2. Hardwired
• According to Nayan Chanda (2007), it is because of our basic human need to
make our lives better that made globalization possible. Therefore, one can
trace the beginning of globalization from our ancestors in Africa who walked
out from the said continent in the late Ice Age.
• Chanda focuses on four specific aspects of globalization that relate to a basic
“urge” for a better life- trade(commerce), missionary work (religion),
adventures and conquest (politics and warfare).
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3. Cycles
• For some, globalization is a long-term cyclical process and thus, finding its
origin will be a daunting task. What is important is the cycles that
globalization has gone through.
• Subscribing to this view will suggest adherence to the idea that other global
ages have appeared. There is also the notion to suspect that this point of
globalization will soon disappear and reappear.
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4. Epoch
• Ritzer (2015) cited Therborn’s (2000) six great epochs of globalization.
These are also called “waves” and each has its own origin. Today’s
globalization is not unique if this is the case. The difference of this view
from the second view (cycles) is that it does not treat epochs as returning.
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5. The following are the sequential occurrence of
the epochs:
1. Globalization of religion (fourth to seventh centuries)
2. European colonial conquest (late fifteenth century)
3. Intra-European wars (late eighteenth to early nineteenth centuries)
4. Heyday of European Imperialism (mid-nineteenth century to 1918)
5. Post-World War II period
6. Post cold war period
6. Events
A fourth view is that instead of cycles or great epochs, one can point to much
more specific events that can be seen as the origin of globalization and give us
a good sense of its history. In fact, there are many such possible points of origin
of globalization, some of which are:
• The Romans and their far - ranging conquests in the centuries before Christ
(Gibbon 1998).
• The rise and spread of Christianity in the centuries after the fall of the
Roman Empire.
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7. Events
• The spread of Islam in the seventh century and beyond.
• The travels of the Vikings from Europe to Iceland, Greenland, and briefly to North
America in the ninth through the eleventh centuries as examples of, and landmarks
in, globalization.
• Trade in the Middle Ages throughout the Mediterranean.
• The activities of the banks of the twelfth - century Italian city - states.
• The rampage of the armies of Ghengis Khan into Eastern Europe in the thirteenth
century ( Economist 2006 : January 12).
8. Events
• European traders like Marco Polo and his travels later in the thirteenth century
along the Silk Road to China. (Interestingly, there is now discussion of the
development of an “ iron silk road ” involving a linked railroad network through a
variety of Asian countries that at least evokes the image of the lure of Marco Polo ’
s Silk Road.)
• The “ discovery of America ” by Christopher Columbus in 1492. Other important
voyages of discovery during this time involved Vasco Da Gama rounding the Cape
of Good Hope in 1498 and the circumnavigation of the globe completed in 1522
by one of Ferdinand Magellan ’ s ships (Rosenthal 2007 :1237 – 41).
9. Events
• European colonialism, especially in the nineteenth century.
• The early twentieth - century global Spanish flu pandemic.
• The two World Wars in the first half of the twentieth century.
10. Broader, More Recent Changes
The fifth view focuses on broader, but still recent, changes. There is a sense in
this view that a sea change occurred in the last half of the twentieth century.
Three of these momentous changes have been identified by scholars as the
point of origin of globalization as it exists today:
• The emergence of the United States as the global power in the years
following WW II.
• The emergence of multinational corporations (MNCs).
• The demise of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War.
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11. Global Demography
• Demography – a complex discipline that requires the integration of various social
scientific data.
• Demographic transition is a singular historical period during which mortality and
fertility rates decline from high to low levels in a particular country or region.
• The transition first started in mid- or late 1700s in Europe. During that time, death
rates and fertility began to decline.
• A remarkable effect of the demographic transition is the enormous gap in life
expectancy that emerged between Japan and the West on the one hand and the rest
of the world on the other.
12. • Both internal migration and international migration complicate this picture.
• The overall implication of population growth for policy lie in the imperative
for investments in health and education and for sound policies related to
labour, trade and retirement.
• Understanding future trends is essential for the development of good policy.
• Demographic projections can be quite reliable, but huge uncertainties -in the
realms of health, changes in human lifespan, scientific advances, migration,
global warming and wars .
13. ECONOMY AND POPULATION
• Rural families view multiple children and large kinship networks as critical
investments.
• Urban families may not have the same kinship network anymore because
couple live on their own, or because they move out of the farmlands.
• The 1980 United Nations report on urban and rural population growth
states that 85 percent of the world rural population in 1975 and or projected
to contain 90 percent by the end of the 20thcentury.
14. The Perils of Over Population
• Urbanization and industrialization as indicators of a developing society,
but disagree on the role of population growth or decline in modernization.
• By limiting the population, vital resources could be used for economic
progress and not be “diverted” and “wasted” to feeding more mouths.
• Politics determine “birth control” programs. Developed countries justify
their support for population control in developing countries by depicting the
latter as conservative societies.
15. Global Migration
• Migration -crossing the boundary of apolitical or administrative unit for a
certain minimum period.
• The movements of people around the world can be seen through the
categories of migrants- “vagabonds” and “tourists”.
• Vagabonds are on the move “because they have to” – they are not fairing
well in their home countries and are forced to move in the hope that their
circumstances will improve.
• Tourists are on the move because they want to be and they can afford it.
16. • Migration is traditionally governed either by “push” or “pull”.
• Push factors includes political persecution, economic depression, war, and
famine in the home country
• Pull factors are favorable immigration policy, a labor shortage, and a
similarity of language and culture in the country of destination .
• Diaspora is the dispersion of people from their homeland or a community
formed by people who have exited or been removed from their homeland.
18. 2 Types of Migration
• Internal Migration
It refers to move from one area (a province, district or municipality to
another within one country. Example. Movements of Uigar ‘national minority’
people from the western provinces of China to cities in the east.
• International Migration
It means crossing the frontiers which separate one of the world’s
approximately 2 states from another. Example. Between the southern
Philippines and Sabah in Malaysia.
19. ONE WAY IN WHICH STATES SEEK TO IMPROVE
CONTROLIS BY DIVIDING UPINTERNATIONAL
MIGRANTS INTO CATEGORIES.
1. Temporary labor migrants (also known as guest-workers):
-men and women who migrate for a limited period e.g. Japan and Germany
will need workers from demographically young countries like Philippines.
2. Highly skilled and business migrants:
-people with qualifications as managers executives, professionals,
technicians or similar, who move within the internal labour markets of
transitional corporations and international organization
20. ONE WAY IN WHICH STATES SEEK TO IMPROVE
CONTROLIS BY DIVIDING UPINTERNATIONAL
MIGRANTS INTO CATEGORIES.
3. Irregular migrants (also known as undocumented or illegal migrants):
-people who enter a country, usually in search of employment, without the
necessary documents and permits.
4. Refugees:
-according to the 1951 Convention relating to the status of refugees, a refugee is a
person residing outside his or her country of nationality, who is unable or unwilling to
return because of a ‘well-founded fear to persecution on account of race, religion,
nationality, membership on a particular social group, or politician opinion’.
21. ONE WAY IN WHICH STATES SEEK TO IMPROVE
CONTROLIS BY DIVIDING UPINTERNATIONAL
MIGRANTS INTO CATEGORIES.
5. Asylum-seekers:
-people who move across borders in search of protection, but who may not
fulfill the strict criteria laid down by the 1951Convention.
6. Family members (also known as family reunion or family
reunification migrants):
-migration to join people who have already entered an immigration country
under one of the above categories
22. ONE WAY IN WHICH STATES SEEK TO IMPROVE
CONTROLIS BY DIVIDING UPINTERNATIONAL
MIGRANTS INTO CATEGORIES.
7. Return migrants:
-people who return to their countries of origin after a period in another
country.
23. Cause of Migration
The disparity in levels of income, employment and social well-being
between differing areas . Differences in demographic patterns with regard to
fertility, mortality, age-structure and labor force growth are also important.
1. Migration as a challenge to the state nation-state
2. Benefits and detriments of the sending countries
3. The problem of human trafficking
4. integration
