingiva
Slight predilection for the maxillary arch
More than 50% occur in incisor cuspid region
Adjacent teeth: usually unaffected; sometimes can
cause migration and loosening
PERIPHERAL
OSSIFYING
FIBROMA
Clinical features
19.
Nodular mass
Pedunculated or sessile
Usually arises from the interdental papilla
Red to pink in colour; usually ulcerated
Mostly less than 2cms
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
Red lesions: pyogenic granuloma
Pink non-ulcerated lesions: irritational fibroma
RADIOGRAPHICALLY: superficial erosion
PERIPHERAL
OSSIFYING
FIBROMA
Clinical presentation
20.
21.
Fibrous proliferation associated with the formation
of mineralised product
EPITHELIUM
Intact or ulcerated layer of stratified squamous
epithelium
When ulcerated: surface is covered by fibrinopurulent
membrane + subjacent zone of granulation tissue
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Cellular mass of connective tissue showing large
numbers of proliferating fibroblasts
Has delicate fibrillar stroma
PERIPHERAL
OSSIFYING
FIBROMA
Histopathology
22.
Several forms of CALCIFICATION occur
Bone: in the form of single or multiple interconnecting
trabeculae of bone or osteoid; older lesions
demonstrate mature lamellar bone
Cementum-like material: ovoid droplets of basophilic
cementum-like material which closely resembles
acellular cementum
Dystrophic calcifications: present as multiple granules,
tiny globules or irregular masses of basophilic
mineralised material; these calcifications are more in
early ulcerated lesions
Occasionally GIANT CELLS may be present
PERIPHERAL
OSSIFYING
FIBROMA
Histopathology
23.
24.
Local surgical excision down to the periosteum
Should be submitted for histopathologic examination
Adjacent teeth should be thoroughly scaled to
prevent further irritation
Recurrence rate of 8-16% is reported
PERIPHERAL
OSSIFYING
FIBROMA
Treatment
26.
Benign tumour of fat tissue
First described by ROUX (in 1848) as yellow epulis
Relatively rare intraoral tumour; more frequent in
subcutaneous tissues of the neck
The cells of lipoma differ metabolically from the
normal fat cells even though they are histologically
similar
LIPOMA
27.
Usually found in adults above 40yrs
No gender predilection
Buccal mucosa and buccal vestibule are the most
common sites
Can also occur on tongue, floor of the mouth and
gingiva
LIPOMA
Clinical features
28.
Slow growing; soft, smooth- surfaced nodular mass
Sessile or pedunculated
Mostly less than 3cms in size
INTRAORAL LIPOMAS can be classified into
Superficial form
Well encapsulated
Yellow in colour
Soft; freely movable beneath the mucosa
Diffuse form
Present in deeper surfaces; produces surface elevation
More diffuse and gives the feel of a fluid on palpation
LIPOMA
Clinical presentation
31.
Lipoma is composed predominantly of mature
adipocytes or fat cells
Well demarcated from the surrounding connective
tissue by a fibrous capsule
Lobular pattern is seen: collagenous streaks can be
seen seperating the fat cells into lobules
Sometimes lesional fat cells infiltrate surrounding
tissues in the form of long thin extensions
Extensive involvement of a wide area:
LIPOMATOSIS
LIPOMA
Histopathology
35.
A hemangioma is a benign and usually self-
involuting tumor (swelling or growth) of the
endothelial cells.
HEMANGIOMA
36.
Occur in infants and children; for central
hemangiomas of jaws: peak age is second decade
M:F = 1:3 TO 1:5
Whites are more commonly affected than the dark-
skinned individuals
MOST COMMON LOCATION IS THE HEAD AND NECK:
ACCOUNTING FOR 60% OF ALL CASES
HEMANGIOMA
Clinical features
37.
Superficial tumours: appear raised and bosselated
with a bright red colour; firm and rubbery on
palpation
Deep tumours: slightly raised with a bluish hue
HEMANGIOMA
Clinical presentation
38.
Fully developed hemangiomas are rare at birth
It presents as a pale macule with thread like
telangiectasias on the skin
Proliferative phase
This phase lasts for a few weeks where rapid pace of
growth is observed
6-10 months after the proliferative phase the tumour
begins to involute
Colour changes to deep- purple hue; by the age of 5
yrs most of the red colour is gone
Lesion feels less firm in palpation
HEMANGIOMA
Course of hemangioma…
39.
50% of the tumours show complete resolution by 5
yrs; 90% resolve by 9 yrs
AFTER TUMOUR REGRESSION
Normal skin might be restored
Or permanent changes might be skin which include
Atrophy
Scarring
Wrinkling
Telangiectasias
Complications might also occur which include
ulceration and hemorrhage
HEMANGIOMA
Course of hemangioma…
42.
Flat/ raised lesion of the mucosa
Deep red/ bluish red in colour
Readily compressible and fills slowly when released
Common sites: lips, tongue, buccal mucosa and
palate
Usually traumatised, undergoes ulceration and
secondary infection
INTRAMUSCULAR AND CENTRAL
HEMANGIOMAS are also reported in the oral cavity
HEMANGIOMA
Oral manifestations…
43.
44.
Central hemangioma:
Occur in maxilla and mandible; 2/3rds in mandible
First 2 decades of life
bone destructive lesion: honey comb appearance in
radiograph
Root resorption is seen in some cases; vitality is not
affected
HEMANGIOMA
Oral manifestations…
45.
Angiography
Ultrasonography
Contrast enhanced MRI: can differentiate between
hemangioma and lymphangioma
MRI
HEMANGIOMA
Radiographic imaging
46.
Three common types
Cellular hemangioma
Capillary hemangioma
Cavernous hemangioma
Cellular hemangioma
Extensive endothelial proliferation
Numerous plump endothelial cells
Indistinct vascular lumina
It may develop into a simple hemangioma or involute
HEMANGIOMA
Histopathology
47.
48.
Capillary hemangioma
Many small capillaries lined by a single layer of
endothelial cells
Connective tissue stroma is present
Compared to cellular hemangioma the endothelial
cells are flat vascular spaces become evident
During involution, vascular spaces become less
prominent and are replaced by fibrous connective
tissue
HEMANGIOMA
Histopathology
49.
50.
51.
52.
Cavernous hemangioma
Large dilated blood sinuses with thin walls showing
endothelial cells
Sinusoidal spaces are usually filled with blood
Sometimes lymph vessels may be present
HEMANGIOMA
Histopathology
53.
54.
55.
56.
Many congenital hemangiomas undergo
spontaneous regression
Case that do not show regression or those that arise
in older persons have to be treated
Surgery
Radiation therapy
Sclerosing agents injected into the lesion
Carbon dioxide snow
Cryotherapy
Compression
Recurrence and malignant transformation are rare
HEMANGIOMA
Treatment
57.
Vascular malformations are structural anomalies of
blood vessels without endothelial proliferation
Present at birth and persist throughout life
Are in continuity with the normal vasculature
HEMANGIOMA vs
VASCULAR MALFORMATION
59.
Benign hamartomatous hyperplasia of lymphatic
vessels
Developmental malformations that arise from
sequestrations of lymphatic tissue that do not
communicate normally with rest of the lymphatic
system
CLASSIFICATION
Lymphangioma simplex
Cavernous lymphangioma
Cystic lymphangioma
LYMPHANGIOMA
60.
61.
50% of the lesions are noted at birth and around 90%
develop by 9yrs of age
M = F
50-70% of lesions occur in head and neck; most
common location being the lateral neck
LYMPHANGIOMA
Clinical features
62.
Most common location is the anterior two-thirds of
the tongue
Other locations: palate, buccal mucosa, gingiva and
lips
Usually superficial in location
Demonstrates pebbly surface which resembles a
cluster of translucent vesicles
The clinical appearance is simulated to tapioca
pudding or frog eggs
Secondary haemorrhage may cause the vesicles to
appear purple
Deep tumours present as soft ill-defined masses
LYMPHANGIOMA
Oral manifestations
63.
64.
Small lymphangiomas less than 1cm occur on the
alveolar ridge: common in black neonates
These lesions occur bilaterally on the mandibular
ridge
M:F = 2:1
They resolve spontaneously
Central lymphangiomas are also reported : not
common in the oral cavity
LYMPHANGIOMA
Oral manifestations
65.
66.
Lymphangiomas consist of multiple intertwining
lymph vessels in a loose fibrovascular stroma
UNENCAPSULATED
The lining endothelium is typically thin; contains
single layer of endothelial cells with flattened nuclei
They usually contain lymph
Some channels may contain RBCs: likely represent
secondary hemorrhage
SOME MAY BE ACTUAL EXAMPLES OF
HEMANGIO-LYMPHANGIOMA
LYMPHANGIOMA
Histopathology
67.
68.
69.
In INTRAORAL TUMOURS
Lymphatic vessels are characteristically located
beneath the epithelial surface
They replace the connective tissue papillae: little or no
connective tissue is present between the lymph vessels
and the epithelium
This superficial location results in the appearance of
translucent vesicle- like appearance
Extension into deeper tissues might also be seen
LYMPHANGIOMA
Histopathology
70.
71.
Lymphangioma simplex: small, thin walled
lymphatics are seen
Cavernous lymphangioma: dilated lymphatic vessels
with surrounding adventitia
Cystic lymphangioma: huge, macroscopic lymphatic
spaces with surrounding fibrovascular tissues
LYMPHANGIOMA
Histopathology
72.
THE SIZE OF THE VESSELS MAY DEPEND ON
THE NATURE OF THE SURROUNDING
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
CAVERNOUS LYMPHANGIOMA: more frequent in
the mouth, here denser surrounding connective
tissue and skeletal muscle limit vessel expansion
CYSTIC LYMPHANGIOMAS: neck and axilla, here
loose adjacent connective tissue allows for
expansion of the vessels
LYMPHANGIOMA
Histopathology
73.
Spontaneous regression is rare
Radioresistant and insensitive to sclerosing agents
Surgical excision is the treatment of choice
Recurrence is common, especially for cavernous
lymphangiomas of the oral cavity: because of their
infiltrative nature
Surgical debulking of the tumour is the typical
treatment provided and additional debulking
procedures might be required as the child grows
LYMPHANGIOMA
Treatment
75.
Neurofibroma is a benign tumour of nerve tissue
origin
Most common type of peripheral nerve neoplasm
ORIGIN
cells that constitute the nerve sheath, including
SCHWANN CELLS and PERINEURAL FIBROBLASTS
It can occur either as a solitary lesion or as a part of
the syndrome: NEUROFIBROMATOSIS I
NEUROFIBROMA
76.
AGE: young adults
No gender predilection
LOCATION: skin is the most common location;
intraoral locations are not uncommon
INTRAORALLY
Tongue and buccal mucosa are the most common sites
CENTRAL LESIONS also occur; but are rare
Occur in the mandible associated with the mandibular
nerve
NEUROFIBROMA
Clinical features
77.
Slow growing
Soft, painless lesion
May vary in size from small nodules to large masses
If Trigeminal nerve involvement: causes facial pain
or enlargement
Central lesions present radiographically
as enlargement of the mandibular canal, when
mandibular nerve is involved
As well demarcated or poorly defined unilocular or
multilocular radiolucency
NEUROFIBROMA
Clinical presentation
78.
79.
Well- circumscribed: especially when the
proliferation occurs within the perineurium of the
involved nerve
Tumours that proliferate outside the perineurium
blend with the adjacent connective tissue
Tumour is composed of
Interlacing bundles of spindle shaped cells
Cells often exhibit wavy nuclei
Delicate collagen bundles
Myxoid matrix
Sparsely distributed small axons are present within the
lesional tissue : demonstrated by silver stains
NEUROFIBROMA
Histopathology
80.
81.
82.
Local surgical excision
Recurrence is rare
Malignant transformation is less but not rare
NEUROFIBROMA
Treatment
83.
Also known as von Recklinghausen’s disease
Incidence: 1 in 3000 individuals
Etiology
Mutation in neurofibromin gene
Inherited as an autosomal dominant trait
NEUROFIBROMATOSIS I
84.
Patients have multiple neurofibromas that can occur
anywhere on the body
Most common on the skin
Tumours may be present at birth; often appear
during puberty
They continue to develop slowly through adulthood
Size varies from small papules to large nodules
NEUROFIBROMATOSIS
I
Clinical features
85.
86.
Some patients have few lesions ; some have
hundreds to thousands
2/3 of the patients affected with the syndrome suffer
mild disease
Accelerated growth is seen during pregnancy
ELEPHANTIASIS NEUROMATOSA
Massive baggy pendulous masses present on the skin
PLEXIFORM NEUROFIBROMA
On palpation gives the feeling of a bag of worms
NEUROFIBROMATOSIS
I
Clinical presentation
87.
Presence of café au lait spots
Pigmentation on the skin; smooth-edged, yellow-tan
to dark brown macules
Vary in diameter from 1-2mm to several cms
Present during birth or develop during the first year of
life
Axillary freckling
Also known as Crowe’s sign
Lisch nodules
Translucent brown pigmentation spots on the iris
Seen in all the affected individuals
NEUROFIBROMATOSIS
I
Clinical presentation
88.
89.
7-20% show oral manifestations
Discrete non-ulcerated nodules which are of same
colour of the mucosa
Location: buccal mucosa, palate, alveolar ridge,
vestibule and tongue
Sometimes may present as diffuse masses involving
tongue (presents as macroglossia) and alveolar ridge
Enlargement of fungiform papillae is seen in 50% of
patients
Central lesions can also occur
NEUROFIBROMATOSIS
I
Oral manifestations
90.
Two or more of the following features
6 or more café au lait spots
More than 5mm in prepubertal and more than 15mm in
postpubertal individuals
2 or more neurofibromas or one plexiform fibroma
Axillary freckling
Optic gliomas
Two or more Lisch nodules
Sphenoid dysplasias or thinning f long bone cortex
First degree relative with diagnosis of NF-1
NEUROFIBROMATOSIS
I
Diagnosis
91.
No specific therapy
Treatment directed towards prevention and
management of complications
Facial neurofibromas can be removed for cosmetic
purposes
Genetic counselling and evaluation of the other
family member is required
NEUROFIBROMATOSIS
I
Treatment
92.
MPNST: seen in 5% of individuals
Other sarcomas like fibrosarcoma and neurosarcoma
may also occur
NEUROFIBROMATOSIS
I
Complications
95.
Most common in young and middle aged adults; but
can arise in any age, even during the first year of life
M = F
Few mm to several cm
NEURILEMMOMA
Clinical features
96.
Encapsulated
Slow- growing tumour
Typically arises in association with a nerve trunk
As it grows it pushes the nerve aside
Tenderness and pain is not a common condition and
usually occurs due to pressure on adjacent nerves
NEURILEMMOMA
Clinical presentation
97.
Tongue is the most common location
May also arise centrally and cause bony destruction
with expansion of cortical plates
Pain and paraesthesia accompany central lesions
NEURILEMMOMA
Oral manifestations
98.
Encapsulated tumour
Demonstrates two microscopic patterns in varying
amounts
ANTONI A
ANTONI B
ANTONI A
Streaming fascicles of spindle shaped schwann cells
These cells form a palisaded arrangement around
central, acellular , eosinophilic areas: VEROCAY
BODIES
Verocay bodies: consist of reduplicated basement
membrane and cytoplasmic processes
NEURILEMMOMA
Histopathology
99.
100.
101.
ANTONI B pattern
Shows tissue which is less cellular and less organized
Spindle cells are randomly arranged within a loose
myxomatous stroma
No neurites are present within the tumour mass
Degenerative changes can be seen in older tumours
Hemorrhage
Hemosiderin deposits
Inflammation
Fibrosis
NUCLEAR ATYPIA
NEURILEMMOMA
Histopathology
102.
103.
104.
Surgical excision
Recurrence and malignant transformation are rare
NEURILEMMOMA
Treatment
105.
Autosomal dominant condition
Caused by mutation of gene producing the protein
merlin
CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES
Bilateral neurilemmomas of auditory vestibular
nerve
Neurilemmomas of peripheral nerves
Meningiomas of CNS
SYMPTOMS
Sensorineural deafness
Dizziness
Tinnitus
NEURILEMMOMA
Neurofibromatosis II
Editor's Notes
Buccal mucosa along the biteline: presumably this is the consequence of trauma from cheek biting
Gingiva: most gingival fibromas represent fibrous maturation of a pre-existing pyogenic granuloma