Selectivity in semiconductor gas sensors
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Various techniques for selectivity in semiconductor gas sensors, emphasizing powder-based sensors, are reviewed.
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Gas - Liquid Reactors
Gas - Liquid Reactors
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS
4.1 Preliminary Equipment Selection
4.2 Equipment for Low Viscosity Liquids
4.3 Equipment for High Viscosity Liquids
5 REACTOR DESIGN
6 ESSENTIAL THEORY
6.1 Rate and Yield Determining Steps
6.2 Chemical and Physical Rates
6.3 Modification for Exothermic and Complex Reactions
6.4 Preliminary Selection of Reactor Type
7 EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF REGIME
7.1 Direct Measurement of Reaction Kinetics
7.2 Laboratory Gas-Liquid Reactor Experiments
8 EQUILIBRIUM AND DIFFUSIVITY DATA SOURCES
9 OVERALL EFFECTS
9.1 Liquid Flow Patterns
9.2 Scale of Mixing
9.3 Gas Flow Pattern : Mean Driving Force for Mass Transfer
9.4 Gas-Liquid Reactor Modeling
9.5 Heat Transfer
9.6 Materials of Construction
9.7 Foaming
10 FINAL CHOICE OF REACTOR TYPE
11 SCALE-UP AND SPECIFICATION OF GAS-LIQUID
REACTORS
11.1 Bubble Columns
11.2 Packed Columns
11.3 Trickle Beds
11.4 Plate or Tray Columns
11.5 Spray Columns
11.6 Wiped Film
11.7 Spinning Film Reactors
11.8 Stirred Vessels
11.9 Plunging Jet
11.10 Surface Aerator
11.11 Static Mixers
11.12 Ejectors, Venturis and Orifice Plates
11.13 3-Phase Fluidized Bed
12 BIBLIOGRAPHY
TABLES
1 REGIMES OF GAS-LIQUID MASS TRANSFER WITH ISOTHERMAL CHEMICAL REACTION
2 REGIMES OF GAS-LIQUID MASS TRANSFER IGNORING LARGE EXOTHERMS OR OTHER COMPLICATIONS
3 COMPARATIVE MASS TRANSFER PERFORMANCE OF CONTACTING DEVICES
4 COMPARATIVE MASS TRANSFER DATA
5 CHOICE OF GAS-LIQUID REACTOR TYPE
FIGURES
1 RATE AND YIELD DETERMINING STEPS
2 ENHANCEMENT FACTOR vs HATTA NUMBER
3 ENHANCEMENT FACTOR vs HATTA NUMBER : EFFECT OF THERMAL & OTHER FACTORS
4 REACTORS FOR LIQUID-PHASE KINETICS
MEASUREMENT
5 EXPERIMENTS TO DETERMINE THE OPERATING
REGIME
6 EXPERIMENTS DETERMINE THE OPERATING REGIME WHERE A SOLID CATALYST IS INVOLVED
7 THE MIXED ZONES IN LOOPS' MODEL FOR STIRRED REACTORS
Mahesh g ame
The document describes the key components of a gas chromatography (GC) instrument. It discusses the carrier gas, sample inlets including syringes and switching valves, ovens for controlling column temperature, and various detectors including flame ionization, nitrogen phosphorus, electron capture, thermal conductivity, and mass spectrometry detectors. It provides details on the operating mechanisms and characteristics of different detector types used in GC.
Fluid Separation
Fluid Separation
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 A SEPARATION LOGIC TREE
5 METHODS OF DISTILLATION
5.1 Fractional Distillation
5.2 Azeotropic Distillation
5.3 Extractive Distillation
6 LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION
7 OTHER COMMERCIAL METHODS OF SEPARATION
7.1 Adsorption
7.2 Fractional Crystallization
7.3 Ion Exchange
7.4 Membrane Processes
7.4.1 Ultrafiltration
7.4.2 Reverse Osmosis
7.4.3 Pervaporation
7.4.4 Liquid Membranes
7.4.5 Gas Permeation
7.4.6 Dialysis
7.4.7 Electrodialysis
7.5 Supercritical Fluid Extraction
7.6 Dissociation Extraction
7.7 Foam Fractionation
7.8 Clathration
7.9 Chromatography
8. OTHER METHODS OF SEPARATION
8.1 Precipitation
8.2 Paper Chromatography
8.3 Ligand Specific Chromatography
8.4 Electrophoresis
8.5 Isoelectric Focusing
8.6 Thermal Diffusion
8.7 Sedimentation Ultracentrifugation
8.8 Isopycnic Ultracentrifugation
8.9 Molecular Distillation
8.10 Gel Filtration
APPENDICES
A AT A GLANCE CHART BASED ON FENSKE, UNDERWOOD
B A GENERALIZED y - x DIAGRAM
C TEMPERATURE - COMPOSITION DIAGRAMS FOR
AZEOTROPIC MIXTURES
D A TYPICAL y - x DIAGRAM FOR EXTRACTIVE DISTILLATION (SOLVENT FREE BASIS)
E RAPID ESTIMATION OF LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION REQUIREMENTS
F LIQUID - LIQUID EXTRACTION - THE USE OF EXTRACT REFLUX
G SELECTIVITIES REQUIRED FOR EQUAL PLANT COSTS
FIGURE
1 SEPARATION LOGIC TREE
Novel Reactor Technology
Novel Reactor Technology
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 FUEL CELLS
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Examples of Fuel Cells
4.3 PAFC (Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell)
4.4 AFC (Alkaline Fuel Cell)
4.5 DMFC (Direct Methanol Fuel Cell)
4.6 SPFC (Solid Polymer Fuel Cell)
4.7 PCFC (Proton Conducting Fuel Cell)
4.8 MCFC (Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells) and SOFC
(Solid Oxide Fuel Cells)
5 ULTRASONIC REACTORS
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Recommendation
5.3 Design of Sonoreactor
6 THIN FILM REACTORS
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Equipment
7 ELECTRON BEAM REACTORS
8 MEMBRANE REACTORS
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Circumstances Suggesting Consideration of Membrane Reactors
8.3 Example of a Membrane Reactor
8.4 Modeling Membrane Reactors
8.5 A Typical Analysis of a Membrane Reactor
9 SHOCK TUBE REACTORS
10 REACTIVE DISTILLATION
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Example of Reactive Distillation
11 OTHER NOVEL REACTOR TECHNOLOGY
11.1 Heterogenous Catalytic Reactors
11.2 Liquid and Liquid/Gas Phase Reactors
11.3 Reactor/Separation Combinations
FIGURES
1 SONOREACTOR PILOT PLANT LOOP RIG
2 CROSS SECTION OF SPINNING CONE REACTOR
3 REACTIVE DISTILLATION SCHEME
Gass Chromatography Atomic Absorption spectroscopy(GC-AAS)
GC-AAS is a hyphenated technique that combines gas chromatography and atomic absorption spectroscopy. It allows for the separation of components using GC and then determines the elemental composition of each peak by introducing the GC effluent directly into the AAS. Some key applications include analysis of leaded gasoline, quality control of drugs and metabolites in body fluids, food analysis, and environmental monitoring of pollutants. GC-AAS provides sensitive and selective detection of volatile metal compounds and is used in areas like sports anti-doping and forensic toxicology.
Gas Chromatography.pptx
This document describes gas chromatography-atomic absorption spectroscopy (GC-AAS), which combines gas chromatography and atomic absorption spectroscopy. GC-AAS allows for the separation of components using gas chromatography and then determines the elemental composition of each separated peak using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Some key applications mentioned include analysis of drugs and metabolites in body fluids, foods, and environmental samples.
Reactor Modeling Tools – Multiple Regressions
Reactor Modeling Tools – Multiple Regressions
CONTENTS
0 INTRODUCTION
1 SCOPE
2 THEORY
3 EXCEL 2007: MULTIPLE REGRESSIONS
3.1 Overview
3.2 Multiple Regression Using the Data Analysis ADD-IN
3.3 Interpret Regression Statistics Table
3.4 Interpret ANOVA Table
3.5 Interpret Regression Coefficients Table
3.6 Confidence Intervals for Slope Coefficients
3.7 Test Hypothesis of Zero Slope Coefficients ("Test of Statistical Significance")
3.8 Test Hypothesis on a Regression Parameter
3.8.1 Using the p-value approach
3.8.2 Using the critical value approach
3.9 Overall Test of Significance of the Regression Parameters
3.10 Predicted Value of Y Given Regressors
3.11 Excel Limitations
4 SPECIAL FEATURES REQUIRING MORE SOPHISTICATED TECHNIQUES
5 USER INFORMATION SUPPLIED
A SUBROUTINE
B DATA
C RESULTS
6 EXAMPLE
Fast Chemical Analysis for Fuels R&D: The RTGA White Paper 2012
Additional information will be presented by Dr. Terry Ramus and Dr. Scott Hein at the RTGA webinar on June 18 at 4-5pm CEST. Please register at: http://bit.ly/LT6A4n
Introduction
The last few years have seen an accelerating pace of new fuel development. This has increasingly lead to the need for high performing diagnostic and monitoring tools that can help lower costs and improve efficiencies. Rapid quantitative chemical measurement can aid in the understanding and design of all aspects of fuel processing systems.
The Diablo 5000A Real-Time Gas Analyzer (RTGA) based on the Agilent 5975 Mass Selective Detector has proven to be a powerful analytical tool for the study and optimization of fuel cell systems and ‘syngas’ production and use. This white paper will detail how the Diablo 5000A RTGA provides a stable, reliable and quantitative solution to continuous chemical monitoring in fuel processing systems that is not possible with residual gas analyzers.
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Gas - Liquid Reactors
Gas - Liquid Reactors
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS
4.1 Preliminary Equipment Selection
4.2 Equipment for Low Viscosity Liquids
4.3 Equipment for High Viscosity Liquids
5 REACTOR DESIGN
6 ESSENTIAL THEORY
6.1 Rate and Yield Determining Steps
6.2 Chemical and Physical Rates
6.3 Modification for Exothermic and Complex Reactions
6.4 Preliminary Selection of Reactor Type
7 EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF REGIME
7.1 Direct Measurement of Reaction Kinetics
7.2 Laboratory Gas-Liquid Reactor Experiments
8 EQUILIBRIUM AND DIFFUSIVITY DATA SOURCES
9 OVERALL EFFECTS
9.1 Liquid Flow Patterns
9.2 Scale of Mixing
9.3 Gas Flow Pattern : Mean Driving Force for Mass Transfer
9.4 Gas-Liquid Reactor Modeling
9.5 Heat Transfer
9.6 Materials of Construction
9.7 Foaming
10 FINAL CHOICE OF REACTOR TYPE
11 SCALE-UP AND SPECIFICATION OF GAS-LIQUID
REACTORS
11.1 Bubble Columns
11.2 Packed Columns
11.3 Trickle Beds
11.4 Plate or Tray Columns
11.5 Spray Columns
11.6 Wiped Film
11.7 Spinning Film Reactors
11.8 Stirred Vessels
11.9 Plunging Jet
11.10 Surface Aerator
11.11 Static Mixers
11.12 Ejectors, Venturis and Orifice Plates
11.13 3-Phase Fluidized Bed
12 BIBLIOGRAPHY
TABLES
1 REGIMES OF GAS-LIQUID MASS TRANSFER WITH ISOTHERMAL CHEMICAL REACTION
2 REGIMES OF GAS-LIQUID MASS TRANSFER IGNORING LARGE EXOTHERMS OR OTHER COMPLICATIONS
3 COMPARATIVE MASS TRANSFER PERFORMANCE OF CONTACTING DEVICES
4 COMPARATIVE MASS TRANSFER DATA
5 CHOICE OF GAS-LIQUID REACTOR TYPE
FIGURES
1 RATE AND YIELD DETERMINING STEPS
2 ENHANCEMENT FACTOR vs HATTA NUMBER
3 ENHANCEMENT FACTOR vs HATTA NUMBER : EFFECT OF THERMAL & OTHER FACTORS
4 REACTORS FOR LIQUID-PHASE KINETICS
MEASUREMENT
5 EXPERIMENTS TO DETERMINE THE OPERATING
REGIME
6 EXPERIMENTS DETERMINE THE OPERATING REGIME WHERE A SOLID CATALYST IS INVOLVED
7 THE MIXED ZONES IN LOOPS' MODEL FOR STIRRED REACTORS
Mahesh g ame
The document describes the key components of a gas chromatography (GC) instrument. It discusses the carrier gas, sample inlets including syringes and switching valves, ovens for controlling column temperature, and various detectors including flame ionization, nitrogen phosphorus, electron capture, thermal conductivity, and mass spectrometry detectors. It provides details on the operating mechanisms and characteristics of different detector types used in GC.
Fluid Separation
Fluid Separation
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 A SEPARATION LOGIC TREE
5 METHODS OF DISTILLATION
5.1 Fractional Distillation
5.2 Azeotropic Distillation
5.3 Extractive Distillation
6 LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION
7 OTHER COMMERCIAL METHODS OF SEPARATION
7.1 Adsorption
7.2 Fractional Crystallization
7.3 Ion Exchange
7.4 Membrane Processes
7.4.1 Ultrafiltration
7.4.2 Reverse Osmosis
7.4.3 Pervaporation
7.4.4 Liquid Membranes
7.4.5 Gas Permeation
7.4.6 Dialysis
7.4.7 Electrodialysis
7.5 Supercritical Fluid Extraction
7.6 Dissociation Extraction
7.7 Foam Fractionation
7.8 Clathration
7.9 Chromatography
8. OTHER METHODS OF SEPARATION
8.1 Precipitation
8.2 Paper Chromatography
8.3 Ligand Specific Chromatography
8.4 Electrophoresis
8.5 Isoelectric Focusing
8.6 Thermal Diffusion
8.7 Sedimentation Ultracentrifugation
8.8 Isopycnic Ultracentrifugation
8.9 Molecular Distillation
8.10 Gel Filtration
APPENDICES
A AT A GLANCE CHART BASED ON FENSKE, UNDERWOOD
B A GENERALIZED y - x DIAGRAM
C TEMPERATURE - COMPOSITION DIAGRAMS FOR
AZEOTROPIC MIXTURES
D A TYPICAL y - x DIAGRAM FOR EXTRACTIVE DISTILLATION (SOLVENT FREE BASIS)
E RAPID ESTIMATION OF LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION REQUIREMENTS
F LIQUID - LIQUID EXTRACTION - THE USE OF EXTRACT REFLUX
G SELECTIVITIES REQUIRED FOR EQUAL PLANT COSTS
FIGURE
1 SEPARATION LOGIC TREE
Novel Reactor Technology
Novel Reactor Technology
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 FUEL CELLS
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Examples of Fuel Cells
4.3 PAFC (Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell)
4.4 AFC (Alkaline Fuel Cell)
4.5 DMFC (Direct Methanol Fuel Cell)
4.6 SPFC (Solid Polymer Fuel Cell)
4.7 PCFC (Proton Conducting Fuel Cell)
4.8 MCFC (Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells) and SOFC
(Solid Oxide Fuel Cells)
5 ULTRASONIC REACTORS
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Recommendation
5.3 Design of Sonoreactor
6 THIN FILM REACTORS
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Equipment
7 ELECTRON BEAM REACTORS
8 MEMBRANE REACTORS
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Circumstances Suggesting Consideration of Membrane Reactors
8.3 Example of a Membrane Reactor
8.4 Modeling Membrane Reactors
8.5 A Typical Analysis of a Membrane Reactor
9 SHOCK TUBE REACTORS
10 REACTIVE DISTILLATION
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Example of Reactive Distillation
11 OTHER NOVEL REACTOR TECHNOLOGY
11.1 Heterogenous Catalytic Reactors
11.2 Liquid and Liquid/Gas Phase Reactors
11.3 Reactor/Separation Combinations
FIGURES
1 SONOREACTOR PILOT PLANT LOOP RIG
2 CROSS SECTION OF SPINNING CONE REACTOR
3 REACTIVE DISTILLATION SCHEME
Gass Chromatography Atomic Absorption spectroscopy(GC-AAS)
GC-AAS is a hyphenated technique that combines gas chromatography and atomic absorption spectroscopy. It allows for the separation of components using GC and then determines the elemental composition of each peak by introducing the GC effluent directly into the AAS. Some key applications include analysis of leaded gasoline, quality control of drugs and metabolites in body fluids, food analysis, and environmental monitoring of pollutants. GC-AAS provides sensitive and selective detection of volatile metal compounds and is used in areas like sports anti-doping and forensic toxicology.
Gas Chromatography.pptx
This document describes gas chromatography-atomic absorption spectroscopy (GC-AAS), which combines gas chromatography and atomic absorption spectroscopy. GC-AAS allows for the separation of components using gas chromatography and then determines the elemental composition of each separated peak using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Some key applications mentioned include analysis of drugs and metabolites in body fluids, foods, and environmental samples.
Reactor Modeling Tools – Multiple Regressions
Reactor Modeling Tools – Multiple Regressions
CONTENTS
0 INTRODUCTION
1 SCOPE
2 THEORY
3 EXCEL 2007: MULTIPLE REGRESSIONS
3.1 Overview
3.2 Multiple Regression Using the Data Analysis ADD-IN
3.3 Interpret Regression Statistics Table
3.4 Interpret ANOVA Table
3.5 Interpret Regression Coefficients Table
3.6 Confidence Intervals for Slope Coefficients
3.7 Test Hypothesis of Zero Slope Coefficients ("Test of Statistical Significance")
3.8 Test Hypothesis on a Regression Parameter
3.8.1 Using the p-value approach
3.8.2 Using the critical value approach
3.9 Overall Test of Significance of the Regression Parameters
3.10 Predicted Value of Y Given Regressors
3.11 Excel Limitations
4 SPECIAL FEATURES REQUIRING MORE SOPHISTICATED TECHNIQUES
5 USER INFORMATION SUPPLIED
A SUBROUTINE
B DATA
C RESULTS
6 EXAMPLE
Fast Chemical Analysis for Fuels R&D: The RTGA White Paper 2012
Additional information will be presented by Dr. Terry Ramus and Dr. Scott Hein at the RTGA webinar on June 18 at 4-5pm CEST. Please register at: http://bit.ly/LT6A4n
Introduction
The last few years have seen an accelerating pace of new fuel development. This has increasingly lead to the need for high performing diagnostic and monitoring tools that can help lower costs and improve efficiencies. Rapid quantitative chemical measurement can aid in the understanding and design of all aspects of fuel processing systems.
The Diablo 5000A Real-Time Gas Analyzer (RTGA) based on the Agilent 5975 Mass Selective Detector has proven to be a powerful analytical tool for the study and optimization of fuel cell systems and ‘syngas’ production and use. This white paper will detail how the Diablo 5000A RTGA provides a stable, reliable and quantitative solution to continuous chemical monitoring in fuel processing systems that is not possible with residual gas analyzers.
Thank you for downloading the RTGA White Paper.
ANALYSIS THROUGH chromatography techniques.pptx
Chromatography is a technique used to separate chemical components in a complex mixture. It works by carrying components through a stationary phase at different rates using a mobile phase, usually liquid or gas. Liquid chromatography uses high pressure to push a liquid mobile phase through a column, while gas chromatography uses an inert gas and higher temperatures. Different detectors can be used to analyze the separated components as they exit the column. Common detectors measure properties like thermal conductivity, ionization, or light emission to identify the separated chemicals. Chromatography is a powerful analytical and preparative separation method.
Determination of Oxygen in Anhydrous Ammonia
Determination of Oxygen in Anhydrous Ammonia
SCOPE AND FIELD OF APPLICATION
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The trace oxygen analyzer provides for trace oxygen analysis in decade steps ranging from 0 - 10 to 0 - 10,000 ppm v/v (full scale).
Specialty gases: essential for research, production & quality control
Laboratories all around the world stand or fall by their reputation for accuracy and quality control. Pivotal to this performance is the quality, purity and composition of the spectrum of gases harnessed every day to accomplish laboratory tasks.
Rapid advancements in production processes across all industry sectors, as well as healthcare, have obliged laboratories to keep up with these changes, while remaining flexible and making allowances for future requirements. Against this background, a variety of role-specific specialised laboratory types have emerged, each addressing specific industry needs.
Fundamentals of Suspensions & Dispersion's
Fundamentals of Suspensions & Dispersion's
0 INTRODUCTION
1 NATURE OF SURFACE FORCES
2 STABILITY AND THE STATE OF DISPERSION OF
SUSPENDED PARTICLES
3 MECHANISMS OF FLOCCULATION
4 STRUCTURE OF FLOCCULATED SUSPENSIONS
4.1 Dilute Suspensions
4.2 Concentrated Suspensions
5 STRUCTURE OF STABLE SUSPENSIONS OF
MONODISPERSE PARTICULATES
6 SUMMARY OF STRUCTURES
7 PARTICLE PACKING
8 RHEOLOGY
8.1 Basic Rheological Concepts
8.2 Colloidally Stable Suspensions
8.2.1 Spherical Particles of around 1 µm
8.2.2 Effect of Particle Size Distribution
8.2.3 Effect of Particle Shape
8.2.4 Submicron Particles
8.2.5 Very Concentrated Systems
8.3 Rheology of Flocculated / Aggregated Systems
8.3.1 Dilute Flocculated Systems
8.3.2 Concentrated Flocculated Systems
8.3.3 Time and History Effects
8.3.4 Slip and Fracture
8.3.5 Behavior of Flocculated Cakes in Compression
8.4 Summary of Rheology
Deflocculated Suspensions
Flocculated Suspensions
9 SEDIMENTATION OF SMALL PARTICLES
9.1 Very Dilute Particles
9.2 Concentrated Systems
9.3 Polydisperse Systems
9.4 Flocculated Systems
10 ELECTROKINETIC BEHAVIOR
11 A NOTE ON MAKING DISPERSIONS AND SUSPENSIONS
12 References
13 Figures
Fig 1a Potential Energy Diagram for Steric Stabilization
Fig 1b PE Diagram for Electrostatic Stabilization
Fig 1c Combined Stabilization
Fig 2&3 DIFFERENT TYPES OF FLOCCULATION MECHANISM IN WHICH POLYMERIC SPECIES ARE INVOLVED
Fig 4 Rheological Behavior
Fig 5 Relative Viscosity versus Volume Fraction for Polystyrene Spheres in Water
Fig 6 Time Dependent Flow Behavior of Very Concentrated Suspensions
Fig 7 Flow curves for Flocculated Dispersions
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An emission gas analyzer measures the concentration of gases in exhaust, like carbon monoxide, to assess combustion efficiency and emissions. It discusses different types of gas analyzers like Pellistor/Catalytic Bead, Point/Non-Dispersive Infrared, Tunable/Enhanced Laser Diode Spectroscopy, and Electrochemical analyzers. The document also explains measuring the Lambda coefficient to evaluate lean or rich mixtures, and how the Enerac Model 700 portable emissions monitor can accurately measure gases like NOx with sensors, storage, and software.
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Special attention is directed to the principle of permeation and the technical solutions that are currently available for reliable preparation of gas standards.
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Catalysis related study with the fundamental knowledge
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Solids Mixing
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This paper discusses a machine learning approach used by PDVSA, the Venezuelan national oil company, to screen enhanced oil recovery (EOR) opportunities in their mature oil fields. PDVSA has implemented an Integrated Field Laboratory approach to pilot EOR/IOR methods like water alternating gas injection and alkali-polymer-surfactant flooding. However, extrapolating the results to their large portfolio of reservoirs remains a challenge. The paper proposes using data mining on an international EOR project database to extract rules linking reservoir characteristics to EOR potential. Machine learning algorithms are applied to reduce the data dimensions and cluster reservoirs. These clusters are then used to rank EOR methods and screen opportunities in PDVSA's reservoirs based
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Calgaz has been a major player in the calibration gas market for 35 years, pioneering the use of non-refillable cylinders (NRCs) in the 1980s. NRCs have advantages over larger refillable cylinders for field calibration due to their portability and ease of use. They are widely used by the gas detection industry to calibrate equipment through single-point calibration in the field or multi-point calibration in laboratories. Leading companies can achieve stability of up to three years for non-reactive gas mixtures in NRCs through improvements in cylinder quality and treatment processes.
Centrifugation
SYNOPSIS
The principles underlying centrifugal separation of particulate species are briefly considered, and the main types of separator available are noted. The procedures available for scale-up from laboratory or semi-technical data are then discussed in detail with particular reference to perhaps the most important class of machine for fine particle processing: the disc-nozzle centrifuge.
Starting with the basic concepts behind their design, discussion follows to explain the factors which may limit centrifuge performance. It is shown how a few simple; laboratory scale tests can give a valuable insight into the design and operation of full-scale industrial machines.
Automatic carbon dioxide methane gas sensor based on the solubility of gases ...
Biogas methane content is a relevant variable in anaerobic digestion processing where knowledge of process kinetics or an early indicator of digester failure is needed.
Instrumental method of chemical analysis
Instrumental method of chemical analysis ,Glass electrode,Single beam Spectrometers, Instrumentation of Gas liquid Chromatography
Fixed Bed Reactor Scale-up Checklist
Fixed Bed Reactor Scale-up Checklist
The purpose of this checklist is to identify the stages and potential problems associated with the scale up of fixed bed reactors from the drawing board to the full scale plant, and to determine how they should be checked.
The checking can be done using various methods. These are:
• Literature data.
• Lab testing.
• Calculation.
• Modeling.
• Semi-tech testing.
• Piloting or Sidestream testing.
Identifying the stages that need to be addressed for a particular catalyst/reactor development will help in estimating the time needed for the development of the reactor
Use and Applications of Membranes
Use and Applications of Membranes
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 GENERAL
4.1 What is a Membrane Process?
4.2 What does a Membrane look like?
4.3 Why use Membranes?
4.4 Membrane Types and Polymers Used
5 REVERSE OSMOSIS
5.1 Principles of Reverse Osmosis
5.2 Limitations
5.3 Performance
5.4 Costs
5.5 Worked Example
5.6 Applications
6 MICROFILTRATION AND ULTRAFILTRATION
6.1 Microfiltration
6.2 Ultrafiltration
7 PERVAPORATION
7.1 Classes of Application
7.2 Characteristics
7.3 Costs
7.4 Example - Lurgi Design
7.5 Application - Stripping Organics from Water
8 GAS SEPARATION AND VAPOR PERMEATION
8.1 Gas Separation
8.2 Vapor Permeation
9 LESS COMMON MEMBRANE PROCESSES
9.1 Dialysis
9.2 Electrodialysis
9.3 Electrolysis
9.4 Salt Splitting
10 BIBLIOGRAPHY
TABLES
1 UTILITY CONSUMPTION AND COST COMPARISON
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This document is the Indian Standard specification for unsaturated polyester resin systems. It specifies tolerances for properties of liquid and cured resins, requirements for fire retardant grades, and methods for testing properties. The key points are:
- It specifies minimum requirements and limits for properties of liquid resins like viscosity, acid value, gel time, and volatile content.
- It lists optional properties for liquid and cured resins that can be specified by the purchaser if desired.
- Fire retardant resins must meet requirements for flammability tests and oxygen index to be classified as Type 1 or Type 2 grade.
- It provides requirements for chemical resistance, shelf life, packaging and labeling if supplied
Sedimentation
"SEDIMENTATION"
INTRODUCTION - THE PHENOMENON OF SEDIMENTATION
Sedimentation is the physical process whereby solid particles, of greater density than their suspending medium, will tend to separate into regions of higher concentration under the influence of gravity. As a solids/liquids separation technique it therefore possesses the great advantage of utilizing a natural, and therefore costless, driving force. This section of the suspension processing Guide is Intended to provide an Introduction to the science of the subject, and the means to judge where and how best to exploit sedimentation as a separation (or other processing) technique.
As a scientific discipline the subject of sedimentation is vast with perspectives ranging from the field of chemical engineering through to theoretical physics being covered In the literature [1-11]. Good reviews of the subject, with a bias towards the engineering aspects, have been written by Fitch and Koz [12, 13]. A short summary of some of the more relevant contributions from the literature is also provided in GBHE-SPG-PEG-302 “Basic Principles & Test Methods”, of the Suspensions Processing Guides.
.
The sedimentation process is traditionally divided into ..."
Investigations into Advanced Laboratory Deactivation Methods for the Selectio...
This document discusses methods for deactivating fresh fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst in the laboratory to simulate commercial equilibrium catalyst performance. Commonly used methods like cyclic deactivation and cyclic propene steaming can accurately mimic plant catalyst but are time-consuming. Rapid deactivation methods have been proposed as alternatives that can also simulate commercial catalyst performance without extensive testing procedures. This study aims to assess one such rapid deactivation method and characterize catalyst samples using techniques like XRD, TPR and SEM/EDX to evaluate its ability to predict commercial FCC performance.
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SCOPE AND FIELD OF APPLICATION
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Fundamentals of Suspensions & Dispersion's
0 INTRODUCTION
1 NATURE OF SURFACE FORCES
2 STABILITY AND THE STATE OF DISPERSION OF
SUSPENDED PARTICLES
3 MECHANISMS OF FLOCCULATION
4 STRUCTURE OF FLOCCULATED SUSPENSIONS
4.1 Dilute Suspensions
4.2 Concentrated Suspensions
5 STRUCTURE OF STABLE SUSPENSIONS OF
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6 SUMMARY OF STRUCTURES
7 PARTICLE PACKING
8 RHEOLOGY
8.1 Basic Rheological Concepts
8.2 Colloidally Stable Suspensions
8.2.1 Spherical Particles of around 1 µm
8.2.2 Effect of Particle Size Distribution
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8.3.1 Dilute Flocculated Systems
8.3.2 Concentrated Flocculated Systems
8.3.3 Time and History Effects
8.3.4 Slip and Fracture
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Deflocculated Suspensions
Flocculated Suspensions
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9.2 Concentrated Systems
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10 ELECTROKINETIC BEHAVIOR
11 A NOTE ON MAKING DISPERSIONS AND SUSPENSIONS
12 References
13 Figures
Fig 1a Potential Energy Diagram for Steric Stabilization
Fig 1b PE Diagram for Electrostatic Stabilization
Fig 1c Combined Stabilization
Fig 2&3 DIFFERENT TYPES OF FLOCCULATION MECHANISM IN WHICH POLYMERIC SPECIES ARE INVOLVED
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Centrifugation
SYNOPSIS
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0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 GENERAL
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4.4 Membrane Types and Polymers Used
5 REVERSE OSMOSIS
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5.2 Limitations
5.3 Performance
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5.5 Worked Example
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6.1 Microfiltration
6.2 Ultrafiltration
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"SEDIMENTATION"
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As a scientific discipline the subject of sedimentation is vast with perspectives ranging from the field of chemical engineering through to theoretical physics being covered In the literature [1-11]. Good reviews of the subject, with a bias towards the engineering aspects, have been written by Fitch and Koz [12, 13]. A short summary of some of the more relevant contributions from the literature is also provided in GBHE-SPG-PEG-302 “Basic Principles & Test Methods”, of the Suspensions Processing Guides.
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Selectivity in semiconductor gas sensors
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