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Lehigh Valley Return on Environment Study
1. Lehigh Valley
Return on Environment Study
Lehigh Valley Planning Commission
Wildlands Conservancy
Keystone Conservation Trust
4WARD Planning
ECONSULT
2. 1.Natural System Services
2.Air Quality Benefits
3.Outdoor Recreation Economic Benefits
4.Enhanced Property Values
What Makes Up The Lehigh Valley’s
Natural Capital
4. Natural System Services
• Water supply – Ensure that rainwater is
stored and released gradually
• Waste assimilation – forests and wetlands
provide a natural protective buffer between
anthropogenic activities and water supplies
• Flood Mitigation – Forests, wetlands, and
floodplains help trap and contain stormwater
• Soil formation/retention – Create and enrich
soil through weathering and decomposition
and protect existing soil from erosion
5. Natural System Services
• Biological Control – Provides dynamic
regulation of species populations,
including invasives
• Wildlife Habitat – Contiguous patches of
land cover can hold naturally functioning
ecosystems to support plant and animal
species
• Pollination – Provides local pollinators for
agricultural crops
7. Value Transfer Model
for Natural System Services
Source: Robert Costanza et.al. 2006
Land Cover
Types
(Acres)
Estimates
of Natural
System
Values by
Cover Type
Total Natural
System Service
Value /Year
By Service
2011,
GIS data
Minimum,
Mean and
Maximum
Service
Values
8. Natural System Service Benefits Calculated
Using the Minimum, Mean and Maximum Values from Costanza, et. al. (2006)
($ Millions)
Natural System Service Min. Mean Max
Lehigh County
Biological Control $1.2 $1.2 $1.2
Pollination $4.3 $11.0 $17.2
Habitat and Wildlife
Conservation $20.6 $97.0 $266.5
Soil Formation $0.3 $0.4 $0.6
Waste Treatment $4.7 $6.7 $6.7
Disturbance (Flood)
Prevention $9.1 $16.6 $24.2
Water Supply $0.6 $20.9 $72.4
Total $40.9 $153.8 $388.8
Northampton County
Biological Control $1.3 $1.3 $1.3
Pollination $4.2 $11.4 $17.8
Habitat Wildlife
Conservation $32.3 $122.5 $309.1
Soil Formation $0.3 $0.4 $0.5
Waste Treatment $7.0 $8.0 $8.0
Disturbance (Flood)
Prevention $18.7 $34.0 $49.6
Water Supply $0.6 $24.1 $74.6
Total $64.5 $201.7 $460.8
Lehigh Valley Total $105.4 $355.5 $849.6
Source: ESI (2014)
10. I-Tree Model
Source: U.S Forest Service
Land Cover
Estimates
of Tons of
Pollutant
Removed
Total
Pollutant
Removal
Values by
Pollutant
Forest Mix
Estimates
of Value of
Pollutants
Removed
11. Air Pollutant Removal Benefits
Pollutant
Pollutant Removal
(Tons)
Benefits
($ Millions)
Lehigh County
Ozone (O3) 1,018 $10.4
Particulate Matter (PM10) 1,068 $7.3
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) 512 $5.2
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) 226 $0.6
Carbon Monoxide (CO) 55 $0.1
Total $23.5
Northampton County
Ozone (O3) 1,069 $10.9
Particulate Matter (PM10) 1,121 $7.6
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) 537 $5.5
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) 237 $0.6
Carbon Monoxide (CO) 58 $0.1
Total $24.7
Lehigh Valley Total $48.2
Source: ESI (2014) and iTree (2014)
Total of $48.2 million per year
12. Carbon Sequestration and Storage
Pollutant Tons of Carbon
Benefits
($ millions)
Lehigh County
Carbon Sequestration (annually) 88,397 $1.7
Carbon Storage 2,681,374 $52.1
Northampton County
Carbon Sequestration (annually) 92,792 $1.9
Carbon Storage 2,814,695 $59.1
Lehigh Valley $3.6
Source: ESI (2014) and iTree (2014)
13. The outdoor recreation
economy grew
approximately 5 percent
annually between
2005 and 2011 during an
economic recession when
many sectors contracted.
Outdoor Industry Association, 2012
3. Outdoor Recreation’s
Economic Benefits
14. Economic Benefits Process
1. Data gathering
2. Interviews with local experts
3. Preliminary analysis on participation and
spending
4. Create scenarios (Minimum and
Expected)
5. Run the IMPLAN Model
20. 4. Enhanced Property Values
• Value transfer of enhanced value
from detailed study outside of
Lehigh Valley
• Local residential property values
determined from county tax
assessment records
21. Open Space’s Impact On
Property Values
Methodology
Housing
Data on
Homes
Within
Specified
Distances
From Open
Space
Average
Open Space
Premium
Total Impact
of Open
Space on
Property
Values
Average
Assessed
Value of
Homes
Estimates
Value by
distance
from Open
Space
22. Percent Value of
Proximity to Open
Space by Planning
Area (<1 mile)
Core City 14.4%
Developed Community 6.7%
Growing Suburb 1.1%
Rural Area .7%
Source: Delaware Valley Regional
Planning Commission, Economic
Value of Protected Open Space in
Southeastern Pennsylvania, 2011
23. The value of Proximity (1/4 mile) to open
space is approximately $14,600 per
single-family dwelling and
$1.87 Billion in the Lehigh Valley
