2. Disorders of Motor Activity in Children :
Motor disorders in children refer to any condition that affects a child's ability to
control their movements. These disorders can be caused by a variety of factors,
including genetic, neurological, and environmental factors. There are several
types of motor disorders, including hypokinesia and hyperkinesia.
Motor skills disorder involves a developmental delay of movement and posture
that leaves children with coordination substantially below that of others of their
age and intelligence level. These children seem so clumsy and awkward they
are rarely picked for teams at school. As the years pass, they tend to fall further
behind in terms of motor skills, and their confidence diminishes as a result. By
adolescence, most children with motor skills disorder not only perform poorly in
physical education classes, but may also have a poor physical self-image and
perform below expectations academically.
3. Motor skills disorder may be first identified when a preschooler or kindergartner
is unable to perform age-appropriate skills, such as buttoning buttons and
catching a ball, or when an elementary school child struggles with writing or
sports activities.
A child with motor skills disorder may have difficulty with the mechanics of
writing, with planning motor actions, or with memorizing motor patterns.
While many young children with ADHD but no motor skills disorder may seem
clumsy in their younger years, their awkwardness is related more to
inattentiveness or impulsivity than to poor motor control and it is frequently
outgrown. However, a child with ADHD and coexisting motor skills disorder may
not outgrow his clumsiness.
4. Hypokinesia
Hypokinesia is a motor disorder that is characterized by decreased motor
activity, reduced muscle tone, and a general lack of movement. This disorder
can be caused by a variety of factors, including neurological conditions,
medication side effects, and metabolic disorders. Children with hypokinesia
may appear lethargic, have difficulty initiating movements, and have a
decreased range of motion.
Hypokinesia can be classified into two main categories:
Akinesia - a complete absence of movement.
Bradykinesia - slow movements and a decreased range of motion.
• Treatment of Hypokinesia:
Hypokinesia can be treated with a variety of therapies, including physical therapy,
occupational therapy, and medication. Treatment typically focuses on improving
muscle tone, range of motion, and mobility.
5. Hyperkinesia:
Hyperkinesia is a motor disorder that is characterized by excessive motor activity
and a lack of control over movements. This disorder can be caused by a variety of
factors, including neurological conditions, medication side effects, and
environmental factors. Children with hyperkinesia may appear fidgety, have difficulty
sitting still, and have a high level of energy.
Hyperkinesia can be classified into two main categories:
Choreoathetosis - involuntary, rapid, and irregular movements of the limbs and face
Dystonia - sustained muscle contractions that cause twisting and repetitive
movement
Treatment of Hyperkinesia:
Hyperkinesia can be treated with a variety of therapies, including medication,
behavioral therapy, and sensory integration therapy. Treatment typically focuses on
reducing the frequency and intensity of movements and improving control over
motor activity.
6. In conclusion, hypokinesia and hyperkinesia are two types of motor disorders
that can affect children. These disorders can be caused by a variety of factors
and can have a significant impact on a child's ability to control their movements.
Treatment typically involves a combination of therapies, including physical
therapy, medication, and behavioral therapy. Early intervention is important for
the successful treatment of motor disorders in children.
7. Communication Disorders:
Communication disorders—conditions that interfere with communications with
others in everyday life—involve not only the ability to appreciate language
sounds (phonologic awareness) but also to acquire, recall, and use vocabulary
(semantics) and to deal with word order and appropriately form or comprehend
sentences (syntax). Subcategories of these disorders have been identified,
including expressive language disorder, mixed receptive-expressive disorder,
phonologic disorder, articulation (word pronunciation) disorder, and stuttering.
Because there is such a close association between communication and social
relationships, these language deficits are often accompanied by social skills
difficulties. Children with ADHD without a language disorder may also have
difficulties in using language, particularly in social situations. You may notice
that your child has problems with excessive talking, frequent interruption, not
listening to what is said, blurting out answers before questions are finished, and
having disorganized conversations.
