This slides present different leadership cultures over the world.

2. Leadership
defined as the process of having dominance on
defined as the process of having dominance on group
group activities in order to realize the
activities in order to realize the objectives.
objectives.
“To be a great leader, one needs to have good
strategies, be knowledgeable and able to
predict the future”
Mahathir bin Mohamed.

3. The organizational culture:
Culture is socially learned and transmitted by members; it
Culture is socially learned and transmitted by members; it
provides provides the the rules rules for for behavior behavior within within organizations.
organizations.
(Jen. Te Yang)
(Jen. Te Yang)
The definition of organizational culture is of the belief
that can guide staffs in knowing what to do and what
not to do including practices, values, and assumptions
about their work.

4. “… It is the “glue” that holds an organization together through
shared assumptions, beliefs, and processes. In short, it speaks to
‘how things are done here”.
(Human Synergistic Inc., http://www.hscanada.com/)
 Louis Gerstner, IBM’s historic CEO, has a theory about culture –
that “successful institutions almost always develop strong
cultures that reinforce those elements that make the institution
great.”

5.  leadership in Japan:
In the culture of Japanese people, human being has special values
according to Confucius instructions ; they believe in endless force of
human being and put importance on human training.
Japanese leadership values and culture:
 Leadership behavior in Japan are commitment feeling.
 Leadership behavior are moral pressure of the society.
 Human communication is based on the network of mutual
commitments.
 Leaders and followers relation is based on kindness and friendship.

6.  The relation between the leader and the followers is like the relation
between parents and children which is called “Oyaboon” and
“Kerboon”.
 One of other leadership characteristics of Japanese leaders including :
 seriousness, continuous work, cooperation and coordination with
others, ability to establish close relationship with colleagues.
 Self-discipline.
 Collective decision making.
 Flexibility in work.
 Long term employment.

7.  Leadership in china:
Chinese people also have been influenced by Confucius
instructions for 500 years. Most people in this country have
unchanging Confucius thoughts in their character.
The powerful character which is illustrated by Confucius school plays
an important role in centralization of power in Chinese organizations
(constitution of the People’s Republic of China,1978)
Chinese leadership values and culture:
 Decision making concentration.
 Limited partnership.

8.  Special attitude to time.
 The supervisors are assumed to control affairs and don’t allow the
inferiors to participate effectively.
 Dominance of “secondary groups” on the “primary group”.
 Importance of relation orientation.
 Administrative corruption.
 Importance of face and face-to-face conduct.

9.  Leadership in USA:
There is less freedom of action for executives and boards in
America than in Asia. US has no congruent culture since different
individuals with different culture records have immigrated to this
country.
Some general tendencies in leadership in the US:
 Categorizing human being as good or bad.
 Noncompulsory thinking.
 Individualism.

10.  Attention to present and future instead of past.
 Believe in performance of work and change rather than acceptance of
fate.
 Employ friends or family members is not a good act and regarded
even destructive.
 Put value on the work and put importance on planning and decide
what to do and when.
 Responsibility for solving the problems.
 They believe they are masters of the world and confide in
continuation of their superiority.

11. Leadership in Europe:
A comparison made by Management Research Group(MRG) in the creation
of behavioral assessment instruments used for individual and organizational
development, MRG compared the leadership behaviors of almost 4,000
individuals in management positions( from first line department supervisors to
company presidents) in eight European countries including : Belgium,
Denmark, France, Germany, Republic of Ireland, Netherlands, Sweden and
the UK.

12. And comes with result that there are three factors common in
all these nations:
Expertise.
Competitiveness.
Setting standards of
excellence.

13. Leadership in Arab countries:
Leadership behavior in Arab societies is influenced by tribal traditions on one hand and
western methods on other hand.
Some specific leadership values and culture in the Arab countries:
 Arab managers behave like their fathers.
 Authoritative style, especially in large organizations.
 Dominance of the tribal relations.
 Innovative and creative style is not common for solving problems.
 Organizational problems are settled in terms of tribal and cultural values.

14. These values with values dominant in tribal system have led to “Sheikh
system”.
Major specifications of this system include:
 hierarchical power.
 instability and hesitance in decision making.
 Paternalism system in leadership.
 Nepotism in high organization levels.
 The dominance of the west on the styles of Arab managers has led to
duality.

15. Mohammad “SAW”:
The greatest leaders of all time, Muhammad led to the spread of
Islam in and around the world. His greatest leadership qualities
were his courage,
leading by example,
motivational approach,
persistence and
decision-making.

16.  Mahatma Gandhi(1869-1948):
His main characteristics were resilience, knowledge, people-skills,
motivational approach
and leading by example.

17.  George Washington(1732-1799):
known as the founding father of the United States of America
What made Washington great was his foresight, vision, strategic
planning and
his ability to
lead people to success.

18.  Adolf Hitler (1889-1945):
Adolf Hitler was one of the greatest leaders of all time.
His oratory skills, propaganda
and planning
made him a leader par
excellence.

19.  Nelson Mandela (1918-2013):
Nelson Mandela was the first South African president elected in fully
democratic elections.
His main
Characteristics were
his determination,
persistence,
focus and will.

20.  Winston Churchill:
Prime Minister of Britain from 1940 to 1945.
Churchill was
known for his fearlessness,
Determination and undying devotion
to his goal.

21.  Mahathir bin Mohamad:
Mahathir has been referred to as a leader who not only had charisma and
public speaking skills,
but one who invested heavily in his
country’s economic development.
He has been described as being an
intellectual
, honest, communicative leader,
and one with a clear vision.

22. Messali Hadj (1898-1974) :
 Messali Hadj is considered the founder of the Algerian nationalist
movement.
His main
Characteristics were his
honesty, Self‐confident ,
persuasive and
Fluent in speaking.