What are the Different Forms of Drug Formulation?

1. Different Forms of Drug Formulation

2. Pharmaceutical Formulation
Pharmaceutical formulation is the process of combining
various chemical substances with the active drug to form a
final medicinal product, which is called a drug mixture or
drug formulation.
A drug formulation can be given to the patient in various
forms like solid, semisolid or liquid. The type of the
formulation given depends upon the patient’s age, sex, and
health condition and is specific for particular routes of
administration.

3. Brief overview of the different forms of
drug formulation development

4. Solid Formulations
Tablets – a tablet is disc-shaped and prepared by compressing
a granulated powder in a die of suitable machinery. They are
mostly coated with inert substances like starch to help them
disintegrate in the digestive tract of the patient. A binding agent,
lubricating material, and flavors are added to the tablets to make
them palatable.
Enteric Coated Tablets – are coated with a material that does
not disintegrate in the acidic medium of the stomach but in the
alkaline medium of the intestine. They can’t be chewed but
consumed only by swallowing.

5. Controlled Release Tablet – is designed to release the active ingredient of
the drug in a specific amount over a specified period of time. Here, the
amount of drug released is gradual over the day and doesn’t depend upon the
pH of the digestive tract of the patient. Thus, a uniform amount of drug is
released at a uniform rate.
Sustained Release Preparations – release a fixed amount of drug over an
extended period of time. Thus, they improve the treatment compliance by the
patient.
Capsules – can be hard or soft. Hard capsules contain the drug in solid
form, which gets dissolved easily in water. Soft capsules have the drug in
liquid or semi-solid form, which is non-soluble in water and soluble in
propylene or glycol.

6. Semi-Solid Formulations
Oral Preparations – Oral preparations are easier to swallow and administer
medicines to children and old-age patients. Flavourings and sugar are added to
some liquids to make them palatable. They are available as solutions,
suspensions, or emulsions and must be shaken well before use.
Topical Preparations – The application of a drug to an area of the body for
direct treatment is called topical application. It includes eye drops, ear drops,
nasal drops, nebulizers and inhalers, etc…
Sublingual and Buccal Administration – It is useful for drugs which are
active in very low concentration in the blood. Such drugs are administered as
tablets under the tongue or between the cheek and the gum and allowed to
dissolve. In this manner, the drug directly enters the bloodstream, bypassing
the digestive tract and acts faster.

7. Rectal Administration
Suppositories: are used for drugs which are administered
through the rectum. The drug is absorbed by the rectal mucosa
and directly enters the bloodstream. The method is useful when
a patient is unconscious, has nausea or difficulty in swallowing.
Enemas: are liquid preparations for rectal administration.
They can be used for topical or systemic treatment and also for a
bowel movement.

8. Parental Drug Administration
Intradermal administration: where the drug is inserted into the
dermis. g. Local Anaesthesia
Subcutaneous injection: where the drug is inserted into the
subcutaneous tissue or under the skin. It is mainly for the drugs that
cannot be given through the mouth e.g. Insulin.
Intramuscular injection: where the drug is inserted into the skeletal
system or the muscle. The system is highly vascular, and hence, drugs
with low molecular weight can easily pass through by direct diffusion into
the bloodstream.
Intravenous injection: is given directly in the vein and allows for a
faster action of the drug.

9. However, to know whether to formulate a drug as a
solid, liquid, or semi-solid formulation, a
formulation scientist conducts a preformulation
studies. Such studies help to evaluate the physical,
chemical, and mechanical properties of the drug
substance, its stability, and interaction with other
chemical ingredients.

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Phone: 044-49595223
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