PPT About Migration History .

1. International Migration: The Case of OFWs
and
Internal Migration
CYRIL JANE B. INSONG
Reporter

2. Add a section header

4. What are the difference between International
and local Migration?
Permanent move from one country to
another
voluntary- motivated by perceived
economic or quality of life improvement.
forced- motivated by political or
environmental factors
International

5. What are the difference between International
and local Migration?
Permanent move within the same country
interregional- from one region to another
intraregional- within a region
Internal
ex. from rural-urban
ex. central city to a suburban center

7. Since 1970's, the Philippines has supplied all kinds of skilled workers to the world's more
developed regions.

8. As of Dec. 2004, an estimated 8.1 M. Filipinos- nearly 10% of the country's 85M. people- were
working and/ or residing in close to 200 countries.
In the last 30 years, a "culture of migration" has emerged, with millions of Filipinos eager to
work abroad, despite the risks and vulnerabilities they are likely to face. A nationwide survey of
1,200 adult respondents in 2002 found one in five Filipinos expressing a desire to migrate.
More recent surveys carried out by Pulse Asia in 2005 found an increasing percentage of adult
respondents — 26 percent in July and 33 percent in October — agreeing with the statement, "If
it were only possible, I would migrate to another country and live there." Interest in leaving the
country is not limited to adults. In a nationwide survey in 2003 of children ages 10 to 12, 47
percent reported that they wished to work abroad someday. Sixty percent of children of
overseas foreign workers said they had plans to work abroad.

9. For much of the 20th century, "international migration" for Filipinos meant going to the United States
and its Pacific territories. The first batch of Filipino workers arrived in the U.S. territory of Hawaii on
December 20, 1906 to work on sugarcane and pineapple plantations.
1906 and 1934 -According to one estimate, approximately 120,000 Filipino workers came to Hawaii-
1907 and the 1930- Another estimate puts the number of 150,000 Filipinos arriving in the United
States particularly in Hawaii.
A small number of scholars, known as pensionados, also immigrated to the United States before the
1920s. They were either sponsored by the U.S. government or by missionary-related programs. Some
were sent by rich families to study and a few were self-supporting students. Those who returned
assumed important positions in Filipino society while others remained in the United States.

10. Becoming a Labor Exporter
The Philippines' ascent as a major labor exporter in Asia and worldwide is based on various factors.
When large-scale labor migration from the Philippines started in the 1970s,
Oilcrisisin1973.

11. Becoming a Labor Exporter
The absence of sustained economic development,
political instability, a growing population, double-
digit unemployment levels, and low wages continue
to compel people to look abroad.

12. The flow of OFWs, numbering
a few thousand per year in the
early 1970s, surged past 1
million beginning in 2006 (see
Figure 1). In 2015 alone, more
than 1,844,000 Filipinos
worked abroad. The data on
deployed workers include
seafarers, who account for 20
to22 percent of all OFWs every
year. Filipinos dominate the
global seafaring industry,
accounting for 25 to 30
percent of the world's
seafarers.

13. As of December 2004, the stock of overseas Filipinos include some 3.2 million permanent
settlers (the majority of whom are in the United States), about 3.6 million temporary labor
migrants (called OFWs), with Saudi Arabia hosting close to a million, and an estimated 1.3
million migrants in an unauthorized situation. The latter tend to be mostly in the United States
and Malaysia.

14. The Case of OFWs

15. Terms need to remember
Represent a subset of OFWs, and are temporary migrants.
OFW term is commonly used, a further sign of the pervasive role that labor migration
occupies in Philippine society.
Overseas Filipino Workers( OFW)
source: www.migrationpolicy.org.

16. Fil. immigrants and legal permanent residents abroad.
Filipinos who stay overseas, regular and properly documented.
Permanent Migrants
example: Fil spouses or foreign nationals, Fils. naturalized in their host country,
Fil. dual citizens, and their descendants.
Temporary Migrants
Filipinos who are not properly documented or without valid residence or work
permits, or who may be overstaying their visa.
Irregular Migrants
source: www.migrationpolicy.org.

17. Overseas Filipino Workers are
estimated at 2.3 million
The number of Overseas Filipino
Workers (OFWs) who worked abroad at
anytime during the period April to
September 2017 was estimated at 2.3
million. Overseas Contract Workers
(OFWs) or those with existing work
contracts comprised 97.0 percent of the
total OFWs during the period April to
September 2017. The rest (3.0%)
worked overseas without contracts
(Table 1 and Figure 1)
2017 Survey on Overseas Filipinos (Results from the 2017 Survey on Overseas Filipinos )

18. CALABARZON has the largest proportion of OFWs
Among the regions, the largest
proportion of OFWs were from
CALABARZON (20.7% of the
total OFWs). Those coming
from Central Luzon comprised
12.9 percent, and those from the
National Capital Region and
Western Visayas, comprised 9.5
percent each. On the other hand,
the smallest number of OFWs
came from Caraga (1.7% of the
total OFWs) (Table 2 and Figure
2).

19. There are more female OFWs than male OFWs
The proportion of OFWs was higher for
females (53.7%) than males (46.3%). The
largest proportion of OFWs belonged to age
group 30 to 34 years comprising 21.7 percent
of all OFWs, followed by those aged 25 to 29
years with 20.4 percent. Female OFWs were
younger compared to male OFWs. Higher
percentage (24.1%) of female OFWs were in
the age group 25 to 29 years, while the male
OFWs were reported to have higher
percentage (19.8%) in age group 30 to 34
years. There were more male OFWs than
female OFWs in age group 35 years and over

20. Saudi Arabia is the leading destination of OFWs
Saudi Arabia was the leading
country of destination among
OFW (25.4%). Other
destinations of OFWs were
United Arab Emirates (15.3%),
Kuwait (6.7%), Hong Kong
(6.5%) and Qatar (5.5%)

21. One in every three OFWs are in elementary occupations
One in every three (37.6%) OFWs
worked in elementary occupations.
Around 18.0 percent worked as
service and sales workers. OFWs who
worked as plant and machine
operators and assemblers
comprised 13.7 percent, and craft
and related trade workers, 11.4
percent (Table 5 and Figure 5).
More than half of the female OFWs
were in elementary occupations
(59.0%). Among the male OFWs, the
largest group were plant and machine
operators and assemblers (26.9%)

22. Total remittances reach 205.2 billion pesos
The total remittance sent by OFWs
during the period April to September
2017 was estimated at 205.2 billion
pesos. These remittances included
cash sent home (146.8 billion pesos),
cash brought home (48.3 billion pesos)
and remittances in kind (10.1 billion
pesos) (Table 6 and Figure 6). The
majority of OFWs sent their remittance
through banks (62.8%) while the rest
used agencies or local offices (3.1%),
door-to-door delivery (0.8%), friends or
co-workers (0.1%) or other means
(33.1%)

23. Of the total cash remittance sent by OFWs, 38.6 billion pesos was the total remittance sent by elementary occupations
which comprised the biggest share of 18.7 percent. On average, remittance amounts to 52 thousand pesos per OFW. The
total remittance of OFWs working in Asia, comprising 85.6 percent of all OFWs, accounted for 77.9 percent of the
total cash remittances. From other countries, the percentage shares are as follows, Europe (9.8%), North and South
America (8.4%), Australia (2.4%) and Africa (1.5%)

24. Total number of overseas Filipino workers (OFW) deployed in 2019 and 2020(in millions)
Due to the impact of the coronavirus (COVID-
19) pandemic, the total number of overseas
Filipino workers (OFW) that were deployed in
2020 plummeted. From an estimated 2.16 million
OFWs in 2019, around 550 thousand workers
flew abroad in 2020, reflecting a 75 percent
decrease.

25. The worst months for Filipino overseas workers were
April and May, when the first wave of COVID-19
infections rocked the world and workers had to be
repatriated in droves.
According to the Department of Foreign Affairs,
more than 327,000 were flown home in all of 2020,
almost a third of them being sea-based workers.
Remittances earned in April and May decreased by
around 16 percent and 19 percent, respectively,
compared to the same months in the previous year.
January, June, July and September were the months
when workers could up their earnings compared
with 2019 to balance out the ample coronavirus
losses.

26. Main Problems Encounter
by OFWs
Beyond Labor Migration
illegal recruitment, contract
substitution, illegal placement fees, long
working hours, and no days off (in the
case of domestic workers), among
others.
The 1995 Migrant Workers and
Overseas Filipinos Act
a landmark law aimed to provide protection to
OFWs from pre-departure through arrival and
return. The focus on protection shifted during
the presidency of Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo
(2001-10), when the government for the only
time to date set a target for the deployment of
workers. The Medium-Term Philippine
Development Plan 2004-2010 set a goal of
sending 1 million workers overseas every year.

27. Act(RA)10022
aiming to further strengthen measures to protect migrant workers, their families, and other overseas Filipinos in
distress. Among the law’s key provisions is the restriction of deployment only to countries that have been
certified as safe and offering protection.
The law also mandates recruitment agencies or employers to provide OFWs with compulsory insurance to
cover accidental death or disability, among other protections.

28. The Philippines Overseas Employment Administration (POEA) also amended recruitment
industry regulations, resulting in the 2016 Revised POEA Rules and Regulations Governing
the Recruitment and Employment of Seafarers, and a separate set of rules and regulations
applying to land-based workers.
These measures were aimed at curbing the illegal practices of recruitment agencies, such as
exorbitant placement fees and contract substitution, which negatively impact migrants.

29. RA10801
The Overseas Workers Welfare Administration (OWWA) is mandated to
provide programs and services for the welfare of OFWs and their families
and to manage the funds from member contributions and interest from
investments.
RA10364 Expanded Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2012
amended the 2003 Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act to enhance concerted efforts to
combat trafficking and increase penalties for violators. Those who are identified as
victims of trafficking can access support and assistance.

30. OverviewofInternal
MigrationinPhilippines
https://bangkok.unesco.org/sites/default/files/assets/article/Social%20and%20Human%20Sciences/publications/philip
pines.pdf

31. Philippines Context
The total population of the Philippines, as recorded by UNESCAP in 2016, stands at just over
103
The Philippines’ annual population growth rate is 1.5% and its fertility rate is 2.9, both in
decline (UNESCAP 2016)
Internal migrants in the Philippines constitute a significant population. Approximately 2.9
million Filipinos changed residence between 2005 and 2010. 50.4% were long-distance
movers (had changed province), 45.4 % were short-distance movers (had changed city), and
4.2 % were international immigrants (Philippines Statistics Authority 2012). In 2017 there
were just under 5.7 million Filipinos living abroad (UNDESA 2017), though the increase in
the number of Filipinos living abroad from 2005-2010 was 1.1 million, slightly over just a
third of the volume of internal migrants in that period (Ogena 2015).
million.

32. The Philippines has undergone rapid urbanization which continues to this day.
From 2000-
by over 50 million, and in 2050 102 million people (over 65% of the total
population) will reside in cities (World Bank 2017a). In 2010, 41.9 million of the
Philippines’ population of 92.3 million lived in urban areas (Philippines Statistics
Authority 2013)1 , cities accounted for over 70% of GDP, and the seven largest
urban areas hosted 54% of formal jobs (World Bank 2017a).
2010 the urban population increased at an annual average of 3.3%, making it one
of the fastest urbanizing countries in the Asia-Pacific. In the last 50 years, the urban
population has increased

33. Urban poverty has remained persistent:
in 2003 17.8% of the urban population lived
at less than
US$ 3.10/day/PPP, and in 2012 this
proportion remained high, at 17.4%.
Nonetheless overall poverty
in urban areas (13.2%) is significantly lower
than in rural areas (39.4%). (World Bank
2017a).
Rural and agricultural poverty has
driven internal migrants to seek
opportunities in urban areas
(IOM 2013).
Agriculture’s share in total employment
declined from 43% to 27.7% between 1991
and 2017 (World Bank 2018), and its
contribution to the country’s GDP dropped
from 23.2% in
1990 to 13.9% in 2010 (IOM 2013) and 9%
in 2017 (Philippines Statistics Authority
2017).

34. The main destination for long-distance movers is Calabarzon, which absorbs 27.7% of them,
followed by Metro Manila (19.7%) and Central Luzon (13%) (Philippines Statistics Authority 2012)
The high volume of migrants to cities has strained
housing, infrastructure, and basic services in
major cities
s. As a result, informal settlements have proliferated: the
number of informal settlers
in the Philippines has increased from 4.1% of total urban
population in 2003 to 5.4% in 2012, when
2.2 million lived in informal settlements, of which 1.3 million
were in Metro Manila alone (World
Bank 2017a).
Philippines is one of
the 12 countries in the world most vulnerable to disasters
and the effects of climate change
(Germanwatch 2017, UNICEF 2012).
Natural calamities affected 109 million people between 1980
and 2009 and 60% of the Philippines’ 1,500 municipalities
and 120 cities are located along coastal
shores. Many of them, like Metro Manila, include areas
below sea level (UNICEF 2012).

35. Violent Conflict
has also resulted in large-
scale internal migration.
For instance, the conflict in
Mindanao has caused significant
involuntary out-migration, primarily in
the form of displaced
Moros and Lumads peoples from
conflict zones (Tigno 2006), with
displaced Lumads in particular
locked into a cycle of poverty
(Norwegian Refugee Council 2013a).
In 2013 around 327,000 people in
Mindanao fled their homes, about a
third of whom fled within Zamboanga
Province, where clashes
between government forces and the
Moro National Liberation Front were
especially intense
(Norwegian Refugee Council 2013b).
The precise extent of protracted
displaced is not known, but
data suggests that half of the 461,000
people displaced by conflict and
disasters as of the end of
2014 had fled their homes more than a
year before (Norwegian Refugee Council
2015).

36. Migrants
Characteristics
female migration is very significant in the
Philippines especially in rural-urban
movement
46% of migrants are single or
unmarried, and 24% of migrants have
at least graduated from high school
Different types of migrants are attracted to rural areas, poblaciones3
, and urban areas. The latter
two attract the better-school, in part because young people migrate for
education or to seek
better employment prospects. Migrants to rural areas move primarily for
farming and marriage

37. Mindanaoan perspective in
Migration to Rural areas
marriage - Male( 18%) Female ( 35%)
job - Male ( 21%) Female ( 23%)
1.
2.

38. Mindanaoan perspective in
Migration to Urban areas
job
education
family reason
1.
2.
3.

42. Early

43. climate change

44. Working and living conditions in the new setting.

45. The majority of female migrants end up in domestic work in the cities (UNICEF
Philippines 2013) or work as street vendors and in factories associated with the
textile industries (Anderson et al. 2017). They are more likely than male migrants
to work as professional or managerial staff in urban areas, and in poblaciones
they are more likely to work in sales occupations (Quisumbing and McNiven
2006).
At least 75% of migrants find jobs in their areas of destination (Perez 2015).
The majority of male migrants in urban areas work in jobs that offer low salaries such as
crafts and
trades, farming and manual or transportation work (ibid.).

46. Migrant domestic workers are particularly vulnerable. They work long hours and are the
lowest-paid
workers in the country. 33% work 9-10 hours per day and 20 % work 11 hours or more.
In 2010, average daily pay received by domestic workers was approximately US$2.60 (ILO
2011). Although
efforts have been made to formalize domestic work through the introduction of Domestic
Workers
Act 2013, this law is very poorly implemented. For the most part, domestic workers are
not registered and labour inspectors are also unable to enter private homes (Anderson et al.
2017).
Data from trafficking shelters have emphasized the vulnerability of young,
especially female, migrant to being victims of trafficking (ibid.).

47. Migrant domestic workers are particularly vulnerable. They work long hours and are the
lowest-paid
workers in the country. 33% work 9-10 hours per day and 20 % work 11 hours or
more. In 2010, the average daily pay received by domestic workers was approximately
US$2.60 (ILO 2011). Although efforts have been made to formalize domestic work
through the introduction of Domestic Workers.
Act 2013, this law is very poorly implemented. For the most part, domestic workers are
not registered and labor inspectors are also unable to enter private homes (Anderson et
al. 2017).
Data from trafficking shelters have emphasized the vulnerability of young,
especially female, migrant to being victims of trafficking (ibid.).

48. The Philippines’s slum population as a percentage of its urban population is 38.3%4
over 104,000 informal settler families in Metro Manila live in dangerous areas exposed to recurrent flooding
(UN Data 2014)
( world bank 2017b)

49. Migrants to urban areas remit more than migrants to rural areas.
internal remittances are largely sent via money transfer operators
remittances have had a significant positive impact on internal migrant-sending
household expenditures, especially in areas of clothing, footwear, and education
the outflow of the young labor force and the best- educated individuals areas
poses challenges to rural agricultural productivity.
TheImpactofInternalMigrationonThoseWhoStay
Behind

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56. "The future belongs to those
who believe in the beauty of
their dreams."
— Eleanor Roosevelt

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