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Mass Media Influence on Society
Media's Influence on Society
Over the last 500 years, the influence of mass media has grown exponentially with the advance of technology. First there were books, then newspapers,
magazines, photography, sound recordings, films, radio, television, the so–called New Media of the Internet, and now social media. Today, just about
everyone depends on information and communication to keep their lives moving through daily activities like work, education, health care, leisure
activities, entertainment, traveling, personal relationships, and the other stuff with which we are involved.
It's not unusual to wake up, check the cellphone for messages and notifications, look at the TV or...show more content...
Young people are in a stage of life where they want to be accepted by their peers, they want to be loved and be successful. The media creates the
ideal image of a beautiful men and women and tells you what the characteristics of a successful person are; you can see it in movies and TV. It's a
subliminal way to tell you that if you are not like them you are not cool yet so it's time to buy the stuff they buy and look like they look. Another
negative influence in teenagers that has grown over the last years are anorexia and obesity. There are millions of adolescents fighting obesity, but at
the same time they are exposed to thousands of advertisements of junk food, while the ideas image of a successful person is told to be thin and
wealthy. Also more women are obsessive with losing weight even when they are not obese; there are many thin women that want to look like the
super models and thin celebrities so they engage in eating disorders which leads to severe health issues and even death. There is no mistaking that
modern day society is greatly influenced by mass media every day, and in many different forms. People often remember all of their favorite television
shows they watched growing up as well as the ones they view now. Some of these shows signposting many of their memories in a nostalgic manner.
There is favorite music you may listen to,
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Media 's Influence On Mass Media Essay
Media learning influence
Mass media plays a pivotal role in the learning process as it provides a general learning platform for everyone using the channel. Transmission of
information through the mass media is effective due to the accessibility and the different forms that it is accessed.
Print media
Despite the presence of other advanced technologies, print media is still important learning media that offers a wide range of learning options.
Learners can use print media materials such as books, magazines, newspapers, periodicals, directories and posters among others. These materials are
readily accessible in homes and schools. In most learning institutions, learning is mostly done through books provided in the library and other resource
centers. Unlike computer oriented learning, print media is more accessible and cheaper source of knowledge.
Broadcast media
Broadcast media provides a learning platform for a mass population through the radio or television. Institutions and company offers important
information to the general population on issues surrounding them. For example awareness campaigns conducted via broadcast media provide helpful
information about pressing issues in the society such as proper nutrition and drug abuse. Companies are known to sponsor educative programs just to
reach the potential mass market offered by the broadcast media. The importance of this media in the learning process is evident due to fact that people
are exposed to such media on daily
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Media Positioning Statement
Position Statement
Mass media and society have an influence on each other. One impacts the other just a tad bit more. They have a symbiotic relationship, where one
cannot work successfully with each other in many different circumstances. Society has more influence over mass media, because of the idea for supply
and demand. If the public does not demand service, then it would not be provided. Media does have a small impact on society, but society holds the
key to how information is dispersed. Included below are the major types of mass media and each breaks down into various subtopics inside of each.
Theses subtopics include cultural, government policies, news and spreading information.
The news is created by the public from an occurrence. The parts that go into if the news is read, is more than just beyond air space and time, because
of the advancement with technology, every story, that gets a reaction form the public, has room to be shared to the public.
Radio is available to most of the public. It could be access from a car, to stereo system of even through mobile devices. Society impacting radio and
having a direct influence on it is good. That is the way it should be for this type of medium. It is one to the easiest accessed and has a smaller amount
of restrictions.
Print is funded by advertisement, which are ads that allow for stores to get more money. IF advertising did not work, then it will adapt to the demand of
the public. Society has the ability to allow for
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The Influence of Mass Media on Youth Culture
1 . . . Introduction
What is the mass media?
The dictionary tells us that it is:
"those means of communication that reach and influence large numbers of people."
(Collins Pocket English Dictionary, 1981 edition)
To many people, however, it is something much more sinister– a monster that seeks to manipulate and control public opinion. A flotilla of highly
entertaining novels and films draw upon the idea of a tyrannical government secretly controlling zombie–like citizens, using the mass media as its
weapon. Ironically, these conspiracy novels and films themselves are simply another aspect of the media.
But perhaps – especially...show more content...
However, before I even begin to obtain any evidence I can hazard a guess as to what the outcome of my investigation will be. Having briefly explored
in my introduction the power the media already wielded some sixty years ago, I think that it is inconceivable that any age group – be they young or old
– are not at all influenced by the mass media today. For me, the real question is "to what extent does the mass media influence youth culture". The
digital revolution has produced a new form of media that only a few decades ago was unheard of – the Internet – as well as providing hundreds of
extra television channels. Therefore, as the media physically reaches more and more people in an increasing variety of guises, so too, inevitably, will
its influence over our lives. I believe that the results of my study will reflect this and all my views on the subject.
3 . . . Methodology
In order to answer the question "Does the mass media influence youth culture?" it is necessary for me to conduct a series of surveys concerning the
mass media within the culture I am studying, to gather evidence that is vital for me to prove – or indeed disprove – my hypotheses. There are,
essentially, three different ways in which I as a sociologist could gather the required information. In this section I will individually look at each of these
methods in turn and weigh out their advantages against their
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The Impact of Mass Media Influence on Politics
What impact do the mass media have on modern government and politics?
The mass media is now a global phenomenon and has revolutionized the way individuals communicate with each other and receive information. In this
essay I will examine the three forms of mass media – newspaper, radio and television – and the way they have evolved. I will explain the three main
theories relating to the impact of mass media on the public. I will then discuss how media has altered the emphasis of government at election time and
on a day–to–day basis. The term 'mass media' embraces all kinds of information sources, such as books, pamphlets, mail circulars and films. The three
principle sources of...show more content...
Hitler was the first politician to exploit the potential of radio. In the United States and Great Britain, Roosevelt and Baldwin introduced the medium in
a more gentle fashion. Radio was the much–used medium during the war with things such as Churchill's speeches. Television begun to make an
appearance during the war, used to show films reinforcing patriotism and resistance. After the war, television took over as the main medium. Nixon's'
'Checkers speech' in 1952 is seen as the beginning of the television revolution. Ironically, television was Nixon's downfall in 1960 in the first televised
debate; it showed that appearance on television is as important as the message. There are three broad arguments concerning the effects of the mass
media on the public and therefore government and politics – opinion forming, opinion reinforcing, and no effects. The opinion forming argument
believes that the media shape opinions held by the viewer, since the media chooses the agenda, it also shapes what issues are thought about. This view
depicts the viewer as having no or few opinions before media exposure and then accepts the arguments and opinions put forward. The opinion
reinforcing argument believes that the viewer will be more likely to accept opinions similar to their own, than to change their opinion as a result of the
exposure to the media. "Persuasive communication functions far more frequently as an agent of reinforcement than as
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Influence Of Mass Media Essay
How big of a role does mass media play on societies everyday lives? Communities often conform to one another and follow in the path of their peers.
Media affects this by revealing new trends and showing a better way to perform at certain tasks. From the way consumers shop to the new style or fad
going around media affects it all. Mass media especially affects the youth and teen because, their minds are much more vulnerable to what the see on
TV, social media, and magazine. Media will even degrade women in advertisements. Media has a strong influence over society and how everyday
lives are lived. The article "Mass Media and its influence on society" By M. A Mughal is about how influential the media can be to the society. The
article makes...show more content...
With news updates and social media simply at the fingertips of almost every American. It has become very simple to receive news updates by the
second. Social media is constantly blowing up with new stories and the latest breaking news. These sites are discretely inputting a state of mind for
Americans to follow and influence their minds. Even as someone who does not constantly view the news and follow each and every update. Their
minds are still influenced by what they hear from their friends and family. After their friends and family hear about it. They share the news they
read or heard and tell the people who do not keep up to date with the news. This trickles down and continues to their friends and family too. The best
way to not be overcome by the media and too influenced is to review different sources and look at different approaches from other news sites or
channels. Media uses the vulnerable minds of the youth to their advantage. Kids and teenagers often find themselves spending a lot of time in front of
a TV and on their phones. Although magazines and newspaper and going out of style, Phones have very quickly filled their spots. Making it that much
easier for the youth to be manipulated by mass media. Media quickly starts new trends by showing celebrities in advertisements wearing a new brand of
clothing. After the youth sees their role model wearing something new, they immediately want
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Mass Media Influence
Mass Media Influence
In the last 50 years the media influence has grown exponentially with the advance of technology, first there was the telegraph, then the radio, the
newspaper, magazines, television and now the internet.
We live in a society that depends on information andcommunication to keep moving in the right direction and do our daily activities like work,
entertainment, health care, education, personal relationships, traveling and anything else that we have to do.
A common person in the city usually wakes up checks the tv news or newspaper, goes to work, makes a few phone calls, eats with their family when
possible and makes his decisions based on the information that he has either from their co workers, news, tv, friends,...show more content...
The problem with this is that it can become traumatic especially in our children as we see it more and more. Our kids that are starting to grow and
are shaping their personality values and beliefs can become aggressive or they can lose a sense of reality and fiction of what they are seeing.
In the past years there have been some cases of kids carrying a gun at school and even hurting others with it. Those kids have been linked to excessive
use of violent video games and war images.
Another problem is that real war is used as a form of entertainment by the media, we should make our kids and teen aware that war is not a form of
entertainment and that there is no win or lose like in video games, in real war everyone
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The Influences Of Mass Media On Society
The Influences of Mass Media on Society
For the greater majority of the American society, the presence of mass media is
a "normal" part of everyday lives. With the purpose of mass media being to educate,
entertain and inform, the excessive violence, self imaging, and lack of full detail on
world events, is having negative influences and unhealthy impacts on society.
As early as the 1920s, a form of the media has been present in the American society.
Although broadcasted content was limited and not as popular as present day, for
some homes, it was a source of entertainment and information "From 1921 to 1924,
there were only 500 licensed media radio stations. By the 1940s (1930–1940), at least
83% of homes possessed a radio"(Smith, 2014,paragraph 2&3, Radio: The Internet of
the 1930 's). The negativity of certain broadcasting posed as a concern, even in the
early years. As Smith explained, "But the new technology also raised anxieties.
Observers worried about the propriety and taste of the radio programs that would
penetrate the sanctity of the home"(Smith, 2014,paragraph 2&3, Radio: The Internet
of the 1930 's).
Experts such as L.Rowell Huesmann, has researched and studied the relation
between mass media promoted violence and violent tendencies among the
The Influences of Mass Media on Society
individuals subjected to such violence. "Numerous experimental studies, many
statistic observational studies, and a few longitudinal studies
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Mass Media and Its Influence
Mass Media and Its Influence Spoken, written, or broadcast communication whose medium may include television, radio, advertising, movies,
newspapers, magazines, books, cell phones and the Internet becomes a mass media that affects our society's perception of ourselves and others and
influences the structures of our society as well as the reactions of the individual. Americans perceive the political, economic, class, educational, and
other structures of American society because of, by, and through the media. The American understanding of these structures within its society as well as
those structures outside of the United States are manipulated and directed by the media. Similarly, the media influences the perceptions of individuals
...show more content...
Television and its self–directed version, cable, allow for the mass influence of these elements in both positive and negative ways. The positive aspects of
violence and competition within the socially accepted structures of competitive youth sports and athletics promoted on TV and in video games and
equally, in the fashion, dance, and young love seen in sitcoms, movies, and MTV music videos. Conversely, the use of junk foods, cigarettes, drugs,
and alcohol combined with irresponsible, casual sex, excessive and explicit violence dominate much of the negative influence of media on America's
youth. Joseph Dominic concludes, "that youngsters that are heavy TV viewers would display a pattern of beliefs and perceptions consistent with media
portrayals (Dominick, 446). Regarding violence in mass media, again the young are exposed to a culture of violence reflected in the media. How the
media sells or promotes those perceptions is the "reality" of the media. From a war somewhere in the world to the wars in someone's home, the media
directs the interpretation of what is necessary, correct, moral, and immoral. From what is happening, is not happening, should happen, might and will
happen, and what is and is not the cost the media influences our realities and reactions. This has resulted in Saturday morning cartoons that are as full of
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Effect of Media and Mass Communication Essay
The media is a powerful presence within the lives of others. It can be described as the main channel of mass communication. Media is often used to
deliver a message to a large audience who are diverse. It can be written, broadcast or spoken. Media is a significant force within modern culture.
Culture can be defined as the norms and values of a society. In our culture, the communications media hold an influential place in disseminating
information, forming attitudes, and motivating behaviour. Technological advances are increasing the role of the media and its capacity to shape public
opinion. Our society depends on the news media to provide information to help us form opinions and make voting decisions. It is clear the media has a
huge...show more content...
It was cheaper and made large scale distribution possible. These technology advances allowed the medium to enter popular culture and enhancing its
influence within society [McLuhan, 1962]. By the nineteen twenties, mass media became known not only for print media, but radio and television
also. Television provided both information and entertainment which became very popular. It was considered easier than actively reading. In recent
times, mass media has taken on a different form; the internet. It is now the most popular form of mass media. Not only has the internet become a
sensation but mobile phones, blogs and podcasts have all become the new forms of mass media within our modern culture. The media is easily
accessed and waiting for us at the touch of a button. As a result, our culture is enormously influenced by the media. In this essay I will be discussing
the media and deviance and the effects it has on our culture.
One theory that was formed during this investigation was the cumulative effects model [Elisabeth Noelle–Neumann, 1974]. This complex theory looks
at the potential affects media has on an individual with an active media consumption. This theory focuses on the agenda setting function in which the
media acts upon. The media cannot force an individual to think a certain way. However it does have the power to control what the individual thinks
about. If an issue is frequently in the media, the
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Influence Of Mass Media
Mass Media Development
Saraya Usina
HUM 186: Media Influences on American Culture
Over the last century, there have been multiple milestones which have improved the circulation of mass media and news, both good and bad. Over
time we have developed techniques and styles in order to keep every family within the loop at the highest rate. This led us to multiple inventions over
the last century which has brought us to today – to the instantaneous access to news and the latest trending topics at our finger tips, at all times. A few
examples of these inventions would be the development of the newspaper, after the printing press was invented in the 1400s (Chin, 2013). This allowed
each family to get access to whatever news that they had to circulate at that time. Problem with this type of mass media was the fact that not every
town in the world had access to a printing press, so little towns did not get information as fast as larger cities. Also, it was not until later years, that
the newspaper was accessible to get received to the doorstep of the home daily. After the newspaper was introduced, then the magazine was developed
and showed more promises in what it could spread. Magazines used to be only for the wealthy until name brands starting making appearances and
spiking sales, making reproduction of more magazines available (Carter, 2001). Once technology boomed and the women in the society starting having
more leisure time to read, magazines took off as
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Mass Media Influence
Mass media are the primary component of modern society. People customarily consume countless hours of television, movies, and surfing the net
where they see examples and expectations of what men and women are supposed to be. Advertisements and magazines inform us of how we are
supposed to look, relate to one another, and live. The influence of mass media manifests itself into our routines, our purchasing decisions, our politics,
our opinions and emotions, and almost every other aspect of our everyday lives. This tremendous influence most certainly plays a colossal part in how
we view gender as well. June Cleaver was the ultimate example of the nurturing matriarch that was supposed to stay indoors taking care of the home,
and Edith Bunker was shown as what a dependent and passive wife was supposed to be. At the same time, men were shown as having the opposite
characteristics. You had Clint Eastwood, Ward Cleaver, and the Marlboro Man exuding the strength, aggression, breadwinning characteristics of "real
men". Boys and girls, men and women believed they were to identify with these roles.
Clorox released and an advertisement featuring an altered image of Rosie the Riveter with the addition of red nails and a wedding ring and removal
of her bicep, next to Clorox cleaning products with the words "Get the power. The power to Clean anything"
(http://www.criticalcommons.org/Members/Lizcav/clips/clorox–get–the–power–advertisement–1). What is problematic with this ad is
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Effects of Mass Media on Culture
Effects of Mass Media on Culture
Introduction:
The media shape our attitudes about everything from soap to politics. It's important for us to be aware of the impact the mass media has on our
culture/society. We need to be vigilant and ask ourselves to look for opposing opinions and evaluate the facts for ourselves rather than blindly
accepting the media's version of the "truth." Research has revealed that media is responsible for influencing a major part of our daily life. Media
contribute to a transformation in the cultural and social values of the masses. "Media can bring about a change in the attitudes and beliefs of the
common man. The persuasive nature of the content presented over media influences the thoughts and behavior of the...show more content...
Influence of Mass Media for changing the Cultural Heritage:
We live in a society that depends on information and communication to keep moving in the right direction and do our daily activities like work,
entertainment, health care, education, personal relationships, traveling and anything else that we have to do. A common person in the city usually
wakes up checks the TV news or newspaper, goes to work, makes a few phone calls, eats with their family when possible and makes his decisions
based on the information that he has either from their co workers, news, TV, friends, family, financial reports, etc. We have put our trust on the media
as an authority to give us news, entertainment and education. However, the influence of mass media on our kids, teenagers and society is so big that
we should know how it really works.
|
How does mass media influence young people which we never had before in our Culture/society?
The media makes billions of dollars with the advertising they sell and that we are exposed to. We buy what we are told to be good, after seeing
thousands of advertisings we make our buying decisions based on what we saw on TVs, newspapers or magazines to be a product we can trust and
also based on what everyone else that we know is buying and their decision are also based on the media. These are the effects of mass media in
teenagers, they buy what they see on TVs, what their favorite celebrity advertise and what is acceptable
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Media Influence Mass Media
Mass Media and the Influence on America and Television
By. Mozelle Jones
HUMANITIES
In real life, we are in Mass Media and we did not even know it. Everything from you learning to just leisure involvement. The cultural products that
influence mass media and has taking part is Net Flix. It has made an impact on the movie business where television can be used to see movies and mass
media. Television still has an impact on cultural meanings. It shows us the news, ads, and movies that change when the culture evolves. Many look at
Netflix as just another outlet for renting movies but it has taking over the main screen by giving people the choice of which movie that they want to
view. NetFlix has impacted the internet in today's...show more content...
Cultural Products such as toy ads and vacation ads cater to children and adults. Most people feel the same way I feel about the media on television that
shows the commercials that capture the attention to all. Some of us know the commercials rather than shows and the news it has taken over the
culture. I really think that the ads are better than some shows and anything else that comes on television. It shapes the culture for children and adults,
because it helps to find out your likes and dislikes. Advantages and Disadvantages of ads is the desire of these products, that means the commercial
can be an advantage for mass media and the culture that help shape America. Disadvantages of Ads is when it can harm people, have a recall and
consumers do not know. Therefore ads can affect or effect the cultures in America.
Movies has changed America, live in living color, it has showed and expressed the changes. The media is really the outlet for new movies as well
as NetFlix the new way of seeing movies instead of the theater. The actresses and actors are usually mobbed by media wanting to know their real
life so he comes Reality Television. Movies are made for any race and any gender in America. It has impacted people so much that people have
changed their lives. It's normal for people to admire stars in movies. NetFlix has changed the movies industry by marketing movies on the internet and
in rentals. It has made it easier to see movies and
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Influence Of Mass Media On Economy
The distribution of motion pictures, television shows, video games, and other media is one of the nations most valuable cultural and economic
resources gained within the U.S. The influence of mass media has provided many positive effects that impacts the economy. There are various forms of
media and entertainment that the United States economy benefits greatly from. These properties are distinguished in film/television, music, video
games, social media, and many forms news broadcasting. The division of entertainment through these properties all have different effects on
economics. Additionally, the demand for these medias of entertainment are strong among consumers and the products supplied to them. The quality of
good communication is a necessity within this nation and mass media of entertainment accomplishes that through all the known subjects/ products in
order to reach a larger audience. In like manner the influence of media strongly impacts modern culture in the United States and even across the world.
The modern culture that we experience in this country is largely due to the products of the entertainment industry and other media. Most prominently
in film/television, music, video games, and social media. Furthermore, mass media brings in vast amounts of money to contribute positive impacts on
economics. For example, people pay for a ticket to go watch a movie, consumers pay for cable and streaming services to watch tv, purchase new
released videogames, and buy the
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Media Influence
Media is a huge part of people's lives in today's society. Through different forms of media people can now obtain vast amounts of information at the
slightest touch of a finger. While it is convenient and comforting to have access to so much data, the question arises. How much of this information we
receive shapes our lives? Mass media as an agent of socialization can prime and/or skew people's belief system through mere exposure without the
slightest clue of it affects. Mass media as an agent of socialization can structure people's perception on society as a whole by simply using influence,
control, and trust.
Literature Review
Influence
Media influence is the force by which ideas are injected into people's lives shaping the very culture of society. This influence is masqueraded through
hidden media message, resulting in a change in its audience which can be positive or negative, abrupt or gradual, short term or long term. Although
mass media's influential effect can reach a wide ranged audience as an agent of socialization the responsibility to contain what it releases has not been
of importance. "The media's socially significant obligations are formally ignored." (A.S. Zapesotskii, 2011, p 9). Media messages can be exerted
through many different outlets such as TV shows, music, movies, commercials, news, magazines, games which are all gravitated to entertain audiences
ultimately offering personal gratification that can sometimes blur the lines between reality and
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Mass Media Influence
Does mass media influence human lives so greatly that a self–inflicted 48–hour free period from the influences of mass media such as television, social
media, internet, recorded and live music such as the radio, could have a measurable effect? As my personal journey into this experiment is laid out the
conclusion will become clear. Through removing forms of mass media such as radio, television, internet and newspapers I have learned that indeed
mass media is not easy to get away from, and it has a deep impact on mood, response, and critical thought processes. Through a 48–hour period, I
consciously chose to remove all mass media influence, such as social media, television, radio and recorded music, and in doing thus have come to
some rather startling conclusions about the severe and often silent effect that mass media can have on our lives. This was a rather difficult task as
most people never take the time to consider where and how mass media influences our daily lives, and how deep the impact can be. The escape from
radio is difficult, the desire to lose oneself in television after a hard day is overwhelming and the sheer amount that we rely on social media is harder
still to understand unless you do without it for a lengthy period. While staying clear of these forms of obvious mass media such as overt
advertisements, or Facebook seemed easy enough, though one can never be prepared to cope with the interruption of the thought processes and mood
changes that accompany this
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The Role and Influence of Mass Media
Topic 5: The role and influence of mass media
Since the development of technology, mass media becomes an important part of modern society. It influences all areas; therefore, it is raising a
question among people about what are the role and influence of mass media.
The term mass media refers to the channels of communication (media) that exist to reach a large public audience (the mass of the population). Mass
media includes newspapers, magazines, television, radio, and more recently, the Internet (Kristin& Susan, 2002).
Mass media is an efficient supporter in education, policy, entertainment, finance, and all other fields. One function of mass media is education. Mass
media supplies an enormous source of documentaries on a wide...show more content...
His bloody crime was quite a disaster. However, it also has been available in mass media for a long time. Therefore, his images and crime were
available on all types of mass media. This led to another terrible crime of a younger criminal named Dao Van Tai. He killed two people to rob
property. When being asked by police, he admitted committing this crime by copying the crime of Le Van Luyen ("The second frightened murder," n.d).
Secondly, mass media sometimes invades people's privacy. Celebrities and politicians are usually the victims because they receive more concern
from society than others. The mass media industry sometimes uses private details to make profits rather than showing the full view of somebody's
live to the public; hence, mass media public their scandals or bad behaviour. These invasions are bad for their profession or even destroy their
reputation. Mass media even is an origin of spreading out secret information of the government. Once the secret information is leaked out, it will be
available all over the world rapidly through mass media. For example, the latest intelligence of the United States, which is flooded in all types of the
mass media, is the secret information of the war in Afghanistan. The information really makes the United States nervous. Washington fears it may have
lost even more highly sensitive material including an archive of tens of thousands of cable messages sent by US embassies around the world,
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Influence and Power of Mass Media
The topic of influence and power of mass media has become important among researchers of communication field since the moment it appeared. It is
difficult to underestimate the potential and the role which mass media plays in people's lives, still some of the researchers are concerned with
relatively limited media's control and impact on society. They claim that the content of a message is just one factor which defines the reaction of
audiences; therefore, in order to decrease the chance of unexpected response to the message these factors have to be taken into account. The review is
going to examine three studies, which are written by Fearing (1954), Tichenor, Donohue & Olien (1970) and Noelle–Neemann (1974). Fearing
was the first out...show more content...
Therefore Fearing says that it is extremely difficult for communicator to transmit ideas, because people decode them according to their values and
believes.
Tichenor et al., nevertheless, also came up with several factors which determine person's exposure to information. In that way Fearing and Tichenor et
al. agree on the following points that influence the way a person interprets a message: socioeconomic status, existing knowledge, cognitive structures
and the nature of the medium. Socioeconomic status stands for education and the existing knowledge implies perceiving a message according to
already stored information and experience. Cognitive structures allow a person to perceive information selectively according to his/her values and
beliefs. And, finally, the nature of the medium is seen as helping to strengthen the content.
Even though Fearing and Tichenor et al. have much in common, still the latter put educational background at the heart of their position, while Fearing
has education as just one of the factors; he also refers to need–value–motivational system and situational factors.
One of the Fearing situational factors is concerned with a climate of opinion, which is the main focus of the research for Noelle–Neemann. She found
that before people express their own views they first observe opinion trends – which are the most popular, which are less; based on that people decide
whether to express themselves
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Mass Media Influence On Society

  • 1. Mass Media Influence on Society Media's Influence on Society Over the last 500 years, the influence of mass media has grown exponentially with the advance of technology. First there were books, then newspapers, magazines, photography, sound recordings, films, radio, television, the so–called New Media of the Internet, and now social media. Today, just about everyone depends on information and communication to keep their lives moving through daily activities like work, education, health care, leisure activities, entertainment, traveling, personal relationships, and the other stuff with which we are involved. It's not unusual to wake up, check the cellphone for messages and notifications, look at the TV or...show more content... Young people are in a stage of life where they want to be accepted by their peers, they want to be loved and be successful. The media creates the ideal image of a beautiful men and women and tells you what the characteristics of a successful person are; you can see it in movies and TV. It's a subliminal way to tell you that if you are not like them you are not cool yet so it's time to buy the stuff they buy and look like they look. Another negative influence in teenagers that has grown over the last years are anorexia and obesity. There are millions of adolescents fighting obesity, but at the same time they are exposed to thousands of advertisements of junk food, while the ideas image of a successful person is told to be thin and wealthy. Also more women are obsessive with losing weight even when they are not obese; there are many thin women that want to look like the super models and thin celebrities so they engage in eating disorders which leads to severe health issues and even death. There is no mistaking that modern day society is greatly influenced by mass media every day, and in many different forms. People often remember all of their favorite television shows they watched growing up as well as the ones they view now. Some of these shows signposting many of their memories in a nostalgic manner. There is favorite music you may listen to, Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 2. Media 's Influence On Mass Media Essay Media learning influence Mass media plays a pivotal role in the learning process as it provides a general learning platform for everyone using the channel. Transmission of information through the mass media is effective due to the accessibility and the different forms that it is accessed. Print media Despite the presence of other advanced technologies, print media is still important learning media that offers a wide range of learning options. Learners can use print media materials such as books, magazines, newspapers, periodicals, directories and posters among others. These materials are readily accessible in homes and schools. In most learning institutions, learning is mostly done through books provided in the library and other resource centers. Unlike computer oriented learning, print media is more accessible and cheaper source of knowledge. Broadcast media Broadcast media provides a learning platform for a mass population through the radio or television. Institutions and company offers important information to the general population on issues surrounding them. For example awareness campaigns conducted via broadcast media provide helpful information about pressing issues in the society such as proper nutrition and drug abuse. Companies are known to sponsor educative programs just to reach the potential mass market offered by the broadcast media. The importance of this media in the learning process is evident due to fact that people are exposed to such media on daily Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 3. Media Positioning Statement Position Statement Mass media and society have an influence on each other. One impacts the other just a tad bit more. They have a symbiotic relationship, where one cannot work successfully with each other in many different circumstances. Society has more influence over mass media, because of the idea for supply and demand. If the public does not demand service, then it would not be provided. Media does have a small impact on society, but society holds the key to how information is dispersed. Included below are the major types of mass media and each breaks down into various subtopics inside of each. Theses subtopics include cultural, government policies, news and spreading information. The news is created by the public from an occurrence. The parts that go into if the news is read, is more than just beyond air space and time, because of the advancement with technology, every story, that gets a reaction form the public, has room to be shared to the public. Radio is available to most of the public. It could be access from a car, to stereo system of even through mobile devices. Society impacting radio and having a direct influence on it is good. That is the way it should be for this type of medium. It is one to the easiest accessed and has a smaller amount of restrictions. Print is funded by advertisement, which are ads that allow for stores to get more money. IF advertising did not work, then it will adapt to the demand of the public. Society has the ability to allow for Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 4. The Influence of Mass Media on Youth Culture 1 . . . Introduction What is the mass media? The dictionary tells us that it is: "those means of communication that reach and influence large numbers of people." (Collins Pocket English Dictionary, 1981 edition) To many people, however, it is something much more sinister– a monster that seeks to manipulate and control public opinion. A flotilla of highly entertaining novels and films draw upon the idea of a tyrannical government secretly controlling zombie–like citizens, using the mass media as its weapon. Ironically, these conspiracy novels and films themselves are simply another aspect of the media. But perhaps – especially...show more content... However, before I even begin to obtain any evidence I can hazard a guess as to what the outcome of my investigation will be. Having briefly explored in my introduction the power the media already wielded some sixty years ago, I think that it is inconceivable that any age group – be they young or old – are not at all influenced by the mass media today. For me, the real question is "to what extent does the mass media influence youth culture". The digital revolution has produced a new form of media that only a few decades ago was unheard of – the Internet – as well as providing hundreds of extra television channels. Therefore, as the media physically reaches more and more people in an increasing variety of guises, so too, inevitably, will its influence over our lives. I believe that the results of my study will reflect this and all my views on the subject. 3 . . . Methodology In order to answer the question "Does the mass media influence youth culture?" it is necessary for me to conduct a series of surveys concerning the
  • 5. mass media within the culture I am studying, to gather evidence that is vital for me to prove – or indeed disprove – my hypotheses. There are, essentially, three different ways in which I as a sociologist could gather the required information. In this section I will individually look at each of these methods in turn and weigh out their advantages against their Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 6. The Impact of Mass Media Influence on Politics What impact do the mass media have on modern government and politics? The mass media is now a global phenomenon and has revolutionized the way individuals communicate with each other and receive information. In this essay I will examine the three forms of mass media – newspaper, radio and television – and the way they have evolved. I will explain the three main theories relating to the impact of mass media on the public. I will then discuss how media has altered the emphasis of government at election time and on a day–to–day basis. The term 'mass media' embraces all kinds of information sources, such as books, pamphlets, mail circulars and films. The three principle sources of...show more content... Hitler was the first politician to exploit the potential of radio. In the United States and Great Britain, Roosevelt and Baldwin introduced the medium in a more gentle fashion. Radio was the much–used medium during the war with things such as Churchill's speeches. Television begun to make an appearance during the war, used to show films reinforcing patriotism and resistance. After the war, television took over as the main medium. Nixon's' 'Checkers speech' in 1952 is seen as the beginning of the television revolution. Ironically, television was Nixon's downfall in 1960 in the first televised debate; it showed that appearance on television is as important as the message. There are three broad arguments concerning the effects of the mass media on the public and therefore government and politics – opinion forming, opinion reinforcing, and no effects. The opinion forming argument believes that the media shape opinions held by the viewer, since the media chooses the agenda, it also shapes what issues are thought about. This view depicts the viewer as having no or few opinions before media exposure and then accepts the arguments and opinions put forward. The opinion reinforcing argument believes that the viewer will be more likely to accept opinions similar to their own, than to change their opinion as a result of the exposure to the media. "Persuasive communication functions far more frequently as an agent of reinforcement than as Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 7. Influence Of Mass Media Essay How big of a role does mass media play on societies everyday lives? Communities often conform to one another and follow in the path of their peers. Media affects this by revealing new trends and showing a better way to perform at certain tasks. From the way consumers shop to the new style or fad going around media affects it all. Mass media especially affects the youth and teen because, their minds are much more vulnerable to what the see on TV, social media, and magazine. Media will even degrade women in advertisements. Media has a strong influence over society and how everyday lives are lived. The article "Mass Media and its influence on society" By M. A Mughal is about how influential the media can be to the society. The article makes...show more content... With news updates and social media simply at the fingertips of almost every American. It has become very simple to receive news updates by the second. Social media is constantly blowing up with new stories and the latest breaking news. These sites are discretely inputting a state of mind for Americans to follow and influence their minds. Even as someone who does not constantly view the news and follow each and every update. Their minds are still influenced by what they hear from their friends and family. After their friends and family hear about it. They share the news they read or heard and tell the people who do not keep up to date with the news. This trickles down and continues to their friends and family too. The best way to not be overcome by the media and too influenced is to review different sources and look at different approaches from other news sites or channels. Media uses the vulnerable minds of the youth to their advantage. Kids and teenagers often find themselves spending a lot of time in front of a TV and on their phones. Although magazines and newspaper and going out of style, Phones have very quickly filled their spots. Making it that much easier for the youth to be manipulated by mass media. Media quickly starts new trends by showing celebrities in advertisements wearing a new brand of clothing. After the youth sees their role model wearing something new, they immediately want Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 8. Mass Media Influence Mass Media Influence In the last 50 years the media influence has grown exponentially with the advance of technology, first there was the telegraph, then the radio, the newspaper, magazines, television and now the internet. We live in a society that depends on information andcommunication to keep moving in the right direction and do our daily activities like work, entertainment, health care, education, personal relationships, traveling and anything else that we have to do. A common person in the city usually wakes up checks the tv news or newspaper, goes to work, makes a few phone calls, eats with their family when possible and makes his decisions based on the information that he has either from their co workers, news, tv, friends,...show more content... The problem with this is that it can become traumatic especially in our children as we see it more and more. Our kids that are starting to grow and are shaping their personality values and beliefs can become aggressive or they can lose a sense of reality and fiction of what they are seeing. In the past years there have been some cases of kids carrying a gun at school and even hurting others with it. Those kids have been linked to excessive use of violent video games and war images. Another problem is that real war is used as a form of entertainment by the media, we should make our kids and teen aware that war is not a form of entertainment and that there is no win or lose like in video games, in real war everyone Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 9. The Influences Of Mass Media On Society The Influences of Mass Media on Society For the greater majority of the American society, the presence of mass media is a "normal" part of everyday lives. With the purpose of mass media being to educate, entertain and inform, the excessive violence, self imaging, and lack of full detail on world events, is having negative influences and unhealthy impacts on society. As early as the 1920s, a form of the media has been present in the American society. Although broadcasted content was limited and not as popular as present day, for some homes, it was a source of entertainment and information "From 1921 to 1924, there were only 500 licensed media radio stations. By the 1940s (1930–1940), at least 83% of homes possessed a radio"(Smith, 2014,paragraph 2&3, Radio: The Internet of the 1930 's). The negativity of certain broadcasting posed as a concern, even in the early years. As Smith explained, "But the new technology also raised anxieties. Observers worried about the propriety and taste of the radio programs that would
  • 10. penetrate the sanctity of the home"(Smith, 2014,paragraph 2&3, Radio: The Internet of the 1930 's). Experts such as L.Rowell Huesmann, has researched and studied the relation between mass media promoted violence and violent tendencies among the The Influences of Mass Media on Society individuals subjected to such violence. "Numerous experimental studies, many statistic observational studies, and a few longitudinal studies Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 11. Mass Media and Its Influence Mass Media and Its Influence Spoken, written, or broadcast communication whose medium may include television, radio, advertising, movies, newspapers, magazines, books, cell phones and the Internet becomes a mass media that affects our society's perception of ourselves and others and influences the structures of our society as well as the reactions of the individual. Americans perceive the political, economic, class, educational, and other structures of American society because of, by, and through the media. The American understanding of these structures within its society as well as those structures outside of the United States are manipulated and directed by the media. Similarly, the media influences the perceptions of individuals ...show more content... Television and its self–directed version, cable, allow for the mass influence of these elements in both positive and negative ways. The positive aspects of violence and competition within the socially accepted structures of competitive youth sports and athletics promoted on TV and in video games and equally, in the fashion, dance, and young love seen in sitcoms, movies, and MTV music videos. Conversely, the use of junk foods, cigarettes, drugs, and alcohol combined with irresponsible, casual sex, excessive and explicit violence dominate much of the negative influence of media on America's youth. Joseph Dominic concludes, "that youngsters that are heavy TV viewers would display a pattern of beliefs and perceptions consistent with media portrayals (Dominick, 446). Regarding violence in mass media, again the young are exposed to a culture of violence reflected in the media. How the media sells or promotes those perceptions is the "reality" of the media. From a war somewhere in the world to the wars in someone's home, the media directs the interpretation of what is necessary, correct, moral, and immoral. From what is happening, is not happening, should happen, might and will happen, and what is and is not the cost the media influences our realities and reactions. This has resulted in Saturday morning cartoons that are as full of Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 12. Effect of Media and Mass Communication Essay The media is a powerful presence within the lives of others. It can be described as the main channel of mass communication. Media is often used to deliver a message to a large audience who are diverse. It can be written, broadcast or spoken. Media is a significant force within modern culture. Culture can be defined as the norms and values of a society. In our culture, the communications media hold an influential place in disseminating information, forming attitudes, and motivating behaviour. Technological advances are increasing the role of the media and its capacity to shape public opinion. Our society depends on the news media to provide information to help us form opinions and make voting decisions. It is clear the media has a huge...show more content... It was cheaper and made large scale distribution possible. These technology advances allowed the medium to enter popular culture and enhancing its influence within society [McLuhan, 1962]. By the nineteen twenties, mass media became known not only for print media, but radio and television also. Television provided both information and entertainment which became very popular. It was considered easier than actively reading. In recent times, mass media has taken on a different form; the internet. It is now the most popular form of mass media. Not only has the internet become a sensation but mobile phones, blogs and podcasts have all become the new forms of mass media within our modern culture. The media is easily accessed and waiting for us at the touch of a button. As a result, our culture is enormously influenced by the media. In this essay I will be discussing the media and deviance and the effects it has on our culture. One theory that was formed during this investigation was the cumulative effects model [Elisabeth Noelle–Neumann, 1974]. This complex theory looks at the potential affects media has on an individual with an active media consumption. This theory focuses on the agenda setting function in which the media acts upon. The media cannot force an individual to think a certain way. However it does have the power to control what the individual thinks about. If an issue is frequently in the media, the Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 13. Influence Of Mass Media Mass Media Development Saraya Usina HUM 186: Media Influences on American Culture Over the last century, there have been multiple milestones which have improved the circulation of mass media and news, both good and bad. Over time we have developed techniques and styles in order to keep every family within the loop at the highest rate. This led us to multiple inventions over the last century which has brought us to today – to the instantaneous access to news and the latest trending topics at our finger tips, at all times. A few examples of these inventions would be the development of the newspaper, after the printing press was invented in the 1400s (Chin, 2013). This allowed each family to get access to whatever news that they had to circulate at that time. Problem with this type of mass media was the fact that not every town in the world had access to a printing press, so little towns did not get information as fast as larger cities. Also, it was not until later years, that the newspaper was accessible to get received to the doorstep of the home daily. After the newspaper was introduced, then the magazine was developed and showed more promises in what it could spread. Magazines used to be only for the wealthy until name brands starting making appearances and spiking sales, making reproduction of more magazines available (Carter, 2001). Once technology boomed and the women in the society starting having more leisure time to read, magazines took off as Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 14. Mass Media Influence Mass media are the primary component of modern society. People customarily consume countless hours of television, movies, and surfing the net where they see examples and expectations of what men and women are supposed to be. Advertisements and magazines inform us of how we are supposed to look, relate to one another, and live. The influence of mass media manifests itself into our routines, our purchasing decisions, our politics, our opinions and emotions, and almost every other aspect of our everyday lives. This tremendous influence most certainly plays a colossal part in how we view gender as well. June Cleaver was the ultimate example of the nurturing matriarch that was supposed to stay indoors taking care of the home, and Edith Bunker was shown as what a dependent and passive wife was supposed to be. At the same time, men were shown as having the opposite characteristics. You had Clint Eastwood, Ward Cleaver, and the Marlboro Man exuding the strength, aggression, breadwinning characteristics of "real men". Boys and girls, men and women believed they were to identify with these roles. Clorox released and an advertisement featuring an altered image of Rosie the Riveter with the addition of red nails and a wedding ring and removal of her bicep, next to Clorox cleaning products with the words "Get the power. The power to Clean anything" (http://www.criticalcommons.org/Members/Lizcav/clips/clorox–get–the–power–advertisement–1). What is problematic with this ad is Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 15. Effects of Mass Media on Culture Effects of Mass Media on Culture Introduction: The media shape our attitudes about everything from soap to politics. It's important for us to be aware of the impact the mass media has on our culture/society. We need to be vigilant and ask ourselves to look for opposing opinions and evaluate the facts for ourselves rather than blindly accepting the media's version of the "truth." Research has revealed that media is responsible for influencing a major part of our daily life. Media contribute to a transformation in the cultural and social values of the masses. "Media can bring about a change in the attitudes and beliefs of the common man. The persuasive nature of the content presented over media influences the thoughts and behavior of the...show more content... Influence of Mass Media for changing the Cultural Heritage: We live in a society that depends on information and communication to keep moving in the right direction and do our daily activities like work, entertainment, health care, education, personal relationships, traveling and anything else that we have to do. A common person in the city usually wakes up checks the TV news or newspaper, goes to work, makes a few phone calls, eats with their family when possible and makes his decisions based on the information that he has either from their co workers, news, TV, friends, family, financial reports, etc. We have put our trust on the media as an authority to give us news, entertainment and education. However, the influence of mass media on our kids, teenagers and society is so big that we should know how it really works. | How does mass media influence young people which we never had before in our Culture/society? The media makes billions of dollars with the advertising they sell and that we are exposed to. We buy what we are told to be good, after seeing thousands of advertisings we make our buying decisions based on what we saw on TVs, newspapers or magazines to be a product we can trust and also based on what everyone else that we know is buying and their decision are also based on the media. These are the effects of mass media in teenagers, they buy what they see on TVs, what their favorite celebrity advertise and what is acceptable Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 16. Media Influence Mass Media Mass Media and the Influence on America and Television By. Mozelle Jones HUMANITIES In real life, we are in Mass Media and we did not even know it. Everything from you learning to just leisure involvement. The cultural products that influence mass media and has taking part is Net Flix. It has made an impact on the movie business where television can be used to see movies and mass media. Television still has an impact on cultural meanings. It shows us the news, ads, and movies that change when the culture evolves. Many look at Netflix as just another outlet for renting movies but it has taking over the main screen by giving people the choice of which movie that they want to view. NetFlix has impacted the internet in today's...show more content... Cultural Products such as toy ads and vacation ads cater to children and adults. Most people feel the same way I feel about the media on television that shows the commercials that capture the attention to all. Some of us know the commercials rather than shows and the news it has taken over the culture. I really think that the ads are better than some shows and anything else that comes on television. It shapes the culture for children and adults, because it helps to find out your likes and dislikes. Advantages and Disadvantages of ads is the desire of these products, that means the commercial can be an advantage for mass media and the culture that help shape America. Disadvantages of Ads is when it can harm people, have a recall and consumers do not know. Therefore ads can affect or effect the cultures in America. Movies has changed America, live in living color, it has showed and expressed the changes. The media is really the outlet for new movies as well as NetFlix the new way of seeing movies instead of the theater. The actresses and actors are usually mobbed by media wanting to know their real life so he comes Reality Television. Movies are made for any race and any gender in America. It has impacted people so much that people have changed their lives. It's normal for people to admire stars in movies. NetFlix has changed the movies industry by marketing movies on the internet and in rentals. It has made it easier to see movies and Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 17. Influence Of Mass Media On Economy The distribution of motion pictures, television shows, video games, and other media is one of the nations most valuable cultural and economic resources gained within the U.S. The influence of mass media has provided many positive effects that impacts the economy. There are various forms of media and entertainment that the United States economy benefits greatly from. These properties are distinguished in film/television, music, video games, social media, and many forms news broadcasting. The division of entertainment through these properties all have different effects on economics. Additionally, the demand for these medias of entertainment are strong among consumers and the products supplied to them. The quality of good communication is a necessity within this nation and mass media of entertainment accomplishes that through all the known subjects/ products in order to reach a larger audience. In like manner the influence of media strongly impacts modern culture in the United States and even across the world. The modern culture that we experience in this country is largely due to the products of the entertainment industry and other media. Most prominently in film/television, music, video games, and social media. Furthermore, mass media brings in vast amounts of money to contribute positive impacts on economics. For example, people pay for a ticket to go watch a movie, consumers pay for cable and streaming services to watch tv, purchase new released videogames, and buy the Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 18. Media Influence Media is a huge part of people's lives in today's society. Through different forms of media people can now obtain vast amounts of information at the slightest touch of a finger. While it is convenient and comforting to have access to so much data, the question arises. How much of this information we receive shapes our lives? Mass media as an agent of socialization can prime and/or skew people's belief system through mere exposure without the slightest clue of it affects. Mass media as an agent of socialization can structure people's perception on society as a whole by simply using influence, control, and trust. Literature Review Influence Media influence is the force by which ideas are injected into people's lives shaping the very culture of society. This influence is masqueraded through hidden media message, resulting in a change in its audience which can be positive or negative, abrupt or gradual, short term or long term. Although mass media's influential effect can reach a wide ranged audience as an agent of socialization the responsibility to contain what it releases has not been of importance. "The media's socially significant obligations are formally ignored." (A.S. Zapesotskii, 2011, p 9). Media messages can be exerted through many different outlets such as TV shows, music, movies, commercials, news, magazines, games which are all gravitated to entertain audiences ultimately offering personal gratification that can sometimes blur the lines between reality and Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 19. Mass Media Influence Does mass media influence human lives so greatly that a self–inflicted 48–hour free period from the influences of mass media such as television, social media, internet, recorded and live music such as the radio, could have a measurable effect? As my personal journey into this experiment is laid out the conclusion will become clear. Through removing forms of mass media such as radio, television, internet and newspapers I have learned that indeed mass media is not easy to get away from, and it has a deep impact on mood, response, and critical thought processes. Through a 48–hour period, I consciously chose to remove all mass media influence, such as social media, television, radio and recorded music, and in doing thus have come to some rather startling conclusions about the severe and often silent effect that mass media can have on our lives. This was a rather difficult task as most people never take the time to consider where and how mass media influences our daily lives, and how deep the impact can be. The escape from radio is difficult, the desire to lose oneself in television after a hard day is overwhelming and the sheer amount that we rely on social media is harder still to understand unless you do without it for a lengthy period. While staying clear of these forms of obvious mass media such as overt advertisements, or Facebook seemed easy enough, though one can never be prepared to cope with the interruption of the thought processes and mood changes that accompany this Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 20. The Role and Influence of Mass Media Topic 5: The role and influence of mass media Since the development of technology, mass media becomes an important part of modern society. It influences all areas; therefore, it is raising a question among people about what are the role and influence of mass media. The term mass media refers to the channels of communication (media) that exist to reach a large public audience (the mass of the population). Mass media includes newspapers, magazines, television, radio, and more recently, the Internet (Kristin& Susan, 2002). Mass media is an efficient supporter in education, policy, entertainment, finance, and all other fields. One function of mass media is education. Mass media supplies an enormous source of documentaries on a wide...show more content... His bloody crime was quite a disaster. However, it also has been available in mass media for a long time. Therefore, his images and crime were available on all types of mass media. This led to another terrible crime of a younger criminal named Dao Van Tai. He killed two people to rob property. When being asked by police, he admitted committing this crime by copying the crime of Le Van Luyen ("The second frightened murder," n.d). Secondly, mass media sometimes invades people's privacy. Celebrities and politicians are usually the victims because they receive more concern from society than others. The mass media industry sometimes uses private details to make profits rather than showing the full view of somebody's live to the public; hence, mass media public their scandals or bad behaviour. These invasions are bad for their profession or even destroy their reputation. Mass media even is an origin of spreading out secret information of the government. Once the secret information is leaked out, it will be available all over the world rapidly through mass media. For example, the latest intelligence of the United States, which is flooded in all types of the mass media, is the secret information of the war in Afghanistan. The information really makes the United States nervous. Washington fears it may have lost even more highly sensitive material including an archive of tens of thousands of cable messages sent by US embassies around the world, Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 21. Influence and Power of Mass Media The topic of influence and power of mass media has become important among researchers of communication field since the moment it appeared. It is difficult to underestimate the potential and the role which mass media plays in people's lives, still some of the researchers are concerned with relatively limited media's control and impact on society. They claim that the content of a message is just one factor which defines the reaction of audiences; therefore, in order to decrease the chance of unexpected response to the message these factors have to be taken into account. The review is going to examine three studies, which are written by Fearing (1954), Tichenor, Donohue & Olien (1970) and Noelle–Neemann (1974). Fearing was the first out...show more content... Therefore Fearing says that it is extremely difficult for communicator to transmit ideas, because people decode them according to their values and believes. Tichenor et al., nevertheless, also came up with several factors which determine person's exposure to information. In that way Fearing and Tichenor et al. agree on the following points that influence the way a person interprets a message: socioeconomic status, existing knowledge, cognitive structures and the nature of the medium. Socioeconomic status stands for education and the existing knowledge implies perceiving a message according to already stored information and experience. Cognitive structures allow a person to perceive information selectively according to his/her values and beliefs. And, finally, the nature of the medium is seen as helping to strengthen the content. Even though Fearing and Tichenor et al. have much in common, still the latter put educational background at the heart of their position, while Fearing has education as just one of the factors; he also refers to need–value–motivational system and situational factors. One of the Fearing situational factors is concerned with a climate of opinion, which is the main focus of the research for Noelle–Neemann. She found that before people express their own views they first observe opinion trends – which are the most popular, which are less; based on that people decide whether to express themselves Get more content on HelpWriting.net