The document summarizes the settling of the Serbs in the Balkan Peninsula according to Byzantine Emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus in the 7th century. It mentions that the Serbs settled in territories including Raska, Doclea, Bosnia, Travunija, Zahumlje and Pagani. It then briefly discusses Vlastimir as the first Serbian prince who ruled from around 830-851 CE.
This document provides an overview of Ukraine, including its history, demographics, economy, and relations with India. It begins with a brief introduction and table of contents. Some key points:
- Ukraine has had a complex history as it has been invaded and ruled by various powers over the centuries, and only gained independence in 1991 with the collapse of the Soviet Union.
- It has a population of over 43 million people and its capital and largest city is Kiev. The majority of people are ethnically Ukrainian and follow Christianity.
- Compared to India, Ukraine has a higher GDP per capita but lower overall GDP. Its main industries and exports include military equipment, metals, and petroleum products.
This document provides a brief summary of significant events in Slovak history from ancient tribes to modern times. It notes that Slovakia's territory was originally part of the Roman Empire, Samo's Empire, Great Moravia, the Kingdom of Hungary, the Habsburg Empire, and Austria-Hungary. It highlights the arrival of Cyril and Methodius in the 9th century, the Slovak National Uprising in 1944, and Slovakia becoming an independent republic in 1993. The capital and current president of Slovakia are also mentioned.
Nicolae Ceaușescu rose through the ranks of the Romanian Communist Party to become the dominant political figure in Romania from 1965 to 1989. Initially popular for his independent stance from the Soviet Union, he consolidated power and instituted a harsh authoritarian regime and cult of personality. His repressive policies and mismanagement of the economy led to growing unrest, culminating in a popular revolution in December 1989 that overthrew and executed Ceaușescu and his wife.
The document discusses Central Europe and the Western Balkans region. It defines the Western Balkans as including countries that were formerly part of Yugoslavia (minus Slovenia) and Albania. These countries (Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Kosovo, Macedonia and Albania) have dealt with issues related to borders, ethnic groups and nationalism. The region has experienced two Balkan Wars and been greatly impacted by World War I, World War II and the Cold War. More recently, Yugoslavia broke up in the 1990s leading to war and conflicts until peace agreements in the 1990s. The document also discusses differences in economic and human development between Central Europe and the Balkans as well as cooperation between countries in the
1) Mitar Tarabich, a 19th century Serbian peasant, experienced prophetic visions that were recorded by his godfather, a local priest. Some of Tarabich's predictions between the 19th-early 20th centuries came true, including events leading to a change in Serbian royal power and the outcomes of wars against Turkey and Austria-Hungary in WWI.
2) Tarabich also predicted the formation of Yugoslavia after WWI, but said the unity would not last due to rising hatred and bloodshed, which occurred in the 1920s-40s with the emergence of nationalist political parties in the new kingdom.
3) The accuracy of Tarabich's visions up to the first
The document provides a detailed overview of Polish history from ancient times to the present day. Some key points:
- Poland's origins trace back to three Slavic brothers, Lech, Czech, and Rus, who separated around 1000 years ago and established settlements that would become Poland, Czechia, and Russia.
- Poland officially became a Christian kingdom in 966 under Mieszko I and the capital was established in Gniezno. The kingdom grew over the following centuries.
- The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth formed in 1569 and became one of the largest and most populous countries in Europe, though it declined due to invasions and internal conflicts.
- Poland was partitioned and
This document discusses the history and demographics of national minorities in Ukraine. It describes how various ethnic groups came to settle in different regions of Ukraine over centuries, including Russians, Belarusians, Poles, Bulgarians, Jews, Moldovans, Hungarians, Romanians, Greeks, Armenians, and Crimean Tartars. It provides population statistics on these groups from censuses in 1979 and 1989. The largest national minorities are Russians, who make up over 11% of the population, and are concentrated in eastern and southern Ukraine. Belarusians and Poles also have significant populations in Ukraine.
The First World War had a significant impact on Albania. Seven foreign armies invaded and occupied different parts of Albania during the war. The major powers at the time - Italy, Austria-Hungary, Serbia, Montenegro, and Greece - all had territorial ambitions in Albania and used the war as an opportunity to try to gain land. By the end of the war, Albania's territory was divided among these occupying forces. Albanian diplomacy advocated for Albania's independence and territorial integrity at the Paris Peace Conference after the war, but the conference did not fully respect Albania's demands and borders changed hands again. While Albania suffered losses of land, it did maintain its independence as a country despite the difficulties of
This document provides an overview of Ukraine, including its history, demographics, economy, and relations with India. It begins with a brief introduction and table of contents. Some key points:
- Ukraine has had a complex history as it has been invaded and ruled by various powers over the centuries, and only gained independence in 1991 with the collapse of the Soviet Union.
- It has a population of over 43 million people and its capital and largest city is Kiev. The majority of people are ethnically Ukrainian and follow Christianity.
- Compared to India, Ukraine has a higher GDP per capita but lower overall GDP. Its main industries and exports include military equipment, metals, and petroleum products.
This document provides a brief summary of significant events in Slovak history from ancient tribes to modern times. It notes that Slovakia's territory was originally part of the Roman Empire, Samo's Empire, Great Moravia, the Kingdom of Hungary, the Habsburg Empire, and Austria-Hungary. It highlights the arrival of Cyril and Methodius in the 9th century, the Slovak National Uprising in 1944, and Slovakia becoming an independent republic in 1993. The capital and current president of Slovakia are also mentioned.
Nicolae Ceaușescu rose through the ranks of the Romanian Communist Party to become the dominant political figure in Romania from 1965 to 1989. Initially popular for his independent stance from the Soviet Union, he consolidated power and instituted a harsh authoritarian regime and cult of personality. His repressive policies and mismanagement of the economy led to growing unrest, culminating in a popular revolution in December 1989 that overthrew and executed Ceaușescu and his wife.
The document discusses Central Europe and the Western Balkans region. It defines the Western Balkans as including countries that were formerly part of Yugoslavia (minus Slovenia) and Albania. These countries (Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Kosovo, Macedonia and Albania) have dealt with issues related to borders, ethnic groups and nationalism. The region has experienced two Balkan Wars and been greatly impacted by World War I, World War II and the Cold War. More recently, Yugoslavia broke up in the 1990s leading to war and conflicts until peace agreements in the 1990s. The document also discusses differences in economic and human development between Central Europe and the Balkans as well as cooperation between countries in the
1) Mitar Tarabich, a 19th century Serbian peasant, experienced prophetic visions that were recorded by his godfather, a local priest. Some of Tarabich's predictions between the 19th-early 20th centuries came true, including events leading to a change in Serbian royal power and the outcomes of wars against Turkey and Austria-Hungary in WWI.
2) Tarabich also predicted the formation of Yugoslavia after WWI, but said the unity would not last due to rising hatred and bloodshed, which occurred in the 1920s-40s with the emergence of nationalist political parties in the new kingdom.
3) The accuracy of Tarabich's visions up to the first
The document provides a detailed overview of Polish history from ancient times to the present day. Some key points:
- Poland's origins trace back to three Slavic brothers, Lech, Czech, and Rus, who separated around 1000 years ago and established settlements that would become Poland, Czechia, and Russia.
- Poland officially became a Christian kingdom in 966 under Mieszko I and the capital was established in Gniezno. The kingdom grew over the following centuries.
- The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth formed in 1569 and became one of the largest and most populous countries in Europe, though it declined due to invasions and internal conflicts.
- Poland was partitioned and
This document discusses the history and demographics of national minorities in Ukraine. It describes how various ethnic groups came to settle in different regions of Ukraine over centuries, including Russians, Belarusians, Poles, Bulgarians, Jews, Moldovans, Hungarians, Romanians, Greeks, Armenians, and Crimean Tartars. It provides population statistics on these groups from censuses in 1979 and 1989. The largest national minorities are Russians, who make up over 11% of the population, and are concentrated in eastern and southern Ukraine. Belarusians and Poles also have significant populations in Ukraine.
The First World War had a significant impact on Albania. Seven foreign armies invaded and occupied different parts of Albania during the war. The major powers at the time - Italy, Austria-Hungary, Serbia, Montenegro, and Greece - all had territorial ambitions in Albania and used the war as an opportunity to try to gain land. By the end of the war, Albania's territory was divided among these occupying forces. Albanian diplomacy advocated for Albania's independence and territorial integrity at the Paris Peace Conference after the war, but the conference did not fully respect Albania's demands and borders changed hands again. While Albania suffered losses of land, it did maintain its independence as a country despite the difficulties of
The document provides background information on Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), including its history, ethnic groups, and the conflict in Gornji Vakuf-Uskoplje. It then describes the post-war division of the city and challenges, before detailing the Omladinsky Centar youth organization's goal of encouraging cross-cultural cooperation among youth in the region.
This document discusses the historical legacies and development of nationalism in Belarus and Ukraine after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. It outlines how both countries were initially quite similar economically and politically in the early 1990s, but then diverged in their paths. This divergence is attributed to differences in their historical experiences, the timing and mechanisms of their incorporation into the Russian Empire and USSR, and the development of their national identities over time. Key influences included periods of prior statehood, experiences under the Russian Empire versus Austro-Hungarian Empire, and the policies of early independence-era presidents.
The document provides a detailed overview of the history of Sweden from prehistoric times through the present. Some key points include:
- Sweden transitioned from independent tribes to a unified Christian kingdom between the 11th-12th centuries.
- The country grew powerful as a naval empire during the 17th century but lost territories after defeat in the Great Northern War in the early 18th century.
- Sweden remained neutral in World Wars I and II and adopted a policy of non-alignment during the Cold War.
- Major developments included the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century, the loss of Finland to Russia in 1809, and gaining Norway in 1814 before its peaceful secession in 1905.
Hungary is located in Central Europe. It has a population of 10 million and Budapest is the capital city. Hungary has a long and complex history, starting as part of the Roman Empire and experiencing periods of rule under the Huns, Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary. In the 20th century, Hungary lost significant territory as a result of World War I and the Treaty of Trianon. Today, Hungary is a parliamentary democracy with a mainly ethnically Hungarian population that speaks the Hungarian language.
The Story of Turks & Armenians - History Speaks
Documents, articles, photographs collected from;
-ERASEN Institude for Armenian Research
-TURKSAM Turkish Center for International Relations & Strategic Analysis
-FORSNET -ermenisorunu.gen.tr
-Turkish Historical Society
-General Staff of the Republic of Turkey
-National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia
Bosnia and Herzegovina - Introducing the Heart-Shaped CountryAmel Kovacevic
Bosnia and Herzegovina is a Balkan country located in Southeast Europe with a long history. It has experienced rule under various powers and religions over the centuries. The country endured war in the 1990s following the breakup of Yugoslavia but has since achieved peace and stability. It maintains a multi-ethnic society and aims to integrate further with the European Union economically and politically.
The Hungarian tribes originally lived in the Ural region but wandered for hundreds of years before settling in the Carpathian Basin under the leadership of Árpád. King Stephen established Christianity as the religion and the country developed, but was later devastated by the Mongol invasion. The Turks defeated Hungary's army at Mohács, beginning 150 years of Ottoman occupation over much of the country. Hungary was eventually liberated but lost territory in subsequent treaties.
The document provides brief biographies of several important Romanian personalities from history, including rulers like Mircea cel Bătran, Alexandru cel Bun, Vlad III, Ștefan cel Mare, Mihai Viteazul, Constantin Brâncoveanu; revolutionaries like Tudor Vladimirescu; political and military leaders like Ion Antonescu, Avram Iancu, and Nicolae Ceaușescu; artists and intellectuals like Iulia Hasdeu, Hariclea Darclée, Ciprian Porumbescu, Stefan Luchian, and Emil Cioran; and scholars, historians, and diplomats like Dimitrie Cantem
This document provides background information on Hungary, including:
1) Hungary's average temperatures in Budapest range from -4°C to 25°C in January and June-August from 15°C to 68°C respectively.
2) Hungary was settled by the Magyars in the 9th century and became a Christian kingdom under King Saint Stephen I in 1000 AD who established the first institutions of the country.
3) In the Middle Ages, Hungary was a powerful kingdom that withstood attacks from neighboring empires and integrated other groups into its population and territory, becoming a bastion of Western civilization in Eastern Europe.
The document discusses the history and culture of Hungarians and the relationship between Hungary and Poland. It notes that Hungarians are descended from Asian tribes that migrated to Europe in the 9th century and established the Kingdom of Hungary in 1001. The two countries have had a longstanding friendship dating back to the Middle Ages, and in 2007 both countries officially declared March 23 as the Day of Polish-Hungarian Friendship. Traditional Hungarian culture included instruments like horns and bagpipes and folk dances.
1900-1917 - Zionism and Early Jewish Immigration to Israel
The conflict has been going on since the early 1900s, when the mostly-Arab, mostly-Muslim region was part of the Ottoman Empire and, starting in 1917, a 'mandate' run by the British Empire. Hundreds of thousands of Jews were moving into the area, as part of a movement called Zionism among mostly European Jews to escape persecution and establish their own state in their ancestral homeland. (Later, large numbers of Middle Eastern Jews also moved to Israel, either to escape anti-Semitic violence or because they were forcibly expelled.) Communal violence between Jews and Arabs in British Palestine began spiraling out of control.
L'viv, Ukraine is a historic city recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site due to its unique architectural history and concentration of historic buildings representing various cultures. The document discusses L'viv's founding and development under different ruling powers from the 13th century onward. It then describes the three core areas that make up the World Heritage Site - the Pidzamche area around the High Castle containing five surviving churches, the Middle Town preserving its original street layout and buildings representing Renaissance to modern styles, and the Ensemble of St. George's Church. While L'viv qualifies as a World Heritage Site, some buildings within the city are neglected and need support to preserve its architectural and cultural heritage.
Identity Politics, Imagined Communities, and the March of HistoryConor Gleeson
The document discusses the history of the Balkan region and the role of identity politics. It notes that the Balkan region has historically been home to multiple small ethnic groups, religions, and strategic importance. This has led outside powers to attempt to influence local politics to gain control, exacerbating tensions. The region was originally inhabited by Slavic peoples and saw influence from the Byzantine Empire and Bulgarian Empire. This isolated the Southern Slavs and led to shifting alliances and instability. The Ottoman Empire later gained control of the region over centuries through alliances and integration rather than conquest, bringing stability but also dismantling local elites and fueling nationalist narratives.
1) The Holocaust Memorial Museum monitors four countries for risk of genocide, including Chechnya, Russia where Russian forces have attacked and demonized Chechen civilians.
2) Chechnya currently has a repressive regime led by Ramzan Kadyrov who rules through violence and human rights abuses by his private militia against Chechen people.
3) In Bosnia, over 100,000 people were killed in the 1992-1995 war as Bosnian Serb forces targeted Bosniaks and Croats through "ethnic cleansing". The largest massacre was the 1995 Srebrenica genocide where Bosnian Serb forces killed over 8,000 Bosniak men and boys.
The document provides a history of Poland, covering major periods and events such as the formation of the first Polish state in the 10th century, key battles and wars throughout Polish history including World War I and II, periods of occupation and communism under Soviet rule, and the formation of modern democratic Poland in the late 20th century. Major figures and achievements are also highlighted, such as key kings, historians who chronicled Polish history, military leaders, Polish Nobel laureates, and presidents of the third Polish Republic.
The document discusses the history of shtetls (small Jewish towns) and shtots (larger Jewish towns) in Central and Eastern Europe from the 16th century until World War II. It describes how the partitioning of Poland led to millions of Jews living within the Pale of Settlement in the Russian Empire. Thousands of shtetls existed across Poland, Lithuania, Ukraine and surrounding areas until the vast majority of their Jewish populations were killed in the Holocaust.
Between 1815 and 1990, Croatia experienced significant political changes and conflict. It was controlled by the Ottoman Empire until the 19th century, and then faced occupation by Axis powers like Germany and Italy in World War II. After the war, it became a republic in Yugoslavia led by Josip Broz Tito. In the 1990s, as Yugoslavia broke apart, Croatia engaged in warfare when it declared independence from Serbia, leading to years of bitter conflict and the displacement of hundreds of thousands of people. The town of Vukovar became a symbol of the destruction from its 87 day siege in 1991.
Ternopil is a city in western Ukraine, founded in 1540. It has experienced numerous attacks and changes in rule over the centuries, being controlled at various points by Poland, Austria, Russia, Germany, and the Soviet Union. The population in 2010 was 218,641. Jews formed a majority of Ternopil's population in the 16th-17th centuries, but most were killed during a 1648 uprising or deported and murdered by Nazis during World War 2. Ternopil suffered extensive destruction during World War 2 from fighting and scorched earth policies.
The document summarizes the history of Bulgaria from ancient civilizations to modern times. It describes how Bulgarians originated in Asia and established a union in Europe in the 2nd century AD before defeating Byzantine troops and founding the Bulgarian state. It then outlines some of Bulgaria's influential rulers like Khan Tervel who defended Constantinople from Arabs, and King Simeon who made Bulgaria an important Christian center. The document also notes Bulgaria's long period under Ottoman rule from 1396-1878 and its restoration of independence with support from Russia. It concludes with Bulgaria recently joining NATO and the EU and holding the chairmanship.
The document summarizes the history of Bulgaria from ancient civilizations to modern times. It describes how Bulgarians originated in Asia and established a union in Europe in the 2nd century AD. In 680 AD, Khan Asparuh defeated the Byzantines and founded the first Bulgarian kingdom. Notable rulers included Khan Krum in the 9th century and Tsar Simeon the Great who made Bulgaria an influential empire and cultural center. Bulgaria was later dominated by the Byzantines and Ottomans but retained its culture and language. It gained independence in 1878 and now is a member of NATO and the EU.
The document provides background information on Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), including its history, ethnic groups, and the conflict in Gornji Vakuf-Uskoplje. It then describes the post-war division of the city and challenges, before detailing the Omladinsky Centar youth organization's goal of encouraging cross-cultural cooperation among youth in the region.
This document discusses the historical legacies and development of nationalism in Belarus and Ukraine after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. It outlines how both countries were initially quite similar economically and politically in the early 1990s, but then diverged in their paths. This divergence is attributed to differences in their historical experiences, the timing and mechanisms of their incorporation into the Russian Empire and USSR, and the development of their national identities over time. Key influences included periods of prior statehood, experiences under the Russian Empire versus Austro-Hungarian Empire, and the policies of early independence-era presidents.
The document provides a detailed overview of the history of Sweden from prehistoric times through the present. Some key points include:
- Sweden transitioned from independent tribes to a unified Christian kingdom between the 11th-12th centuries.
- The country grew powerful as a naval empire during the 17th century but lost territories after defeat in the Great Northern War in the early 18th century.
- Sweden remained neutral in World Wars I and II and adopted a policy of non-alignment during the Cold War.
- Major developments included the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century, the loss of Finland to Russia in 1809, and gaining Norway in 1814 before its peaceful secession in 1905.
Hungary is located in Central Europe. It has a population of 10 million and Budapest is the capital city. Hungary has a long and complex history, starting as part of the Roman Empire and experiencing periods of rule under the Huns, Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary. In the 20th century, Hungary lost significant territory as a result of World War I and the Treaty of Trianon. Today, Hungary is a parliamentary democracy with a mainly ethnically Hungarian population that speaks the Hungarian language.
The Story of Turks & Armenians - History Speaks
Documents, articles, photographs collected from;
-ERASEN Institude for Armenian Research
-TURKSAM Turkish Center for International Relations & Strategic Analysis
-FORSNET -ermenisorunu.gen.tr
-Turkish Historical Society
-General Staff of the Republic of Turkey
-National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia
Bosnia and Herzegovina - Introducing the Heart-Shaped CountryAmel Kovacevic
Bosnia and Herzegovina is a Balkan country located in Southeast Europe with a long history. It has experienced rule under various powers and religions over the centuries. The country endured war in the 1990s following the breakup of Yugoslavia but has since achieved peace and stability. It maintains a multi-ethnic society and aims to integrate further with the European Union economically and politically.
The Hungarian tribes originally lived in the Ural region but wandered for hundreds of years before settling in the Carpathian Basin under the leadership of Árpád. King Stephen established Christianity as the religion and the country developed, but was later devastated by the Mongol invasion. The Turks defeated Hungary's army at Mohács, beginning 150 years of Ottoman occupation over much of the country. Hungary was eventually liberated but lost territory in subsequent treaties.
The document provides brief biographies of several important Romanian personalities from history, including rulers like Mircea cel Bătran, Alexandru cel Bun, Vlad III, Ștefan cel Mare, Mihai Viteazul, Constantin Brâncoveanu; revolutionaries like Tudor Vladimirescu; political and military leaders like Ion Antonescu, Avram Iancu, and Nicolae Ceaușescu; artists and intellectuals like Iulia Hasdeu, Hariclea Darclée, Ciprian Porumbescu, Stefan Luchian, and Emil Cioran; and scholars, historians, and diplomats like Dimitrie Cantem
This document provides background information on Hungary, including:
1) Hungary's average temperatures in Budapest range from -4°C to 25°C in January and June-August from 15°C to 68°C respectively.
2) Hungary was settled by the Magyars in the 9th century and became a Christian kingdom under King Saint Stephen I in 1000 AD who established the first institutions of the country.
3) In the Middle Ages, Hungary was a powerful kingdom that withstood attacks from neighboring empires and integrated other groups into its population and territory, becoming a bastion of Western civilization in Eastern Europe.
The document discusses the history and culture of Hungarians and the relationship between Hungary and Poland. It notes that Hungarians are descended from Asian tribes that migrated to Europe in the 9th century and established the Kingdom of Hungary in 1001. The two countries have had a longstanding friendship dating back to the Middle Ages, and in 2007 both countries officially declared March 23 as the Day of Polish-Hungarian Friendship. Traditional Hungarian culture included instruments like horns and bagpipes and folk dances.
1900-1917 - Zionism and Early Jewish Immigration to Israel
The conflict has been going on since the early 1900s, when the mostly-Arab, mostly-Muslim region was part of the Ottoman Empire and, starting in 1917, a 'mandate' run by the British Empire. Hundreds of thousands of Jews were moving into the area, as part of a movement called Zionism among mostly European Jews to escape persecution and establish their own state in their ancestral homeland. (Later, large numbers of Middle Eastern Jews also moved to Israel, either to escape anti-Semitic violence or because they were forcibly expelled.) Communal violence between Jews and Arabs in British Palestine began spiraling out of control.
L'viv, Ukraine is a historic city recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site due to its unique architectural history and concentration of historic buildings representing various cultures. The document discusses L'viv's founding and development under different ruling powers from the 13th century onward. It then describes the three core areas that make up the World Heritage Site - the Pidzamche area around the High Castle containing five surviving churches, the Middle Town preserving its original street layout and buildings representing Renaissance to modern styles, and the Ensemble of St. George's Church. While L'viv qualifies as a World Heritage Site, some buildings within the city are neglected and need support to preserve its architectural and cultural heritage.
Identity Politics, Imagined Communities, and the March of HistoryConor Gleeson
The document discusses the history of the Balkan region and the role of identity politics. It notes that the Balkan region has historically been home to multiple small ethnic groups, religions, and strategic importance. This has led outside powers to attempt to influence local politics to gain control, exacerbating tensions. The region was originally inhabited by Slavic peoples and saw influence from the Byzantine Empire and Bulgarian Empire. This isolated the Southern Slavs and led to shifting alliances and instability. The Ottoman Empire later gained control of the region over centuries through alliances and integration rather than conquest, bringing stability but also dismantling local elites and fueling nationalist narratives.
1) The Holocaust Memorial Museum monitors four countries for risk of genocide, including Chechnya, Russia where Russian forces have attacked and demonized Chechen civilians.
2) Chechnya currently has a repressive regime led by Ramzan Kadyrov who rules through violence and human rights abuses by his private militia against Chechen people.
3) In Bosnia, over 100,000 people were killed in the 1992-1995 war as Bosnian Serb forces targeted Bosniaks and Croats through "ethnic cleansing". The largest massacre was the 1995 Srebrenica genocide where Bosnian Serb forces killed over 8,000 Bosniak men and boys.
The document provides a history of Poland, covering major periods and events such as the formation of the first Polish state in the 10th century, key battles and wars throughout Polish history including World War I and II, periods of occupation and communism under Soviet rule, and the formation of modern democratic Poland in the late 20th century. Major figures and achievements are also highlighted, such as key kings, historians who chronicled Polish history, military leaders, Polish Nobel laureates, and presidents of the third Polish Republic.
The document discusses the history of shtetls (small Jewish towns) and shtots (larger Jewish towns) in Central and Eastern Europe from the 16th century until World War II. It describes how the partitioning of Poland led to millions of Jews living within the Pale of Settlement in the Russian Empire. Thousands of shtetls existed across Poland, Lithuania, Ukraine and surrounding areas until the vast majority of their Jewish populations were killed in the Holocaust.
Between 1815 and 1990, Croatia experienced significant political changes and conflict. It was controlled by the Ottoman Empire until the 19th century, and then faced occupation by Axis powers like Germany and Italy in World War II. After the war, it became a republic in Yugoslavia led by Josip Broz Tito. In the 1990s, as Yugoslavia broke apart, Croatia engaged in warfare when it declared independence from Serbia, leading to years of bitter conflict and the displacement of hundreds of thousands of people. The town of Vukovar became a symbol of the destruction from its 87 day siege in 1991.
Ternopil is a city in western Ukraine, founded in 1540. It has experienced numerous attacks and changes in rule over the centuries, being controlled at various points by Poland, Austria, Russia, Germany, and the Soviet Union. The population in 2010 was 218,641. Jews formed a majority of Ternopil's population in the 16th-17th centuries, but most were killed during a 1648 uprising or deported and murdered by Nazis during World War 2. Ternopil suffered extensive destruction during World War 2 from fighting and scorched earth policies.
The document summarizes the history of Bulgaria from ancient civilizations to modern times. It describes how Bulgarians originated in Asia and established a union in Europe in the 2nd century AD before defeating Byzantine troops and founding the Bulgarian state. It then outlines some of Bulgaria's influential rulers like Khan Tervel who defended Constantinople from Arabs, and King Simeon who made Bulgaria an important Christian center. The document also notes Bulgaria's long period under Ottoman rule from 1396-1878 and its restoration of independence with support from Russia. It concludes with Bulgaria recently joining NATO and the EU and holding the chairmanship.
The document summarizes the history of Bulgaria from ancient civilizations to modern times. It describes how Bulgarians originated in Asia and established a union in Europe in the 2nd century AD. In 680 AD, Khan Asparuh defeated the Byzantines and founded the first Bulgarian kingdom. Notable rulers included Khan Krum in the 9th century and Tsar Simeon the Great who made Bulgaria an influential empire and cultural center. Bulgaria was later dominated by the Byzantines and Ottomans but retained its culture and language. It gained independence in 1878 and now is a member of NATO and the EU.
This document summarizes the devastating impact of World War I on Jews in Eastern and Central Europe, who made up the heart of the Jewish population at the time. Over 50,000 Jews fought for Britain and over 120,000 for Germany and Austria-Hungary, while tens of thousands also fought for Russia and France. The constant movement of armies back and forth across the main Jewish population centers from 1914-1918 disrupted Jewish lives and communities. Despite the war, some Jewish writers, artists and musicians continued creating, though others escaped military service or emigrated to avoid it. The war had widespread and long-lasting negative effects on Eastern European Jewish culture, civilization and communities.
This document provides information on several famous personalities from Slovak history, including:
- Princes Svätopluk I and Rastislav who ruled the Great Moravian Empire in the 9th century. Constantine and Methodius developed the first Slavic alphabet.
- Outlaw Juro Jánošík who robbed from the rich and gave to the poor in the 18th century.
- Ľudovít Štúr who standardized the Slovak language in the 19th century.
- Writer Pavol Országh Hviezdoslav and folklorist Pavol Dobšinský who collected Slovak legends and fairy tales.
- In
The document provides a summary of the history of Slovakia from the earliest settlements to modern times. It notes that the first signs of settlement date back to the Paleolithic era, and discusses the arrival of various groups like the Celts, Dacians, and Slavs between the 1st-6th centuries AD. It outlines the creation of Samo's Empire in the 7th century, the founding of Great Moravia in the 9th century, and the work of Cyril and Methodius to introduce the Glagolitic alphabet and Slavic language. The document then discusses Slovakia becoming part of Hungary in the 11th century and later the Habsburg Empire. It summarizes Slovakia's path to independence
The document provides a summary of the history of Slovakia from the earliest settlements to modern times. It notes that the first signs of settlement date back to the Paleolithic era, and discusses the arrival of various groups like the Celts, Dacians, and Slavs between the 1st-6th centuries AD. It outlines the creation of Samo's Empire in the 7th century, the founding of Great Moravia in the 9th century, and the work of Cyril and Methodius to introduce the Glagolitic alphabet and Slavic language. The document then discusses Slovakia becoming part of Hungary in the 11th century and later the Habsburg Empire. It summarizes Slovakia's path to independence
- The history of Poland began over 1,000 years ago when three brothers - Lech, Czech, and Rus - split up to find lands to settle with their people. Lech came upon a beautiful spot with an oak tree where a white eagle had its nest, and decided to establish his kingdom there, naming the capital Gniezno ("nest" in Polish).
- In 966, Mieszko I, the first ruler of the Polans tribe, converted to Christianity, marking Poland's first recorded historical event. His son Bolesław unified the traditional Polish lands and became the first King of Poland in 1025.
- After Bolesław's death in 1138, the
Bistrita is located in northern Romania on the Bistrita River. The earliest settlements date back to the Neolithic era, with the Saxons establishing the town in 1206. It grew as a trading post along important trade routes. By the 15th century, Bistrita had fortifications with 18 towers defended by local guilds. It had a large Jewish population in the late 19th/early 20th centuries, though most emigrated by 2002 when only around 15 Jews remained. The population in 2011 was 70,493, with Romanians making up the largest ethnic group at over 90%.
The document outlines key events in Polish history from the arrival of Slavic tribes in the 4th century AD to modern times. It discusses periods such as the establishment of the Polish state in the 10th century, partitions by neighboring powers in the 18th century, World Wars I and II, communism, and the transition to democracy in 1989. The text also recommends historical films that help foreigners understand events that influenced Polish identity and culture.
The Balkans is a peninsula in southeastern Europe connecting the continent to Asia Minor. It has been inhabited by many ethnic groups and was historically ruled by Turkey. The region experienced instability and several local wars between 1912-1913. Tensions rose further in 1914 following the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary, increasing the likelihood of a wider war in Europe. The Balkans encompasses several countries and has a population of over 55 million people spread across 550,000 square kilometers.
This document provides biographical details about Archbishop Aloysius Stepinac of Zagreb, Yugoslavia. It describes how Stepinac was born in 1898 to a peasant family in Croatia and fought in World War I for the Austro-Hungarian and later Yugoslav armies. He was ordained a priest in 1930 and consecrated Archbishop of Zagreb in 1937 at the young age of 39, becoming the youngest archbishop in the world at that time. The document establishes Stepinac's background and positions leading up to his arrest by the communist government of Yugoslavia in 1946 for his opposition to their policies, which is the subject of the entire book.
Warsaw, the capital of Poland and its largest city. Warsaw has gone under this name since the 13th century, and became the capital in 1596. The city sits on the banks of the Vistula River, which divides the city so that two thirds of the city are on the west bank, and the rest on the east. In 1935, Warsaw's size was approx. 55 square miles, with some 1.3 million inhabitants.
After World War I, Warsaw was a major center, not only for European Jewish community for world Jewry as well. The city boasted major Jewish political parties, aid groups, trade unions, and cultural and religious institutions. In contrast to the harsh financial condition, and in fact widespread poverty of most Jews of the city, the Warsaw Jewish community featured a vibrant cultural life, in the fields of art and literature, in the publishing world, and in theaters and clubs. In the months leading up the war, tensions arose between Jews and the Polish population, with a degree of discomfort and uncertainty.
The document summarizes the relationships between the Roman Empire and neighboring groups including the Celts, Thracians, and Germanic tribes. It provides details on the territories and kingdoms of the Celts and Thracians. It also describes how over time, Germanic tribes migrated south and east, settling along the Roman Empire's borders. Additionally, it discusses the Roman province of Thrace and the legionary headquarters at Novae located in modern-day Bulgaria.
The document provides a detailed overview of the history, geography, culture and politics of Lithuania. It discusses Lithuania's declaration of independence in 1918 and periods under Soviet and German occupation between World War 1 and 2. It also summarizes Lithuania's re-establishment of independence in 1990 following the fall of the Soviet Union and its entry into the European Union and NATO in 2004. Key figures and events mentioned include the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Christianization in 1387, and prominent Lithuanians such as Martynas Mažvydas and Česlovas Milošas.
The Carpathian Sich was a paramilitary organization formed in 1938 in Carpatho-Ukraine from units of the Ukrainian National Defense. It had over 10 district commands conducting military and political training of several thousand men. The Carpathian Sich adopted Ukrainian military uniforms and ranks and was also involved in cultural and educational work among the local population. After Carpatho-Ukraine declared independence, the Carpathian Sich became its national army of about 2,000 men. In March 1939, the Carpathian Sich mounted armed resistance against invading Hungarian forces, but were overwhelmed, with several hundred soldiers dying in battle or being imprisoned.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
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International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
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This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
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it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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RPMS TEMPLATE FOR SCHOOL YEAR 2023-2024 FOR TEACHER 1 TO TEACHER 3
Serbian history
1.
2. Older historiography was taken as reliable, the data written by the
Byzantine Emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus, about the
settling of the Serbs in the Balkan Peninsula. According to him,
the Serbs in the 7th century settled in large territory: Raska,
Doclea, Bosnia, Travuniju, Zahumlje and Pagani.
Vlastimir (before 805 - c. 851) was the first Serbian prince. Is
probably ruled from around 830 CE to about 851st year.
3. LEPENSKI VIR
Awakening Lepenski Vir culture and establishment of its kind art, begins around
the 7000th. BC. Three factors - isolation, climate change and increase the local
population - were crucial to this transformation. The creators of this culture belong to the
old European population, the population of the Upper Paleolithic.
Among the many elements FACING Serbia recognized iconography (Serba, Sorab), and
many think that the original history of the Orthodox Serbs Fake.
4. Flavius Valerius Constantinus (Latin: Flavius Valerius Constantinus), better
known as Constantine I the Great (306-337) was a Roman emperor. As the
first Roman ruler to accept Christianity, hitherto persecuted minority religion,
Constantine started Christianity of Empire and Christianity in the dominant faith
of the then civilized world. With the beginning of the Christianization of the
Empire, and the founding of Constantinople,
Constantine laid the foundations of a future empire.
As the first Christian emperor, a great philanthropist
and founder of the Christian church, Constantine
was canonized after his death, and the Orthodox
churches, including the Serbian Orthodox Church, is
respected as a saint and is apostolic tsar.
Born in Nish, Mediana. (Naissus)
5. Saint Sava
Saint Sava (birth as Rastko Nemanjić, born around the end of 1174th on mountain Golia,
died on January 28th. 1236th, Trnovo in Bulgaria, while returning from a pilgrimage to
Jerusalem). He was the youngest son of the great Prince Stefan Nemanja, the first
Serbian archbishop. He is the brother of the king Vukan and Stefan I. He also fought for
the independence of Raska Archdiocese of Byzantium 1219th and established the
foundations for today's Serbian Orthodox Church.
It is considered the first Serbian founder of literacy and education.
6. TSAR DUSAN
Stefan Uroš IV Dušan Nemanjic, known as the Mighty Dušan (c.
1308 - December 20, 1355) was a Serbian medieval king
(1331-1345) and the first Serbian emperor (1346-1355). He was
the son of King Stefan of Decani and the father of Emperor Uros
the Weak, the last ruler of the Nemanich dynasty.
7. The Kosovo Battle (or the Battle on Kosovo field) is guided by the 28th June 1389. The vicinity of
Pristina, the Serbian and Ottoman forces. Serbian forces led by Prince Lazar, and among them
were the strength of his relatives and allies, while the Ottoman army led by Sultan Murad I found
with the sons of Jacob and Bayezid.
In the first phase of the battle, the Serbian forces have pushed an opponent, and one of Serbian
knights (Obilich) was able to kill the Sultan Murad. His son, Bayezid was able then to consolidate
their ranks and go in against an attack which was captured by Prince Lazar. He was executed on
his orders, after which the Ottoman army withdrew from the field and left Serbia. He said “I do not
decide whether I'll go into battle as how much force against us, but by how sacred defend”.
After 65 years, the Turks conquered Serbia and ruled about 500 years.
8. Military Frontier was a borderland of Habsburg monarchy, whose function was to defend
against the Ottoman Empire in the Middle Ages (Serbian Krajina), in the seventeenth
and eighteenth century, to the IXX century.
Hence the Serbs on the territory of Croatia (There was no Yugoslavia at that time), but in
these regions, due to geographic characteristics and purposes named Military Krajina.
9. WW I
Kingdom of Serbia waged war against Austria-Hungary and other Central Powers of 28 July 1914th when it is the
Austro-Hungarian Government declared war, until to the end of World War 1918th year. The first years of the war
Serbian forces defeated the Austro-Hungarian Balkan Army. The following year, her army was faced with the
Tripartite invasion (AU, Germany and Bulgaria). Not wanting to surrender, the Serbian army retreated through
Albania. Was evacuated to Corfu (island in Greek), where to rest, armed and reorganized. From there he moved
on Salonika front, where already the 1916th achieve success. After a long silence, the struggle to penetrate the
front began September 1918. year. Serbian and other Allied forces broke through the front and was soon forced
Bulgaria to surrend. Serbian army was advancing rapidly and the first November 1918. Belgrade was liberated.
Thanks to the Serbian military and diplomatic victories, created The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.
Great victory in World War I Serbian is disproportionately paid dearly: in the war has lost 1.3 million inhabitants,
which consisted of 33% of the population or even 60% of the male population.
Travel through Albania did not survive 70.000 soldiers
and 130,000 civilians
10. Kingdom of Yugoslavia (former Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and
Slovenes) was a state in the Balkans which existed from the first December
1918. until World War II.
Extended to the territory of present-day Serbia, Bosnia and
Herzegovina, Macedonia and Montenegro, and most of today's Croatia and
Slovenia. At the head of the monarchy was located Karadjordjevic dynasty.
10
11. WW II
German air force bombed Belgrade 6 April 1941, marking the
beginning of the invasion on Yugoslavia.
Occupation and division of Yugoslavia by the Axis powers 1941st years,
created a protectorate of Serbia, which was under German military rule.
Germans from occupied parts of Slovenia to Serbia resettled about 20,000
Slovenes.
7. July 1941. The Communist Party began an armed uprising against
the German occupation, carrying out sabotage and attacking the German
forces, to which the German occupiers strike reprisals and executions of
innocent civilians (for one dead German soldiers would be shot 100 and for
wounded 50 Serbian civilians).
In the Autumn of 1941. Partisans in the southwest of Serbia formed a
large free territory known as the Uzice Republic, and about that time, the armed
conflict between the partisans and the Chetniks terminated of their agreement
to work together.
September 1944. cities in Serbia Allied planes bombed and it was killing
thousands of Serbs. 11
12. Independent State of Croatia (NDH or ISC) was a quisling state
founded on the occupied part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, who with the help
of Hitler's Germany existed under the leadership of the Ustasha regime from
1941. until 1945. The NDH remained recorded in the history of the atrocities
and genocide committed by members of the regime committed against Serbs,
Jews, Roma and Croats opponents, particularly communists.
At the head of the ISC ( was is Ante Pavelic and his Ustashi: This fascist
organization was founded in the 1929th with the help of fascist Italy, which
provided training facilities, financial and political support. Support has come
from supporters of the Croatian Party of Rights, founded by the late 19th Ante
Starcevic century.
ISC program, was to cleanse Croatia of Serbs killing one third, expelling the
other third, and assimilating the remaining third. On the territory of the NDH
concentration camps were established, most notably a camp at Jasenovac.
(75,000 Serbs murdered, known with full name).
12
13. Ustasha leaders for a solution to the Serbian question in its territory by the triple principle
(kill-exile-baptism to Rome catholic) supported by the "blessing" of the Roman Catholic
Church and Archbishop Stepinac.
Zagreb`s Archbishop Aloysius Stepinac of the first day wholeheartedly blessed creation
of a "Catholic state", as he often called.
Ustasha leader Ante Pavelic, knowing how important his support of the Vatican, with a
large delegation from the 18th May, 1941. he went to Rome, and with the blessing of the
Vatican, gave the Croatian crown to Tomislav II. Pope Pius XII received the entire
delegation.
The names of the camp in the NDH:
Stara Gradiska
Metajna camp on the island of Pag, for women and children
Camp on the island of Pag
Camp Lepoglava
Danica camp in Koprivnica
Camp Kerestinec
Kruščica camp, near Travnik
Lobor camp, in the Croatian Zagorje region, mainly women and children
14. Estimates of the number of Serbs killed in World War II range from 500,000 to
1,200,000. Of that number, the Ustashi in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia
killed 330,000 to 390,000 Serbs, according to the American Museum of the
Holocaust. According to estimation of the German occupiers, and dimplomata
officers were killed a twice many Serbs.
In WW II there was a civil war between Partisans and the Chetniks. Partisans
were Communists and the Chetniks, a unit formed at the time of the uprising
against the Turks, the military units formed mainly by Serbs loyal to the king.
Because England and Russia supported Tito's Partisans are considered
winners and the war come to power.
Communist Tito (a Croat and a Catholic) introduced dictatorship, divided into 6
republics of Yugoslavia. In Serbia, make the two provinces, Vojvodina and
Kosovo and Metohia * (official name).
* Metohia is the name for the land owned by the monastery.
In KosMet settled 200,000 families from Albania.
Until the arrival of S. Milosevi on head of state, the Serbian government could
not implement in Kosovo, because such a political system.
15. Beginning of the end of Yugoslavia
At the beginning of the conflict in Yugoslavia, when Croatia in its
Constitution eliminated the Serbs as a people, bad events begin in
Kosovo.
Constitution of 1991. y. Reduces the degree of autonomy, and this
gives rise to Siptars (their own name) Albanians)) for the rebellion.
With the support of Western Europe, especially America, the
Vatican and Germany, under the pretext of human rights
threatened, bombed Serbia, and Kosovo declares independence.
Then the driven out as refugees expelled 200,000 Serbs and still
have not returned.
16. Churches and monasteries before the
independence of Kosovo and Metohija
Destroyed churches and monasteries
17.03.2004.
19. CROATIA AND BOSNIA
The Serbs who lived in the others theritory, out of Serbia, did not want to be
separated from the mother country and raise a rebellion. The largest part of
Serbs, who lived in the Republic of Serbian Krajina (1991 to 1995.) Croatian
army has taken in Operation Storm and Operation Flash, when it is perpetrated
ethnic cleansing against the Serbian population in that territory, were killed and
expelled more than 500,000 Serbs.
The conflicts in Bosnia began when on the wedding, when the father of the
groom was killed by Muslims. Otherwise, the Muslims in Bosnia were mostly
Serbs who accepted Islam to stop torturing them Turks, and Turks that there are
others after the liberation of Serbia.
The crime in Srebrenica is a consequence of the killing of Serbs by Naser Oric
(Muslim) that killed about 3,500 Serbs (known names) and probably is a crime in
Srebrenica in retaliation for the UN forces were played Muslims from Srebrenica,
which was a "safe area" to perform Crimes of the environment. They say that in
Srebrenica were killed 7000-8000 people, but it was never proven. There is
evidence for about 3,000 people (which is horrible) and for many of them (the list
of those killed) has proven to be alive, some even living in Serbia.
19
20. Not proven that killed women and children, as claimed, but is
proven to have murdered Muslim soldiers. Srebrenica has served
and serves as an excuse to continue to treat Serbs as the culprits.
Today, with the government socialists, members of the Socialist
International and a lot of NGOs, funded by György Soros, the
American Hungarian-Jewish origin are still working against the
interests of Serbia.
For a vast number of Serb history is present, divided between
east and west, materially and spiritually, the future is the
kingdom of heaven.
20
30. Alfabet latinica cirilica
A, a - A, a - А, а
B, b - B, b - Б, б
V, v - V, v - В, в
G, g - G, g - Г, г
D, d - D, d - Д, д
- Đ, đ (Dj) - Ђ, ђ
E, e - E, e - Е, е
Ž, ž - Ж, ж
Z, z - Z, z - З, з
I, i - I, i - И, и
J, j - J, j - Ј, ј
K, k - K, k - К, к
L, l - L, l - Л, л
Lj, lj - Љ, љ
M, m - M, m - М, м
N, n - N, n - Н, н
Nj, nj - Њ, њ
O, o - O, o - О, о
P, p - P, p - П, п
R, r - R, r - Р, р
S, s - S, s - С, с
T, t - T, t - Т, т
Ć, ć - Ћ, ћ
U, u - U,u - У,у
F, f - F, f - Ф, ф
H, h - H, h - Х, х
C, c - C, c - Ц, ц
Q - Č, č - Ч, ч
W - Dž, dž - Џ, џ
X- Š, š - Ш, ш
Y