Seminar given at Missouri State (Springfield, MO) on March 4, 2016.

1. Discriminating shapes:
On violins and the
latent morphology of
grape leaves
Dan Chitwood
Donald Danforth
Plant Science Center
Seminar at Missouri State
March 4, 2016

2. A morphometrics primer:
The evolution of violin shape
Leaves as composites of latent
developmental & evolutionary shapes
Outline
The shape of climate change:
Interannual variability in grape leaf shape

3. How to quantify shape?
An example, using violins

9. Photos from auction:
>9,000 instruments
>400 violin makers
>400 years of history
Chitwood (2014) Imitation, genetic lineages, and time
influenced the morphological evolution of the violin. PLOS ONE

12. How to measure shape:

13. Shape = { xn, yn }
How to measure shape:
Coordinates, landmarks, pseudo-landmarks

14. How to measure shape:
Chain code

15. How to measure shape:
Chain code

16. How to measure shape:
Chain code

17. How to measure shape:
Chain code
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

18. How to measure shape:
Chain code
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

19. How to measure shape:
Chain code
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0

20. How to measure shape:
Chain code
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0

21. How to measure shape:
Chain code
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0 0

22. How to measure shape:
Chain code
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0 0 7

23. How to measure shape:
Chain code
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0 0 7 0

24. How to measure shape:
Chain code
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0 0 7 0 6

25. How to measure shape:
Chain code
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0

26. How to measure shape:
Chain code
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6

27. How to measure shape:
Chain code
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6

28. How to measure shape:
Chain code
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 6

29. How to measure shape:
Chain code
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 6
6

30. How to measure shape:
Chain code
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 6
6 6

31. How to measure shape:
Chain code
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 6
6 6 6

32. How to measure shape:
Chain code
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 6
6 6 6 6

33. How to measure shape:
Chain code
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 6
6 6 6 6 4

34. How to measure shape:
Chain code
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 6
6 6 6 6 4 6

35. How to measure shape:
Chain code
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 6
6 6 6 6 4 6 6

36. How to measure shape:
Chain code
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 6
6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6

37. How to measure shape:
Chain code
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 6
6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6

38. How to measure shape:
Chain code
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 6
6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6

39. How to measure shape:
Chain code
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 6
6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6
0

40. How to measure shape:
Chain code
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 6
6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6
0 0

41. How to measure shape:
Chain code
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 6
6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6
0 0 6

42. How to measure shape:
Chain code
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 6
6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6
0 0 6 6

43. How to measure shape:
Chain code
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 6
6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6
0 0 6 6 6

44. How to measure shape:
Chain code
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 6
6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6
0 0 6 6 6 7

45. How to measure shape:
Chain code
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 6
6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6
0 0 6 6 6 7 6

46. How to measure shape:
Chain code
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 6
6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6
0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6

47. How to measure shape:
Chain code
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 6
6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6
0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5

48. How to measure shape:
Chain code
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 6
6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6
0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6

49. How to measure shape:
Chain code
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 6
6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6
0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6
6

50. How to measure shape:
Chain code
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 6
6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6
0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6
6 4

51. How to measure shape:
Chain code
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 6
6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6
0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6
6 4 6

52. How to measure shape:
Chain code
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 6
6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6
0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6
6 4 6 4

53. How to measure shape:
Chain code
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 6
6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6
0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6
6 4 6 4 4

54. How to measure shape:
Chain code
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 6
6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6
0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6
6 4 6 4 4 6

55. How to measure shape:
Chain code
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 6
6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6
0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6
6 4 6 4 4 6 4

56. How to measure shape:
Chain code
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 6
6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6
0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6
6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4

57. How to measure shape:
Chain code
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 6
6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6
0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6
6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4

58. How to measure shape:
Chain code
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 6
6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6
0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6
6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 4

59. How to measure shape:
Chain code
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 6
6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6
0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6
6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 4
4

60. How to measure shape:
Chain code
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 6
6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6
0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6
6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 4
4 4

61. How to measure shape:
Chain code
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 6
6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6
0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6
6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 4
4 4 3

62. How to measure shape:
Chain code
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 6
6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6
0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6
6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 4
4 4 3 4

63. How to measure shape:
Chain code
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 6
6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6
0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6
6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 4
4 4 3 4 3

64. How to measure shape:
Chain code
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 6
6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6
0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6
6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 4
4 4 3 4 3 3

65. How to measure shape:
Chain code
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 6
6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6
0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6
6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 4
4 4 3 4 3 3 3

66. How to measure shape:
Chain code
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 6
6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6
0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6
6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 4
4 4 3 4 3 3 3 2

67. How to measure shape:
Chain code
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 6
6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6
0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6
6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 4
4 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2

68. How to measure shape:
Chain code
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 6
6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6
0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6
6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 4
4 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 2

69. How to measure shape:
Chain code
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 6
6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6
0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6
6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 4
4 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 2
2

70. How to measure shape:
Chain code
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 6
6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6
0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6
6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 4
4 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 2
2 0

71. How to measure shape:
Chain code
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 6
6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6
0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6
6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 4
4 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 2
2 0 2

72. How to measure shape:
Chain code
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 6
6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6
0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6
6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 4
4 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 2
2 0 2 2

73. How to measure shape:
Chain code
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 6
6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6
0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6
6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 4
4 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 2
2 0 2 2 2

74. How to measure shape:
Chain code
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 6
6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6
0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6
6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 4
4 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 2
2 0 2 2 2 0

75. How to measure shape:
Chain code
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 6
6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6
0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6
6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 4
4 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 2
2 0 2 2 2 0 0

76. How to measure shape:
Chain code
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 6
6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6
0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6
6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 4
4 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 2
2 0 2 2 2 0 0 2

77. How to measure shape:
Chain code
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 6
6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6
0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6
6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 4
4 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 2
2 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2

78. How to measure shape:
Chain code
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 6
6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6
0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6
6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 4
4 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 2
2 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 2

79. How to measure shape:
Chain code
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 6
6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6
0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6
6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 4
4 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 2
2 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 2
2

80. How to measure shape:
Chain code
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 6
6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6
0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6
6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 4
4 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 2
2 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 2
2 2

81. How to measure shape:
Chain code
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 6
6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6
0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6
6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 4
4 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 2
2 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 2
2 2 3

82. How to measure shape:
Chain code
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 6
6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6
0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6
6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 4
4 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 2
2 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 2
2 2 3 2

83. How to measure shape:
Chain code
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 6
6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6
0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6
6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 4
4 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 2
2 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 2
2 2 3 2 2

84. How to measure shape:
Chain code
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 6
6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6
0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6
6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 4
4 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 2
2 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 2
2 2 3 2 2 2

85. How to measure shape:
Chain code
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 6
6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6
0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6
6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 4
4 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 2
2 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 2
2 2 3 2 2 2 2

86. How to measure shape:
Chain code
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 6
6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6
0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6
6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 4
4 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 2
2 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 2
2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2

87. How to measure shape:
Chain code
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 6
6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6
0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6
6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 4
4 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 2
2 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 2
2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2

88. How to measure shape:
Chain code
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 6
6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6
0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6
6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 4
4 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 2
2 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 2
2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 0

89. How to measure shape:
Chain code
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 6
6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6
0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6
6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 4
4 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 2
2 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 2
2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 0
2

90. How to measure shape:
Chain code
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 6
6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6
0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6
6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 4
4 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 2
2 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 2
2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 0
2 0

91. How to measure shape:
Chain code
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 6
6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6
0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6
6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 4
4 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 2
2 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 2
2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 0
2 0 1

92. How to measure shape:
Chain code
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 6
6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6
0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6
6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 4
4 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 2
2 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 2
2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 0
2 0 1 0

93. How to measure shape:
Chain code
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 6
6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6
0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6
6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 4
4 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 2
2 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 2
2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 0
2 0 1 0
Shape =
{ }
Chain code is lossless:
perfect reconstruction
from compressed data

94. How to measure shape:
Chain code + Fourier = Elliptical Fourier Descriptors
Graphic: Christine Daniloff

95. How to measure shape:
Chain code + Fourier = Elliptical Fourier Descriptors
Graphic: Christine Daniloff Graphic: Cardiff University
Graphic: Workshop Mizzotti

96. How to measure shape:
Chain code + Fourier = Elliptical Fourier Descriptors
Kuhl and Giardina Computer Graphics & Image Processing (1982)

97. How to measure shape:
Chain code + Fourier = Elliptical Fourier Descriptors
Kuhl and Giardina Computer Graphics & Image Processing (1982)

98. How to measure shape:
Chain code + Fourier = Elliptical Fourier Descriptors
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 6
6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6
0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6
6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 4
4 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 2
2 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 2
2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 0
2 0 1 0
Shape =
{ }

99. How to measure shape:
Chain code + Fourier = Elliptical Fourier Descriptors
a1, a2, a3 … an
b1, b2, b3 … bn
c1, c2, c3 … cn
d1, d2, d3 … dn
Shape =
{ }
Harmonic coefficients:

100. The morphological evolution of violins:

101. The morphological evolution of violins:
The effects of time, space, & people on violin shape

102. The morphological evolution of violins:
The effects of time, space, & people on violin shape

104. The morphological evolution of violins:
Linear Discriminant 1 is especially correlated with time

105. The morphological evolution of violins:
Why does shape correlate with time? Violin makers?

106. The morphological evolution of violins:
Why does shape correlate with time? Violin makers?

107. The New York Times

108. The morphological evolution of violins:
Innovators and copiers of shape
Unique
Copiers/
copied

109. The morphological evolution of violins:
Does violin shape have a “genetic” basis?

111. House Gagliano:
Giuseppe (Joseph)
Gennaro (Januarius)
Nicoló
Ferdinando
**
*
*

112. *
House Testore:
Carlo Giuseppe
Carlo Antonio
*

113. House Degani:
Giulio
Eugenio
**

114. House Guarneri:
Giuseppe (del Gesú)
Giuseppe (filius Andrea)
Pietro (of Venice)
Pietro (of Mantua)
Andrea
*
*
*
*
*

115. A morphometrics primer:
The evolution of violin shape
Leaves as composites of latent
developmental & evolutionary shapes
Outline
The shape of climate change:
Interannual variability in grape leaf shape

116. Landmark-based Procrustes analysis:
Superimposed homologous coordinates

117. Landmark-based Procrustes analysis:
Superimposed homologous coordinates
Kerschbaumer and Sturmbauer (2011)
International Journal of Evol. Biol.

118. Landmark-based Procrustes analysis:
Superimposed homologous coordinates
Kerschbaumer and Sturmbauer (2011)
International Journal of Evol. Biol.
Translate

119. Landmark-based Procrustes analysis:
Superimposed homologous coordinates
Kerschbaumer and Sturmbauer (2011)
International Journal of Evol. Biol.
Translate
Scale

120. Landmark-based Procrustes analysis:
Superimposed homologous coordinates
Kerschbaumer and Sturmbauer (2011)
International Journal of Evol. Biol.
Translate
Scale
Rotate

129. Species effects

130. Stephen Hales, Vegetable staticks, 1727
Developmental stage:
Allometric expansion

131. Stephen Hales, Vegetable staticks, 1727
Developmental stage:
Allometric expansion

132. Stephen Hales, Vegetable staticks, 1727
Developmental stage:
Allometric expansion

133. Stephen Hales, Vegetable staticks, 1727
Developmental stage:
Allometric expansion

134. Chitwood and Sinha, 2015
Leaf number:
The heteroblastic series

135. Species, developmental stage,
& leaf number effects

136. Species, developmental stage,
& leaf number effects

137. Species, developmental stage,
& leaf number effects
Shoot
base
Shoot
tip

138. Species, developmental stage,
& leaf number effects
L1 L2
L1
L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10
Leaf
Number
L1 -> L10
Shoot
base
Shoot
tip

139. Species, developmental stage,
& leaf number effects
S1S2S9S10 S3S4S5S6S7S8
L1 L2
L1
L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10
Developmental
Stage
S1 -> S10
Leaf
Number
L1 -> L10
Shoot
base
Shoot
tip

140. Species, developmental stage,
& leaf number effects
S1S2S9S10 S3S4S5S6S7S8
L1 L2
L1
L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10
Developmental
Stage
S1 -> S10
Leaf
Number
L1 -> L10
Shoot
base
Shoot
tip

141. Species, developmental stage,
& leaf number effects
Shoot
base
Shoot
tip
Leaf number
Developmental stage

142. Evolutionary vs. developmental paths
in the Vitis leaf morphospace

143. Evolutionary vs. developmental paths
in the Vitis leaf morphospace

144. Evolutionary vs. developmental paths
in the Vitis leaf morphospace

145. Species identity can be predicted
independently from development

146. Species identity can be predicted
independently from development

147. Developmental stage can be predicted
independently from species identity

148. Leaf number can be predicted
independently from species identity

149. A morphometrics primer:
The evolution of violin shape
Leaves as composites of latent
developmental & evolutionary shapes
Outline
The shape of climate change:
Interannual variability in grape leaf shape

150. Landmarks sensitive to allometry

151. Blade expands faster than vein

152. Blade expands faster than vein

153. Blade expands faster than vein

155. Genetic & developmental shapes are independent

156. Genetic & developmental shapes are independent

157. Genetic & developmental shapes are independent

158. Genetic & developmental shapes are independent

159. Discriminating leaves from different years:
Same vines, same stages

160. Discriminating leaves from different years:
Same vines, same stages

161. Climate interannual variability:
2014/15 was colder & drier than 2012/13

162. Climate interannual variability:
2014/15 was colder & drier than 2012/13

163. Extant and geologic history:
Leaf shape & size correlate with climate

164. Extant and geologic history:
Leaf shape & size correlate with climate
Paleomap, scotese.com

165. The future (hopefully):
To California, wine grapes, and rootstocks!

166. The future (hopefully):
To California, wine grapes, and rootstocks!

167. The future (hopefully):
To California, wine grapes, and rootstocks!

168. Thanks!Grapes
Laura Klein
Allison Miller
Jason Londo
Susan Rundell
Quaneisha Woodford
Darren Li
Tommy Yu
Jose Lopez
Danny Greenblatt
Julie Kang
Caulerpa/Tomatoes/
Grafting
Viktoriya Coneva
Margaret Frank