Heart failure (HF), often used to mean chronic heart failure (CHF), occurs when the heart is unable to pump sufficiently to maintain blood flow to meet the needs of the body.
2. DEFINITION-
Heart failure (HF), often used to mean chronic
heart failure (CHF), occurs when the heart is unable
to pump sufficiently to maintain blood flow to meet
the needs of the body.
**A heart failure is different from myocardial infarction.
** It is different from cardiac arrest
4. Heart Failure, Left-Sided
Description-
Occurs when the left cardiac ventricle no
longer pumps blood efficiently.
This type of failure causes pulmonary
congestion and edema.
Left failure results in decreased blood
returning to the right and so both sides fail
simultaneously and vice versa.
5. CAUSES
1. Mitral Valve Problems (Stenosis or
Insufficiency)
2. Cardiomyopathies
3. Congenital Abnormalities
4. Myocardial Inflammation or Degeneration
7. Heart Failure, Right-Sided
Occurs when the right cardiac ventricle no longer pumps blood
efficiently
This type of failure causes congestion (backing up of blood)
throughout the veins and capillaries elevating the central venous
pressure and resulting in systemic edema.
The areas of systemic edema formation are species specific
Species Differences
• Horse & Ox: Ventral Abdomen & Brisket edema
• Dog: Ascites (abdominal edema)
• Cat: Hydrothorax (thoracic edema)
12. TREATMENT
I* Drugs used to decrease venous tone and fluid volume
which can help to relieve congestion & oedema.
1. Diuretics
• Loop Diuretics eg. Frusemide
• Thiazide diuretics eg. Chlorothiazide or
Hydrochlorothiazide.
• Potassium sparing diuretics eg. Spironolactone and
Amiloride.
2. Vasodilators includes ACE inhibitors (Enalapril (dogs &
cats), Benazepril (cats), alpha-antagonists and
Nitroprusside.
13. TREATMENT (Contd.)
II* Drugs used to Increase Myocardial Systolic
Function
3.
digitalis compounds (e.g. Digoxin, Digitoxin),
calcium sensitisers/ phosphodiesterase III.
inhibitor (e.g. Pimobendan),
pure phosphodiesterase inhibitors (e.g. Milrinone,
Amrinone) and
catecholamines (e.g. Dobutamine, Dopamine).
14. TREATMENT (Contd.)
III* Drugs used to Increase Myocardial Diastolic
Function
4.
beta blockers (e.g. Atenolol, Propranolol) and
calcium channel blockers (e.g. Diltiazem).
5. Management
6. Surgery