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Socialism In 19Th Century France
1. Socialism In 19th Century France
Causes and Effects of Socialism
To accurately write an in depth paper covering nineteenth century socialism in France, I have chosen two resources. One, a textbook, offers an insight
to the origin of socialism and Karl Marx, speaks of the French Revolution as well as the Industrial Revolution, and also informs readers of the effects of
socialism. My second resource, an article from JSTOR covers these same ideas, adding more detail. Both of these resources are packed full of
information that will help to write a narrow and thorough paper on socialism in nineteenth century France.
For my first resource to cover the causes and effects of Socialism, I will be using A. Lindemann, A History of European Socialism. Binghamton,
1983. This textbook not only covers the roots of socialism, but also incorporates the effect of socialism as well. It speaks of many different countries
like France, Russia, and so on. For my specific...show more content...
In chapter three, from pages 87 to 132, the author describes the beginning of socialism during this time period. It covers how Karl Marx, a
German–Jewish exile, became emerged in the French culture, and what ideas he brought to the table. It speaks of the early start of it, in the mid
1840s, when Marx created an outline of socialist theory with colleague, Friedrich Engels. Originally invested in atheist beliefs, Marx decided that the
atheist point of view did not describe his views accurately. Marx formed a belief that the potential development of humanity through critical reason
could create secular harmony. The textbook reflects on what these ideas are and how he communicated it to the people. This paper on socialism will
briefly cover the French Revolution and how it contributed to the Industrial Revolution and socialism. Just like Marx, he Industrial Revolution plays a
huge part in the development of socialism in France. While a
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2. To know about France and its history, culture, French people and democracy in France ?
Introduction
France is a powerful democratic country in the world. Every French citizen in France over 18 years old has the right to vote. Freedom of expression
is enshrined in law, people are free to gather for any reasons. the French people do strikes very often for their rights and freedom, the strikes in France
are common and popular among the world, and French people are free to join any political party or association.
The freedom of press is very open. Furthermore, freedom of political expression, freedom of speech, and freedom of the press are considered by some
to be essential rights to the citizens and able to vote in their...show more content...
French people are in general very courteous and they are direct too. They are accustomed to speaking their minds and being direct and to the point. If
you sometime get annoyed by this, you will later realize that French people are friendly and polite if you get to know them a little better.
French culture
Culture refers to the union of knowledge, experience, learning, beliefs, attitudes, values, meanings, hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, spatial
relations, concepts of the world, and material objects and possessions acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual
and group striving.
The culture of France is diverse, reflecting regional differences as well as the influence of recent immigration. France has played an important role for
centuries as a cultural center, with Paris as a world center of high culture.
Philosophy
France has produced a large number of leading philosophers in the European humanist tradition. One of the first was Montaigne, in the 16th century, an
inspired moralist who established the essay as an art form. Then came Descartes, the master of logic, and the philosopher Pascal.
Writers of France
Writers and intellectuals traditionally enjoy high prestige in France. One of the most august of French institutions is the Academie francaise, whose 40
members, most of them writers, have pronounced on national events and, on occasion, held public office.
4. Educational System in France
Topics in French Business and Environment–1 The Reforms in the French Education System DALY Peter Dealing with the topic : "The French
education System is elitist and in serious need of reform" Thinking about learning as a repeated task along our lives does not necessarily means that it
is an easy one. As well as with any another cultural construction, it is frequent to be imbued with the common sense and to think about education as a
static and crystallized method among the passing years. It is a trend to consider teaching as if it has always been there and even, as if it has been
sustaining certain continuity through the passing decades. Maybe this is the main reason that leads us to notice the most recognizable symptoms of
...show more content...
I agree with the French educational system where vocational branches are offered to different kinds of students. However, for those studying the
Bac General, a strong selection must be made before they enter the university because the demand of certain careers could surpass the offer of
teachers and then the problems of overcrowding occur. If there is not a good selection before students enter University; many might just be there
and wait until they decide what they really want to study and distract those students who already know. Also, for those careers like Arts, Cinema,
Philosophy, and so on, the number of places should be reduced and given just to students that are really aiming to dedicate their lives to those
branches of study and also to them who certainly will get a job. The ones who want to study it just to learn more about it, should take it as a
complementary career. For example, if you want to study French, you should also have to study Cinema or Drawing. In order to avoid professors
having to teach unmotivated students that just trigger a "waste of time and resources"5. This could also lessen the 54% drop–out rate6 due to an
incorrect orientation for the students. Talking about resources, we also have to view the economical side of the reforms needed in the educational
system. Since from an economical point of view resources are scarce, it is very important to notice that everything concerning education may also be
limited. Meaning faculty
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5. France Essay
Introduction
France, which is the largest nation in Western Europe, is a presidential republic. France is a very important nation in Europe and it continues to be
involved in contemporary policy issues. Helping the world as one of the great trading nations, France is a very important trading partner with the
United States. Not only is France important to the United States, they are also important to countries all over the world. Their abundance of both mineral
and agricultural resources make them a very important supplier of products all over the world. I chose to report on France because it is an interesting
county and I wanted to learn more about it.
Geography
France is located...show more content...
During the 16th century, Protestantism spread across France leading to a number of religious and civil wars. The wars between the Protestants and
the Roman Catholics resulted in the massacre of some 3,000 Protestants in Paris on the eve of St. Bartholomew's Day in 1572. The statecraft of such
royal advisers as the cardinals Richelieu and Mazarin helped France in becoming the greatest power in Europe during the 17th century. Unfortunately,
defeats in a series of costly foreign wars during the 18th century caused France to loose many of their overseas territories, and brought the country
near bankruptcy. In 1789 revolution toppled the King, Louis XVI, and proclaimed the rights of man. The French Revolution took a bloody turn and
ended in a weak government of five directors. France soon fell into the hands of Napoleon Bonaparte, who ruled from 1799–1814, first as consul, then
as emperor. Napoleon's far fetched military ventures ended in 1815 with his downfall. A limited monarchy was restored and, with the exception of a
brief republican period (1848–52), brought about the creation of the Third Republic.
After WWI, a resistance movement known as Free France was organized in Britain under the leadership of General Charles de Gaulle. Allied and Free
French forces liberated France in 1944. Parliamentary democracy was restored to France under the Fourth Republic. Another costly war against
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6. The Society of New France Essay
The Society of New France There were many early expeditions from Europe to North America, most in search of a
Northwest Passage that linked the Atlantic to the Pacific, thus leading to the wealth of Asia .
These excursions alerted Europeans of the resources North America offered and this attraction of fish and furs stimulated annual voyages from Europe
to reap the benefits of the New World. As appealing as this discovery was, Europeans considered this New World a harsh environment and few thought
of settling permanently , but eventually political and economic interests inspired
Europeans establish settlements in North America . Overseas colonies were regarded as an opportunity to gain political advantage amongst European
...show more content...
They enjoyed a fixed rent, one that was far less than the amount of labour expected by French peasants, security of tenure, better housing and
relatively large, fertile plots which provided a nourishing diet for himself and the family, rarely experiencing famine . This widespread availability of
land and shortage of work may have contributed to habitant's noticeable spirit of independence and lack of discipline . Despite the apparent lack of
respect for authority, most habitants worked very hard to make a living. Every single member of the family, father, mother and children, would work
to make the farm successful . Families were the most important social and economic unit where most of the colony's production took place and
everyone worked together to ensure collective survival. Similar to the society of New France, families were hierarchical with the father at the top of
ladder. The father controlled all of his wife's possessions including the children who primarily belonged to him . Families in New France were quite
large. The average age of marriage for women was younger than that in France, as well, they also had more children. A women who survived long
enough could expect to give birth to about seven or eight children, though on average 25 percent died within the first year of life and childhood
diseases prevented even more from reaching adolescence . For the children that
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7. French Culture Essay
The French are all about preserving their culture and being individualized. They often take great pride in the French products and the French style, and
believe in keeping the French culture "pure" so they also limit the amount of foreign goods that are being imported. But during the World Wars the
French began to allow foreigners to immigrate into France to take jobs due to an increase in job shortages. The immigration from the World Wars
added to the diversity of the French culture. Ever since the 1850's there has been a steady flow of immigration into France, and now nine percent of
the French population is made up of immigrants (Gofen 62). The break down of the cultures in France is eighty–five percent of the French population
is Roman...show more content...
But, France did allow foreigners to immigrate into France after the World Wars, but this is of coarse is going to add to the diversity of culture in
France. When the French needed foreigners, they did not mind that they came into their country, knowing that it would create diversity of religion. But
now, they are not allowing religious symbols in schools because the French want to "preserve their language and culture." So, it seems a bit ironic don't
you think?
Currently, the French want to ban the wearing of religious symbols in public schools so that there is no social tension, and to keep the main
religion in France (Roman Catholicism) 'pure' (Gofen 63). But even though the French say they want to keep their culture pure, in reality since the
world wars, religions such as Islam and Judaism have in fact become a part of their culture. Once again, the French let in other cultures knowingly,
and once the cultural diversity begins, all the religions are apart of a country's culture. An example of a religious symbol that the French are
considering to ban is the Burka. A Burka is an outfit worn by Muslim females that cover them head to toe. Some, who want to ban the burka say that
it is disrespectful to women and can be degrading. But, 64 million people in France are Muslim. By wearing a Burka they are just following their
religion and are also following tradition (French). One other big controversy regarding religious symbols is the banning of
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8. Throughout the centuries, literature has provided a way to express oneself, while at the same time, allowing the reader to experience a different kind of
life through the stories. As a creation of humans, literature tends to reflect the ideals and thoughts of its writer, while also providing a glimpse into the
society, in which the writer penned the story. Perhaps one of the greatest and most intriguing human emotions islove and this theme is present in
literature from its beginning to the present day. However, as people and societies changed and evolved, so did the attitudes toward love change with the
times. In Medieval French Literature, love is often portrayed as an unreachable emotion and is associated with challenges and suffering,...show more
content...
At the beginning of this chantefable, Aucassin is forbidden to marry Nicolette, whom he loves greatly, because "...a slave girl she is, out of a strange
land, and the captain of this town bought her of the Saracens..." They are kept apart because of their different social standings and have to face many
obstacles before they are finally united and allowed to marry. However, it is not their never–yielding love for each other that finally allows their
marriage, but the fact that Nicolette learns that she is the daughter of the King of Carthage and could be a befitting wife of a count, further highlighting
the importance of one's title over one's happiness.
Geoffrey Rudel's lyric poem "Why should I live?" also talks about the suffering that one has to endure, when he cannot be with his love: "Far off
those towers and castles frown/ Where she resides in regal state,/ And I, at weary distance thrown,/ Can find no solace in my fate." In this poem, his
love is again forbidden by her higher social position. All in all, in Medieval literature, love is often unattainable and associated with suffering,
reflecting a society that focused more on the established values of social position and rules of society than on emotions, especially love and happiness.
In contrast, the French Renaissance was a period, where the values of the Medieval Period were slowly being changed due to the rediscovery of the
literature of the Antiquity as well as innovations in science, religion and
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9. French Reflection
Throughout the last semester in French two, I learned lots about French culture, especially involving the eating mannerisms. In addition, the
extensive grammar and vocabulary lessons helped me greatly to develop my speaking and literacy skills. Although certain portions of the lessons
can be confusing at first, if you persevere, the material soon becomes easily. The hardest part of French two is when you miss a day or two and
how behind you get in the lessons. As long as you continue to work hard and not get overwhelmed by the material and new concepts, then you will
have a fairly easy time in the class. Everyone seems to believe French is a hard language to learn; however, if you put in hard work, the results will
lead to big...show more content...
Probably one of my worst failures is how much I would stress about memorizing vocabulary in time and conjugating the verbs correctly; I would
let myself get overwhelmed by the amount of rules and words I needed to learn instead of focusing on the fact that I do fine every time and don't
really need to stress about it. Another one of my failures, is that I missed quite a few days in the class because I had different appointments or
athletic release, so would have to leave. If I could go back, I definitely would have tried to change the appointments so that they didn't interfere with
French. It can be immensely difficult to miss a day of French class because it moves so quickly. In addition to these failures, I had a bad habit of
starting important projects at the last minute because I would forget about them. As the semester went on though, I got better at managing my time
because I could no longer play any sports after school, so that definitely helped my habit of procrastinating projects. All of my successes and failures in
the class resulted in me learning a lot about myself and how my mind works. As I continued to excel with the language, I realized certain ways of
studying helped me remember things easier than in the past. For instance, I learned that I retain information better when I color code my notes and
review them after I wrote them down, making sure they make sense. I learned that
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10. Descriptive Essay : Paris, France
Paris, France My feet are walking on Paris road, and my hands are firmly holding my luggage. My father was leading, my mother, sister and I to the
train station, which is where we would take the train to Germany. Our legs were moving as fast as possible because the train was going to depart in an
hour. We were uncertain how to get to the train station. To make sure, my father headed into an old
–style bakery shop and he kindly asked, "Sorry, do
you know how I could get to the train station?" Generously, the shop owner replied back in French. Without giving up my father showed the owner the
map and pointed to the train station. Suddenly, the shop owner understood and pointed in the same direction we were going. In return, we bought four
...show more content...
I heard my stomach roaring for food, and so was my sister's stomach. There was no restaurant in sight, there were only shops in the area. We
walked with a hope that every step we took brought us closer to a restaurant. In front of us there was a bridge, the crowds on the bridge blocked
my sight. Before crossing the bridge, my father stopped to see one last time if there were any restaurants on this side of the bridge. Suddenly my
sister noticed that my mother was not with us. My sister quickly notified my father and he said, "Don't move and keep your eyes wide open to
look for her. The reason that we can't move is that maybe if you move it will be harder for her to find you." My heart beats faster and faster and I
thought, "What if I don't get to see her again, how will she live? Where is she!?! Where!!!" After about five minutes of worrying, finally my sister
yelled, "There!!! She is over there!" Without saying anything we quickly ran to her. My arms stretched out to make sure her body was in my arms
range, then I hugged her with love. "I just waited over here because I was afraid if I moved it would be harder for you to find me," said my mother.
"We thought that as well,
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11. The French Music
Other exiled composers, on the other hand, flourished during these years. Multiple symphonies, chamber music pieces, and other works were written
during this time. Composers expressed this period of writing as a transformation, but also risky and inventive. Stravinsky, who traveled to the United
States at the start of the war, saw one of the most productive and yet grounding periods of his writing career. Stravinsky found himself in a conservative
environment, which in return, may have lead to his consolidated style in Petroushka and other writings of this time.
Another scene that did fairly well during the war was the state of French Music. One major change was the location. Due to war efforts in Paris, most
of the French music scene, including the French Orchestra was moved to Rennes, France. The financial support during this switch, however,
surprisingly increased and so did the amount of patrons at to their performances. Money intake increased four hundred and fifty–nine percent while
concert frequency and regularity also increased. Why the sudden increase in activity? Many believe it may be to due a certain mentality and
psychology that people "want to get away from the obsessions of the present time," understandably referring to the exhausting and troubling times of
the war. A few downsides to this rather successful scene, however, stemmed from the Nazi power and their regulations on censorship. One guideline of
the music in Europe was the banning of degenerate
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13. Sedaris French Class Analysis
Similar to Sedaris in his French class I've been in the same situation. In high school taking 2 years of language were mandatory. Me being lazy,
decided to take Spanish being that I come from a Mexican family and can fluently speak Spanish. I thought that I could easily pass the class, but what I
didn't know was that it wasn't that easy. It wasn't only about talking the language, but it was also writing it the proper way. What I realized that day
was that I had only been taught to speak it and not even the right way but just to speak it the improper way. That was the first of my problems being
that also nobody had ever taught me to write the language since
English was just so important. My struggles were just getting started and it was just
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14. My Visit To Paris Essay
Visiting Paris, France have always been a great desire for me. Perhaps my first visit to Republic of Congo and the French language being their lingua
franca got me intrigued. I love to experience the original French cuisine, fashion, architecture, and all that Paris has got to offer and their smooth
language. I have always brought up this ideal vacation with my wife and we share the same passion about visiting the city of romance although
Seychelles is part of our bucket–list of romantic get–away.
As this is a trip that we have always looked–for, we will be flying via Air France or Ethiopian Airways. Flight will be departing from Muritala
Muhammed International Airport, Lagos and arrive Charles De Gaulle airport France. Even though we may...show more content...
After eating breakfast, we will be visit the surrounding neighbourhood and perhaps do some unplanned sightseeing to while away the morning. In the
afternoon, by putting our little newly acquired French knowledge into play by visiting a very well–known Paris Market called Rue Cler. The Rue Cler is
a market where lots of interactions take place hence a lot of bargaining is expected. The best way to learn a language is to practice it.
We will stroll to our hotel and prepare for a night out at Montmarte. Located in the North of Paris, Montmarte is a hill that is 130 metres (430 feet)
high. It is much talked about by the Parisians and the surrounding area of the hill is a tourist location with a variety of shops, nightclubs, and many
tourist attractions. Our visit here is only a detour to our main attraction –– a show at the Moulin Rouge. Built in 1889, the Moulin Rouge is a cabaret
that is best known as the spiritual birthplace of the modern form of the can–can dance. It was originally introduced as a seductive dance performed for
men by beautiful courtesan women. Today, the Moulin Rouge is a tourist attraction offering musical dance entertainment, dinner, and lots of drinks for
visitors from around the world. There are no dull moments during any of the
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15. Essay on French Tourism
France is a country of beauty, mystery, and intrigue. Paris has the most known tourist attractions in the world: The Eiffel Tower, L'arc de Triomphe, and
the Louvre to name a few. Paris is called the "City of Light"; the lighting of monuments and buildings emphasizes the beauty of the architecture in the
city.
The Eiffel Tower is the symbol of Paris, if not the entire country. It is one of the most known monuments in the entire world, and definitely one of the
most photographed. It began construction in 1887, designed by the engineer Gustave Eiffel, and was finished in 1889 for the International Exhibition
of Paris. It was build to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the French revolution. At first some...show more content...
L'arc de Triomphe stands on the avenue of the Champs–Elysees in the Place de l'Etoile. It is a military monument that commenced building in 1806
and finished in 1936 to commemorate Napoleon's victory in battles during the First Empire. The Prussians crossed it in 1871 and by Marshal Foch
following the victory of 1919. It was claimed by the Nazis during the occupation in WW2. A flame burns at the base of the Arc, "The Flame of the
Unknown Soldier". It burns in memory of the unidentified casualties from both world wars.
The Notre–Dame Cathedral is located on l'Ile de la Cite, an island in the Seine River. The construction of the cathedral took less than 200 years, and
commenced in 1160 by the orders of Bishop Maurice de Sully. The large cathedral is famous for its rose windows, which were removed during WW2
and reinstalled after the war ended to prevent them from being damaged. Services are still held there, despite it being a large tourist attraction.
The Louvre Museum is one of the most known and largest museums of fine arts with over 75,000 paintings. Philip II Augustus built it in the 13th
century, and it was originally designed as a fortress to defend the Seine River against the Normans and English. Charles V enlarged the chateau in the
14th century, and the style was abandoned in the 16th century to make way for a Renaissance style structure. In
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16. The French Revolution affected the social conditions of France because –1 it removed most nobles from their high positions in society– –2 people were
angry by the upper class so they stopped interacting with them– –3 the french upper class separated themselves even more so from the common people
and left France–.
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17. France Essay
France is located on the western coast of Europe, and is home to just under 67 million people. It is the 21st largest country in the world (World
Factbook). The capital of France is Paris, which is home to one of the most beautiful structures in the world, the Eiffel Tower. France has mild winters
and mild summers generally, unless you are on the coastal edges, where you can expect a little more humidity. It is almost a 100% French speaking
country. Religiously they are about 63–66% Christian, 7–9% Muslim, about 1% Buddhist, about 1% Jewish, and roughly 25% are not religious (Global
Religious Features). In France, they use the euro as their currency.
Industries and Markets The leading industrial sectors in France are...show more content...
You can expect a normal citizen in France with vacation and holidays, to work 45 weeks a year at the most.
Customs, Traditions, Etiquette France is extremely prideful of their nation and government, much as people in the US are. They celebrate traditional
Christian holidays of Christmas and Easter. They also celebrate "May Day", which is their form of Labor Day on May 1st. Victory inEurope Day is also
a national holiday in France, and is celebrated on May 8th which celebrates the end of hostilities in Europe in World War II. Lastly Bastille Day is a
well–known holiday that is celebrated in France on July 14th, which marks the beginning of the French Revolution. In France, there are plenty of
nonverbal communications. Most famously the kidding on the cheeks to great one another. This is a sign of respect and welcoming. Bad posture
is not accepted in France, and is a sign of disrespect and disinterest. France somewhat looks down upon American's in the sense that posture and
body language isn't as important as it is to them. Also, attire is very important in France. You are constantly evaluated in France based on the way
you dress. They view it as a reflection of your status, and based on what you wear they decide whether they will respect you or not. When people are
even just going out to grab a cup of coffee or the newspaper they are very aware of what they are wearing, and typically wear something an American
would consider nice clothing. That is very
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18. The Importance Of French Education
1. Think about an academic subject that inspires you. Describe how you have furthered this interest inside and/or outside of the classroom.
Since my infancy I have been exposed to foreign languages. I attended a Spanish bilingual preschool, and there was a point in my life when I spoke
better Spanish than English. For me, Spanish unlocked another world, as I was able to read the Spanish advertisements in the subway and eavesdrop
on conversations in my neighborhood.
I decided to take French in middle and high school. In the beginning French used to be mind bogglingly difficult with its seemingly arbitrary rules
and conjugations. Eventually, a moment came when everything finally made sense, as if a cartoon light bulb had turned on in my head. French
became a passion: I read French novels and articles and I listened to French music and podcasts. And yet, I craved more. I spent my summer after
junior year seriously pursuing proficiency in French by taking a language immersion course in Montpellier through Oxbridge Academy. This gave me
the opportunity to take classes in French, speak French constantly, and experience French culture firsthand. Being able to speak French in France
made me feel like a local, as if I had earned entry into a culture that was not my own.
As the world feels more and more polarized every day, languages and their fascinatingly intertwined histories show the common threads between groups
of people that may seem different at first glance. By learning
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19. Differences Between France And America
Food is a very important in France. They don't eat fast food as much as Americans. After meals they tend to talk and linger while Americans do that
mostly before they finish eating. It is said that in France they eat like kings, lords, and then servants for dinner. While in America our bigger meals
are often at dinner. Dessert is really common while in America for example, I rarely eat dessert more than once a week. French drink wine often, but
not to get intoxicated. They normally drink it with their meals and the purchasing of alcohol age is 18. This is different from America where
consumption and purchasing power is age 21. My perspective is France sounds like it has better
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20. France Essay
France is a beautiful and captivating country full of art, culture, and an important historical background. It is in the heart of Europe and is sometimes
called "The Hexagon", Because of it's shape. It is the largest country in Western Europe and covers about 211,200 square miles. Four
different waters surround the French coastline, this includes; the North Sea, the English Channel, the Mediterranean Sea, and the Atlantic Ocean.
The capital of France is Paris, on the banks of the Seine River. Sometimes called the "The City of Lights", Paris has been admired and
loved by millions for centuries. It is an industrial center as well. Paris is world renowned as a cultural and intellectual...show more content...
The Prime Minister, President and other ministers have to put the laws into effect. The President himself can decide laws, hold referenda, and negotiate
with other nations.
The Parliament is made up of two chambers, The National Assembly, and the Senate, which together have legislative power. The National Assembly
is elected every five years by national election, and can be dissolved by the President. The Senate is elected for nine years but all members do not
stand for election at the same time. Senators are elected by deputies and local councilors.
Until the 18th Century, the main crop in France was wheat. This was because people mainly ate bread, and very little meat, if any, was eaten.
Grass for cattle to eat was in short supply and as a result, cattle were rare. The few animals that peasants did own were used to pull farm equipment and
to fertilize the soil. The animals were not killed for meat. Sheep were popular because they didn't eat much and because they produced wool.
At the beginning of the 20th Century, France was still very much an agricultural nation with 40% of it's population working the land. Today, only 3%
are farmers. However, farmland still covers more than 57% of the country .
The French people are convinced that their wine is the best in the world. The
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