Telemedicine refers to the use of telecommunications technology, such as video conferencing and remote monitoring, to provide medical services and support at a distance. In the context of clinical research, telemedicine has become increasingly important and relevant. Advantages of Telemedicine in Clinical Research: Improved Patient Access: Telemedicine enables researchers to reach a broader pool of participants, including those in remote or underserved areas, enhancing the diversity of study populations. Increased Convenience: Participants can engage in research activities from the comfort of their homes, reducing the need for frequent in-person visits and associated travel burdens. Real-Time Data Collection: Researchers can gather real-time data from patients using telemedicine tools, enhancing the efficiency of data collection and reducing potential delays. Enhanced Patient Engagement: Telemedicine can facilitate regular communication between researchers and participants, leading to improved compliance and more comprehensive study results. Cost and Time Savings: By reducing the need for physical infrastructure and frequent site visits, telemedicine can lead to cost and time savings in clinical research. Remote Monitoring: Telemedicine allows for remote monitoring of patients' health status and treatment adherence, leading to better safety and efficacy evaluations. Ensuring Continuity: During unexpected events or emergencies, telemedicine can ensure continuity in clinical research activities, minimizing disruptions.

1. Welcome
Name: Shaik. Fameen
Qualification: B. Pharmacy
Student ID: 104/062023
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TELEMEDICINE IN CLINICAL RESEARCH

2. Contents:
 Definition
 History
 Types of Telemedicine
 Current technologies in use
 Current efforts
 Applications
 Challenges
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3. Definition:
• “Tele” is a Greek word meaning “distance” and medicine derived from
“mederi” is a Latin word meaning “to heal”.
• Time magazine called telemedicine “healing by wire”.
• Telemedicine is the use of electronic information to communicate
technologies to provide and support health care when distance seperates the
participants.
• Telehealth: It is the use of electronic information and telecommunication
technologies to support long distance clinical health care, patient and
professional health related education and training, public health and health
administration.
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4. History:
 The National Aeronautics and Space Administration played an important part in the early
development of telemedicine.
 It’s goals were to provide health care to Astronauts and Space.
 In 1971, 26 sites in Alaska were chosen by the National Library of Medicine’s Lister Hill
National Center for Biomedical Communication to see if reliable communication would improve
village healthcare.
 It uesd ATS-1, the first in NASA’s Applied Technology Satellites launched in 1996. The primary
purpose was to investigate the use of satellite video consultation to improve the quality of
rural healthcare in Alaska.
 1977- the Telemedicine Centre at the Memorial University of Newfoundland has worked
toward developing interactive audio networks for educational programs and the transmission
of medical data.
 1984- The North-West Telemedicine project was setup in Australia to pilot-test a government
satellite communication network.The project goals were to provide healthcare to people in 5
remote towns of south of the Gulf of Carpentaria.
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5. Types of Telemedicine:
There are three main types of telemedicine, which
include:
1. Store-and-Forward.
2. Remote patient monitoring
3. Real-time Interactive telemedicine
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Store-and-Forward:
• Involves accquiring medical data and then transmitting this data to a
doctor or a medical specialist at a convinient time for assessment.
• Useful in the medical diagnostics fields of Pathology and radiology, and
dermatology.
Remote Patient Monitoring:
• Also known as self monitoring or testing, enables medical professionals
to monitor a patient remotely using various technological devices.
Real-time Interactive Telemedicine:
• There is an interaction between the physician and patient, for eg: video
conferencing with the need for both to be present simultaneously.

7. Current Technologies in use:
1. Robotic process automatiom
2. Artificial Intelligence
3. Augmented and virtual reality
4. IoT
5. Nanotechnology
6. 3D printing
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8. Robotic process automation:
• Clinical trials require extensive data handling work.
• Automation provides a solution by cutting costs, speeding up research,reducing errors.
• RPA is a digital tool that operates computer systems through their use interfaces: spreadsheets,
cloud apps, web portals.
• This mirrors the human control of digital applications thus called bots.
RPA in clinical trials :
 Patient recruitment
 Participant onboarding
 Test data collection and organization
 Followup visits with patient participants
 streamlining data analysis
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9. Artificial intelligence(AI):
• Artificial intelligence: How systems emulate the human mind
to make decisions and learn.
• AI reduces CT cycle times while improving the costs of
productivity and outcomes of clinical development.
• AI algorithms combined with an effective digital
infrastructure,could enable the continuous stream of CT data
to be cleaned, aggregated, coded, stored, and managed.
• In addition, improved Electronic Data Capture(EDC) reduces
the impact of human error in data collection and facilitate
seamless integration with other databases.
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10. Augmented Reality:
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Real
world
Virtual
Layer
Augmented
Reality

11. Virtual Reality:
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Virtual world
Real inputs
Virtual Reality

12. IoT Internet of Things:
Describes system of interrelated computing devices, mechanical or digital machines, objects
with sensors, processing ability, software, and other technologies that connect and exchange
data with other devices and systems over the internet or other communication networks.
Nanotechnology:
Enables researchers to investigate and monitor cellular and molecular function and to alter
systems that are deregulated in disease.
Applications:
• In drugs and medicines - eg. Gold Nanoshells
• In surgery - a. minute surgical instruments and robots
b. nanocameras
• Medical robotics
• Drug delivery
• Photodynamic therapy
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13. 3D Printing:
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A person creates
a 3D image of an
item using a CAD
software program
The CAD
informati-
on is
sent to
the
printer
The printer forms the item by
depositing the material in layers--
starting from the bottom layer--
onto a platform.In some cases
light or lasers are used to harden
the material.

14. Current Efforts:
In India telemedicine programmes are actively supported by :
1. Department of information technology
2. India Space Research Organisation(ISRO)
3. NEC telemedicine program for North eastern states
4. Apollo hospitals
5. Asia heart foundation
6. State government
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15. Telemedicine- Applications:
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16. Challenges:
 Perspective of medical practitioners
 Patients fear and unfamiliarity
 Financial unavailability
 Literacy rate and diversity in languages
 Lack of basic amenities
 Technical constraints
 Government support
 Low band width
 satellite transmission is pricey
 Quality aspect
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17. Thank You!
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